AffineStructures.h

//===- AffineStructures.h - MLIR Affine Structures Class --------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Structures for affine/polyhedral analysis of ML functions.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#ifndef MLIR_ANALYSIS_AFFINESTRUCTURES_H
#define MLIR_ANALYSIS_AFFINESTRUCTURES_H

#include "mlir/Analysis/Presburger/Matrix.h"
#include "mlir/IR/AffineExpr.h"
#include "mlir/IR/OpDefinition.h"
#include "mlir/Support/LogicalResult.h"

namespace mlir {

class AffineCondition;
class AffineForOp;
class AffineIfOp;
class AffineMap;
class AffineValueMap;
class IntegerSet;
class MLIRContext;
class Value;
class MemRefType;
struct MutableAffineMap;

/// A flat list of affine equalities and inequalities in the form.
/// Inequality: c_0*x_0 + c_1*x_1 + .... + c_{n-1}*x_{n-1} >= 0
/// Equality: c_0*x_0 + c_1*x_1 + .... + c_{n-1}*x_{n-1} == 0
///
/// FlatAffineConstraints stores coefficients in a contiguous buffer (one buffer
/// for equalities and one for inequalities). The size of each buffer is
/// numReservedCols * number of inequalities (or equalities). The reserved size
/// is numReservedCols * numReservedInequalities (or numReservedEqualities). A
/// coefficient (r, c) lives at the location numReservedCols * r + c in the
/// buffer. The extra space between getNumCols() and numReservedCols exists to
/// prevent frequent movement of data when adding columns, especially at the
/// end.
///
/// The identifiers x_0, x_1, ... appear in the order: dimensional identifiers,
/// symbolic identifiers, and local identifiers.  The local identifiers
/// correspond to local/internal variables created when converting from
/// AffineExpr's containing mod's and div's; they are thus needed to increase
/// representational power. Each local identifier is always (by construction) a
/// floordiv of a pure add/mul affine function of dimensional, symbolic, and
/// other local identifiers, in a non-mutually recursive way. Hence, every local
/// identifier can ultimately always be recovered as an affine function of
/// dimensional and symbolic identifiers (involving floordiv's); note however
/// that some floordiv combinations are converted to mod's by AffineExpr
/// construction.
///
class FlatAffineConstraints {
public:
  /// All derived classes of FlatAffineConstraints.
  enum class Kind { FlatAffineConstraints, FlatAffineValueConstraints };

  /// Kind of identifier (column).
  enum IdKind { Dimension, Symbol, Local };

  /// Constructs a constraint system reserving memory for the specified number
  /// of constraints and identifiers.
  FlatAffineConstraints(unsigned numReservedInequalities,
                        unsigned numReservedEqualities,
                        unsigned numReservedCols, unsigned numDims,
                        unsigned numSymbols, unsigned numLocals)
      : numIds(numDims + numSymbols + numLocals), numDims(numDims),
        numSymbols(numSymbols),
        equalities(0, numIds + 1, numReservedEqualities, numReservedCols),
        inequalities(0, numIds + 1, numReservedInequalities, numReservedCols) {
    assert(numReservedCols >= numIds + 1);
  }

  /// Constructs a constraint system with the specified number of
  /// dimensions and symbols.
  FlatAffineConstraints(unsigned numDims = 0, unsigned numSymbols = 0,
                        unsigned numLocals = 0)
      : FlatAffineConstraints(/*numReservedInequalities=*/0,
                              /*numReservedEqualities=*/0,
                              /*numReservedCols=*/numDims + numSymbols +
                                  numLocals + 1,
                              numDims, numSymbols, numLocals) {}

  /// Return a system with no constraints, i.e., one which is satisfied by all
  /// points.
  static FlatAffineConstraints getUniverse(unsigned numDims = 0,
                                           unsigned numSymbols = 0) {
    return FlatAffineConstraints(numDims, numSymbols);
  }

  /// Creates an affine constraint system from an IntegerSet.
  explicit FlatAffineConstraints(IntegerSet set);

  FlatAffineConstraints(const MutableAffineMap &map);

  virtual ~FlatAffineConstraints() = default;

  /// Return the kind of this FlatAffineConstraints.
  virtual Kind getKind() const { return Kind::FlatAffineConstraints; }

  static bool classof(const FlatAffineConstraints *cst) { return true; }

  /// Clears any existing data and reserves memory for the specified
  /// constraints.
  virtual void reset(unsigned numReservedInequalities,
                     unsigned numReservedEqualities, unsigned numReservedCols,
                     unsigned numDims, unsigned numSymbols,
                     unsigned numLocals = 0);

  void reset(unsigned numDims = 0, unsigned numSymbols = 0,
             unsigned numLocals = 0);

  /// Appends constraints from `other` into `this`. This is equivalent to an
  /// intersection with no simplification of any sort attempted.
  void append(const FlatAffineConstraints &other);

  /// Checks for emptiness by performing variable elimination on all
  /// identifiers, running the GCD test on each equality constraint, and
  /// checking for invalid constraints. Returns true if the GCD test fails for
  /// any equality, or if any invalid constraints are discovered on any row.
  /// Returns false otherwise.
  bool isEmpty() const;

  /// Runs the GCD test on all equality constraints. Returns true if this test
  /// fails on any equality. Returns false otherwise.
  /// This test can be used to disprove the existence of a solution. If it
  /// returns true, no integer solution to the equality constraints can exist.
  bool isEmptyByGCDTest() const;

  /// Returns true if the set of constraints is found to have no solution,
  /// false if a solution exists. Uses the same algorithm as
  /// `findIntegerSample`.
  bool isIntegerEmpty() const;

  /// Returns a matrix where each row is a vector along which the polytope is
  /// bounded. The span of the returned vectors is guaranteed to contain all
  /// such vectors. The returned vectors are NOT guaranteed to be linearly
  /// independent. This function should not be called on empty sets.
  Matrix getBoundedDirections() const;

  /// Find an integer sample point satisfying the constraints using a
  /// branch and bound algorithm with generalized basis reduction, with some
  /// additional processing using Simplex for unbounded sets.
  ///
  /// Returns an integer sample point if one exists, or an empty Optional
  /// otherwise.
  Optional<SmallVector<int64_t, 8>> findIntegerSample() const;

  /// Returns true if the given point satisfies the constraints, or false
  /// otherwise.
  bool containsPoint(ArrayRef<int64_t> point) const;

  /// Find pairs of inequalities identified by their position indices, using
  /// which an explicit representation for each local variable can be computed
  /// The pairs are stored as indices of upperbound, lowerbound
  /// inequalities. If no such pair can be found, it is stored as llvm::None.
  void getLocalReprLbUbPairs(
      std::vector<llvm::Optional<std::pair<unsigned, unsigned>>> &repr) const;

  // Clones this object.
  std::unique_ptr<FlatAffineConstraints> clone() const;

  /// Returns the value at the specified equality row and column.
  inline int64_t atEq(unsigned i, unsigned j) const { return equalities(i, j); }
  inline int64_t &atEq(unsigned i, unsigned j) { return equalities(i, j); }

  /// Returns the value at the specified inequality row and column.
  inline int64_t atIneq(unsigned i, unsigned j) const {
    return inequalities(i, j);
  }
  inline int64_t &atIneq(unsigned i, unsigned j) { return inequalities(i, j); }

  /// Returns the number of columns in the constraint system.
  inline unsigned getNumCols() const { return numIds + 1; }

  inline unsigned getNumEqualities() const { return equalities.getNumRows(); }

  inline unsigned getNumInequalities() const {
    return inequalities.getNumRows();
  }

  inline unsigned getNumReservedEqualities() const {
    return equalities.getNumReservedRows();
  }

  inline unsigned getNumReservedInequalities() const {
    return inequalities.getNumReservedRows();
  }

  inline ArrayRef<int64_t> getEquality(unsigned idx) const {
    return equalities.getRow(idx);
  }

  inline ArrayRef<int64_t> getInequality(unsigned idx) const {
    return inequalities.getRow(idx);
  }

  /// The type of bound: equal, lower bound or upper bound.
  enum BoundType { EQ, LB, UB };

  /// Adds a bound for the identifier at the specified position with constraints
  /// being drawn from the specified bound map. In case of an EQ bound, the
  /// bound map is expected to have exactly one result. In case of a LB/UB, the
  /// bound map may have more than one result, for each of which an inequality
  /// is added.
  /// Note: The dimensions/symbols of this FlatAffineConstraints must match the
  /// dimensions/symbols of the affine map.
  LogicalResult addBound(BoundType type, unsigned pos, AffineMap boundMap);

  /// Adds a constant bound for the specified identifier.
  void addBound(BoundType type, unsigned pos, int64_t value);

  /// Adds a constant bound for the specified expression.
  void addBound(BoundType type, ArrayRef<int64_t> expr, int64_t value);

  /// Returns the constraint system as an integer set. Returns a null integer
  /// set if the system has no constraints, or if an integer set couldn't be
  /// constructed as a result of a local variable's explicit representation not
  /// being known and such a local variable appearing in any of the constraints.
  IntegerSet getAsIntegerSet(MLIRContext *context) const;

  /// Computes the lower and upper bounds of the first `num` dimensional
  /// identifiers (starting at `offset`) as an affine map of the remaining
  /// identifiers (dimensional and symbolic). This method is able to detect
  /// identifiers as floordiv's and mod's of affine expressions of other
  /// identifiers with respect to (positive) constants. Sets bound map to a
  /// null AffineMap if such a bound can't be found (or yet unimplemented).
  void getSliceBounds(unsigned offset, unsigned num, MLIRContext *context,
                      SmallVectorImpl<AffineMap> *lbMaps,
                      SmallVectorImpl<AffineMap> *ubMaps);

  /// Adds an inequality (>= 0) from the coefficients specified in `inEq`.
  void addInequality(ArrayRef<int64_t> inEq);
  /// Adds an equality from the coefficients specified in `eq`.
  void addEquality(ArrayRef<int64_t> eq);

  /// Adds a new local identifier as the floordiv of an affine function of other
  /// identifiers, the coefficients of which are provided in `dividend` and with
  /// respect to a positive constant `divisor`. Two constraints are added to the
  /// system to capture equivalence with the floordiv:
  /// q = dividend floordiv c    <=>   c*q <= dividend <= c*q + c - 1.
  void addLocalFloorDiv(ArrayRef<int64_t> dividend, int64_t divisor);

  /// Swap the posA^th identifier with the posB^th identifier.
  virtual void swapId(unsigned posA, unsigned posB);

  /// Insert `num` identifiers of the specified kind at position `pos`.
  /// Positions are relative to the kind of identifier. The coefficient columns
  /// corresponding to the added identifiers are initialized to zero. Return the
  /// absolute column position (i.e., not relative to the kind of identifier)
  /// of the first added identifier.
  unsigned insertDimId(unsigned pos, unsigned num = 1);
  unsigned insertSymbolId(unsigned pos, unsigned num = 1);
  unsigned insertLocalId(unsigned pos, unsigned num = 1);
  virtual unsigned insertId(IdKind kind, unsigned pos, unsigned num = 1);

  /// Append `num` identifiers of the specified kind after the last identifier.
  /// of that kind. Return the position of the first appended column. The
  /// coefficient columns corresponding to the added identifiers are initialized
  /// to zero.
  unsigned appendDimId(unsigned num = 1);
  unsigned appendSymbolId(unsigned num = 1);
  unsigned appendLocalId(unsigned num = 1);

  /// Composes an affine map whose dimensions and symbols match one to one with
  /// the dimensions and symbols of this FlatAffineConstraints. The results of
  /// the map `other` are added as the leading dimensions of this constraint
  /// system. Returns failure if `other` is a semi-affine map.
  LogicalResult composeMatchingMap(AffineMap other);

  /// Projects out (aka eliminates) `num` identifiers starting at position
  /// `pos`. The resulting constraint system is the shadow along the dimensions
  /// that still exist. This method may not always be integer exact.
  // TODO: deal with integer exactness when necessary - can return a value to
  // mark exactness for example.
  void projectOut(unsigned pos, unsigned num);
  inline void projectOut(unsigned pos) { return projectOut(pos, 1); }

  /// Removes identifiers of the specified kind with the specified pos (or
  /// within the specified range) from the system. The specified location is
  /// relative to the first identifier of the specified kind.
  void removeId(IdKind kind, unsigned pos);
  void removeIdRange(IdKind kind, unsigned idStart, unsigned idLimit);

  /// Removes the specified identifier from the system.
  void removeId(unsigned pos);

  void removeEquality(unsigned pos);
  void removeInequality(unsigned pos);

  /// Remove the (in)equalities at positions [start, end).
  void removeEqualityRange(unsigned start, unsigned end);
  void removeInequalityRange(unsigned start, unsigned end);

  /// Sets the `values.size()` identifiers starting at `po`s to the specified
  /// values and removes them.
  void setAndEliminate(unsigned pos, ArrayRef<int64_t> values);

  /// Changes the partition between dimensions and symbols. Depending on the new
  /// symbol count, either a chunk of trailing dimensional identifiers becomes
  /// symbols, or some of the leading symbols become dimensions.
  void setDimSymbolSeparation(unsigned newSymbolCount);

  /// Tries to fold the specified identifier to a constant using a trivial
  /// equality detection; if successful, the constant is substituted for the
  /// identifier everywhere in the constraint system and then removed from the
  /// system.
  LogicalResult constantFoldId(unsigned pos);

  /// This method calls `constantFoldId` for the specified range of identifiers,
  /// `num` identifiers starting at position `pos`.
  void constantFoldIdRange(unsigned pos, unsigned num);

  /// Updates the constraints to be the smallest bounding (enclosing) box that
  /// contains the points of `this` set and that of `other`, with the symbols
  /// being treated specially. For each of the dimensions, the min of the lower
  /// bounds (symbolic) and the max of the upper bounds (symbolic) is computed
  /// to determine such a bounding box. `other` is expected to have the same
  /// dimensional identifiers as this constraint system (in the same order).
  ///
  /// E.g.:
  /// 1) this   = {0 <= d0 <= 127},
  ///    other  = {16 <= d0 <= 192},
  ///    output = {0 <= d0 <= 192}
  /// 2) this   = {s0 + 5 <= d0 <= s0 + 20},
  ///    other  = {s0 + 1 <= d0 <= s0 + 9},
  ///    output = {s0 + 1 <= d0 <= s0 + 20}
  /// 3) this   = {0 <= d0 <= 5, 1 <= d1 <= 9}
  ///    other  = {2 <= d0 <= 6, 5 <= d1 <= 15},
  ///    output = {0 <= d0 <= 6, 1 <= d1 <= 15}
  LogicalResult unionBoundingBox(const FlatAffineConstraints &other);

  unsigned getNumConstraints() const {
    return getNumInequalities() + getNumEqualities();
  }
  inline unsigned getNumIds() const { return numIds; }
  inline unsigned getNumDimIds() const { return numDims; }
  inline unsigned getNumSymbolIds() const { return numSymbols; }
  inline unsigned getNumDimAndSymbolIds() const { return numDims + numSymbols; }
  inline unsigned getNumLocalIds() const {
    return numIds - numDims - numSymbols;
  }

  /// Replaces the contents of this FlatAffineConstraints with `other`.
  virtual void clearAndCopyFrom(const FlatAffineConstraints &other);

  /// Returns the smallest known constant bound for the extent of the specified
  /// identifier (pos^th), i.e., the smallest known constant that is greater
  /// than or equal to 'exclusive upper bound' - 'lower bound' of the
  /// identifier. This constant bound is guaranteed to be non-negative. Returns
  /// None if it's not a constant. This method employs trivial (low complexity /
  /// cost) checks and detection. Symbolic identifiers are treated specially,
  /// i.e., it looks for constant differences between affine expressions
  /// involving only the symbolic identifiers. `lb` and `ub` (along with the
  /// `boundFloorDivisor`) are set to represent the lower and upper bound
  /// associated with the constant difference: `lb`, `ub` have the coefficients,
  /// and `boundFloorDivisor`, their divisor. `minLbPos` and `minUbPos` if
  /// non-null are set to the position of the constant lower bound and upper
  /// bound respectively (to the same if they are from an equality). Ex: if the
  /// lower bound is [(s0 + s2 - 1) floordiv 32] for a system with three
  /// symbolic identifiers, *lb = [1, 0, 1], lbDivisor = 32. See comments at
  /// function definition for examples.
  Optional<int64_t> getConstantBoundOnDimSize(
      unsigned pos, SmallVectorImpl<int64_t> *lb = nullptr,
      int64_t *boundFloorDivisor = nullptr,
      SmallVectorImpl<int64_t> *ub = nullptr, unsigned *minLbPos = nullptr,
      unsigned *minUbPos = nullptr) const;

  /// Returns the constant bound for the pos^th identifier if there is one;
  /// None otherwise.
  // TODO: Support EQ bounds.
  Optional<int64_t> getConstantBound(BoundType type, unsigned pos) const;

  /// Gets the lower and upper bound of the `offset` + `pos`th identifier
  /// treating [0, offset) U [offset + num, symStartPos) as dimensions and
  /// [symStartPos, getNumDimAndSymbolIds) as symbols, and `pos` lies in
  /// [0, num). The multi-dimensional maps in the returned pair represent the
  /// max and min of potentially multiple affine expressions. The upper bound is
  /// exclusive. `localExprs` holds pre-computed AffineExpr's for all local
  /// identifiers in the system.
  std::pair<AffineMap, AffineMap>
  getLowerAndUpperBound(unsigned pos, unsigned offset, unsigned num,
                        unsigned symStartPos, ArrayRef<AffineExpr> localExprs,
                        MLIRContext *context) const;

  /// Gather positions of all lower and upper bounds of the identifier at `pos`,
  /// and optionally any equalities on it. In addition, the bounds are to be
  /// independent of identifiers in position range [`offset`, `offset` + `num`).
  void
  getLowerAndUpperBoundIndices(unsigned pos,
                               SmallVectorImpl<unsigned> *lbIndices,
                               SmallVectorImpl<unsigned> *ubIndices,
                               SmallVectorImpl<unsigned> *eqIndices = nullptr,
                               unsigned offset = 0, unsigned num = 0) const;

  /// Removes constraints that are independent of (i.e., do not have a
  /// coefficient) identifiers in the range [pos, pos + num).
  void removeIndependentConstraints(unsigned pos, unsigned num);

  /// Returns true if the set can be trivially detected as being
  /// hyper-rectangular on the specified contiguous set of identifiers.
  bool isHyperRectangular(unsigned pos, unsigned num) const;

  /// Removes duplicate constraints, trivially true constraints, and constraints
  /// that can be detected as redundant as a result of differing only in their
  /// constant term part. A constraint of the form <non-negative constant> >= 0
  /// is considered trivially true. This method is a linear time method on the
  /// constraints, does a single scan, and updates in place. It also normalizes
  /// constraints by their GCD and performs GCD tightening on inequalities.
  void removeTrivialRedundancy();

  /// A more expensive check than `removeTrivialRedundancy` to detect redundant
  /// inequalities.
  void removeRedundantInequalities();

  /// Removes redundant constraints using Simplex. Although the algorithm can
  /// theoretically take exponential time in the worst case (rare), it is known
  /// to perform much better in the average case. If V is the number of vertices
  /// in the polytope and C is the number of constraints, the algorithm takes
  /// O(VC) time.
  void removeRedundantConstraints();

  /// Removes all equalities and inequalities.
  void clearConstraints();

  void print(raw_ostream &os) const;
  void dump() const;

protected:
  /// Return the index at which the specified kind of id starts.
  unsigned getIdKindOffset(IdKind kind) const;

  /// Assert that `value` is at most the number of ids of the specified kind.
  void assertAtMostNumIdKind(unsigned value, IdKind kind) const;

  /// Returns false if the fields corresponding to various identifier counts, or
  /// equality/inequality buffer sizes aren't consistent; true otherwise. This
  /// is meant to be used within an assert internally.
  virtual bool hasConsistentState() const;

  /// Checks all rows of equality/inequality constraints for trivial
  /// contradictions (for example: 1 == 0, 0 >= 1), which may have surfaced
  /// after elimination. Returns true if an invalid constraint is found;
  /// false otherwise.
  bool hasInvalidConstraint() const;

  /// Returns the constant lower bound bound if isLower is true, and the upper
  /// bound if isLower is false.
  template <bool isLower>
  Optional<int64_t> computeConstantLowerOrUpperBound(unsigned pos);

  /// Given an affine map that is aligned with this constraint system:
  /// * Flatten the map.
  /// * Add newly introduced local columns at the beginning of this constraint
  ///   system (local column pos 0).
  /// * Add equalities that define the new local columns to this constraint
  ///   system.
  /// * Return the flattened expressions via `flattenedExprs`.
  ///
  /// Note: This is a shared helper function of `addLowerOrUpperBound` and
  ///       `composeMatchingMap`.
  LogicalResult flattenAlignedMapAndMergeLocals(
      AffineMap map, std::vector<SmallVector<int64_t, 8>> *flattenedExprs);

  /// Eliminates a single identifier at `position` from equality and inequality
  /// constraints. Returns `success` if the identifier was eliminated, and
  /// `failure` otherwise.
  inline LogicalResult gaussianEliminateId(unsigned position) {
    return success(gaussianEliminateIds(position, position + 1) == 1);
  }

  /// Eliminates identifiers from equality and inequality constraints
  /// in column range [posStart, posLimit).
  /// Returns the number of variables eliminated.
  unsigned gaussianEliminateIds(unsigned posStart, unsigned posLimit);

  /// Eliminates the identifier at the specified position using Fourier-Motzkin
  /// variable elimination, but uses Gaussian elimination if there is an
  /// equality involving that identifier. If the result of the elimination is
  /// integer exact, `*isResultIntegerExact` is set to true. If `darkShadow` is
  /// set to true, a potential under approximation (subset) of the rational
  /// shadow / exact integer shadow is computed.
  // See implementation comments for more details.
  virtual void fourierMotzkinEliminate(unsigned pos, bool darkShadow = false,
                                       bool *isResultIntegerExact = nullptr);

  /// Tightens inequalities given that we are dealing with integer spaces. This
  /// is similar to the GCD test but applied to inequalities. The constant term
  /// can be reduced to the preceding multiple of the GCD of the coefficients,
  /// i.e.,
  ///  64*i - 100 >= 0  =>  64*i - 128 >= 0 (since 'i' is an integer). This is a
  /// fast method (linear in the number of coefficients).
  void gcdTightenInequalities();

  /// Normalized each constraints by the GCD of its coefficients.
  void normalizeConstraintsByGCD();

  /// Removes identifiers in the column range [idStart, idLimit), and copies any
  /// remaining valid data into place, updates member variables, and resizes
  /// arrays as needed.
  virtual void removeIdRange(unsigned idStart, unsigned idLimit);

  /// Total number of identifiers.
  unsigned numIds;

  /// Number of identifiers corresponding to real dimensions.
  unsigned numDims;

  /// Number of identifiers corresponding to symbols (unknown but constant for
  /// analysis).
  unsigned numSymbols;

  /// Coefficients of affine equalities (in == 0 form).
  Matrix equalities;

  /// Coefficients of affine inequalities (in >= 0 form).
  Matrix inequalities;

  /// A parameter that controls detection of an unrealistic number of
  /// constraints. If the number of constraints is this many times the number of
  /// variables, we consider such a system out of line with the intended use
  /// case of FlatAffineConstraints.
  // The rationale for 32 is that in the typical simplest of cases, an
  // identifier is expected to have one lower bound and one upper bound
  // constraint. With a level of tiling or a connection to another identifier
  // through a div or mod, an extra pair of bounds gets added. As a limit, we
  // don't expect an identifier to have more than 32 lower/upper/equality
  // constraints. This is conservatively set low and can be raised if needed.
  constexpr static unsigned kExplosionFactor = 32;
};

/// An extension of FlatAffineConstraints in which dimensions and symbols can
/// optionally be associated with an SSA value.
class FlatAffineValueConstraints : public FlatAffineConstraints {
public:
  /// Constructs a constraint system reserving memory for the specified number
  /// of constraints and identifiers.
  FlatAffineValueConstraints(unsigned numReservedInequalities,
                             unsigned numReservedEqualities,
                             unsigned numReservedCols, unsigned numDims,
                             unsigned numSymbols, unsigned numLocals,
                             ArrayRef<Optional<Value>> valArgs = {})
      : FlatAffineConstraints(numReservedInequalities, numReservedEqualities,
                              numReservedCols, numDims, numSymbols, numLocals) {
    assert(numReservedCols >= numIds + 1);
    assert(valArgs.empty() || valArgs.size() == numIds);
    values.reserve(numReservedCols);
    if (valArgs.empty())
      values.resize(numIds, None);
    else
      values.append(valArgs.begin(), valArgs.end());
  }

  /// Constructs a constraint system with the specified number of
  /// dimensions and symbols.
  FlatAffineValueConstraints(unsigned numDims = 0, unsigned numSymbols = 0,
                             unsigned numLocals = 0,
                             ArrayRef<Optional<Value>> valArgs = {})
      : FlatAffineValueConstraints(/*numReservedInequalities=*/0,
                                   /*numReservedEqualities=*/0,
                                   /*numReservedCols=*/numDims + numSymbols +
                                       numLocals + 1,
                                   numDims, numSymbols, numLocals, valArgs) {}

  /// Create a flat affine constraint system from an AffineValueMap or a list of
  /// these. The constructed system will only include equalities.
  explicit FlatAffineValueConstraints(const AffineValueMap &avm);
  explicit FlatAffineValueConstraints(ArrayRef<const AffineValueMap *> avmRef);

  /// Creates an affine constraint system from an IntegerSet.
  explicit FlatAffineValueConstraints(IntegerSet set);

  FlatAffineValueConstraints(ArrayRef<const AffineValueMap *> avmRef,
                             IntegerSet set);

  /// Return the kind of this FlatAffineConstraints.
  Kind getKind() const override { return Kind::FlatAffineValueConstraints; }

  static bool classof(const FlatAffineConstraints *cst) {
    return cst->getKind() == Kind::FlatAffineValueConstraints;
  }

  /// Clears any existing data and reserves memory for the specified
  /// constraints.
  void reset(unsigned numReservedInequalities, unsigned numReservedEqualities,
             unsigned numReservedCols, unsigned numDims, unsigned numSymbols,
             unsigned numLocals = 0) override;
  void reset(unsigned numReservedInequalities, unsigned numReservedEqualities,
             unsigned numReservedCols, unsigned numDims, unsigned numSymbols,
             unsigned numLocals, ArrayRef<Value> valArgs);
  void reset(unsigned numDims, unsigned numSymbols, unsigned numLocals,
             ArrayRef<Value> valArgs);
  using FlatAffineConstraints::reset;

  /// Clones this object.
  std::unique_ptr<FlatAffineValueConstraints> clone() const;

  /// Adds constraints (lower and upper bounds) for the specified 'affine.for'
  /// operation's Value using IR information stored in its bound maps. The
  /// right identifier is first looked up using `forOp`'s Value. Asserts if the
  /// Value corresponding to the 'affine.for' operation isn't found in the
  /// constraint system. Returns failure for the yet unimplemented/unsupported
  /// cases.  Any new identifiers that are found in the bound operands of the
  /// 'affine.for' operation are added as trailing identifiers (either
  /// dimensional or symbolic depending on whether the operand is a valid
  /// symbol).
  //  TODO: add support for non-unit strides.
  LogicalResult addAffineForOpDomain(AffineForOp forOp);

  /// Adds constraints (lower and upper bounds) for each loop in the loop nest
  /// described by the bound maps `lbMaps` and `ubMaps` of a computation slice.
  /// Every pair (`lbMaps[i]`, `ubMaps[i]`) describes the bounds of a loop in
  /// the nest, sorted outer-to-inner. `operands` contains the bound operands
  /// for a single bound map. All the bound maps will use the same bound
  /// operands. Note that some loops described by a computation slice might not
  /// exist yet in the IR so the Value attached to those dimension identifiers
  /// might be empty. For that reason, this method doesn't perform Value
  /// look-ups to retrieve the dimension identifier positions. Instead, it
  /// assumes the position of the dim identifiers in the constraint system is
  /// the same as the position of the loop in the loop nest.
  LogicalResult addDomainFromSliceMaps(ArrayRef<AffineMap> lbMaps,
                                       ArrayRef<AffineMap> ubMaps,
                                       ArrayRef<Value> operands);

  /// Adds constraints imposed by the `affine.if` operation. These constraints
  /// are collected from the IntegerSet attached to the given `affine.if`
  /// instance argument (`ifOp`). It is asserted that:
  /// 1) The IntegerSet of the given `affine.if` instance should not contain
  /// semi-affine expressions,
  /// 2) The columns of the constraint system created from `ifOp` should match
  /// the columns in the current one regarding numbers and values.
  void addAffineIfOpDomain(AffineIfOp ifOp);

  /// Adds a bound for the identifier at the specified position with constraints
  /// being drawn from the specified bound map and operands. In case of an
  /// EQ bound, the  bound map is expected to have exactly one result. In case
  /// of a LB/UB, the bound map may have more than one result, for each of which
  /// an inequality is added.
  LogicalResult addBound(BoundType type, unsigned pos, AffineMap boundMap,
                         ValueRange operands);

  /// Adds a constant bound for the identifier associated with the given Value.
  void addBound(BoundType type, Value val, int64_t value);

  using FlatAffineConstraints::addBound;

  /// Returns the bound for the identifier at `pos` from the inequality at
  /// `ineqPos` as a 1-d affine value map (affine map + operands). The returned
  /// affine value map can either be a lower bound or an upper bound depending
  /// on the sign of atIneq(ineqPos, pos). Asserts if the row at `ineqPos` does
  /// not involve the `pos`th identifier.
  void getIneqAsAffineValueMap(unsigned pos, unsigned ineqPos,
                               AffineValueMap &vmap,
                               MLIRContext *context) const;

  /// Adds slice lower bounds represented by lower bounds in `lbMaps` and upper
  /// bounds in `ubMaps` to each identifier in the constraint system which has
  /// a value in `values`. Note that both lower/upper bounds share the same
  /// operand list `operands`.
  /// This function assumes `values.size` == `lbMaps.size` == `ubMaps.size`.
  /// Note that both lower/upper bounds use operands from `operands`.
  LogicalResult addSliceBounds(ArrayRef<Value> values,
                               ArrayRef<AffineMap> lbMaps,
                               ArrayRef<AffineMap> ubMaps,
                               ArrayRef<Value> operands);

  /// Looks up the position of the identifier with the specified Value. Returns
  /// true if found (false otherwise). `pos` is set to the (column) position of
  /// the identifier.
  bool findId(Value val, unsigned *pos) const;

  /// Returns true if an identifier with the specified Value exists, false
  /// otherwise.
  bool containsId(Value val) const;

  /// Swap the posA^th identifier with the posB^th identifier.
  void swapId(unsigned posA, unsigned posB) override;

  /// Insert identifiers of the specified kind at position `pos`. Positions are
  /// relative to the kind of identifier. The coefficient columns corresponding
  /// to the added identifiers are initialized to zero. `vals` are the Values
  /// corresponding to the identifiers. Return the absolute column position
  /// (i.e., not relative to the kind of identifier) of the first added
  /// identifier.
  ///
  /// Note: Empty Values are allowed in `vals`.
  unsigned insertDimId(unsigned pos, ValueRange vals);
  using FlatAffineConstraints::insertDimId;
  unsigned insertSymbolId(unsigned pos, ValueRange vals);
  using FlatAffineConstraints::insertSymbolId;
  unsigned insertId(IdKind kind, unsigned pos, unsigned num = 1) override;
  unsigned insertId(IdKind kind, unsigned pos, ValueRange vals);

  /// Append identifiers of the specified kind after the last identifier of that
  /// kind. The coefficient columns corresponding to the added identifiers are
  /// initialized to zero. `vals` are the Values corresponding to the
  /// identifiers. Return the position of the first added column.
  ///
  /// Note: Empty Values are allowed in `vals`.
  unsigned appendDimId(ValueRange vals);
  using FlatAffineConstraints::appendDimId;
  unsigned appendSymbolId(ValueRange vals);
  using FlatAffineConstraints::appendSymbolId;

  /// Add the specified values as a dim or symbol id depending on its nature, if
  /// it already doesn't exist in the system. `val` has to be either a terminal
  /// symbol or a loop IV, i.e., it cannot be the result affine.apply of any
  /// symbols or loop IVs. The identifier is added to the end of the existing
  /// dims or symbols. Additional information on the identifier is extracted
  /// from the IR and added to the constraint system.
  void addInductionVarOrTerminalSymbol(Value val);

  /// Align `map` with this constraint system based on `operands`. Each operand
  /// must already have a corresponding dim/symbol in this constraint system.
  AffineMap computeAlignedMap(AffineMap map, ValueRange operands) const;

  /// Composes the affine value map with this FlatAffineValueConstrains, adding
  /// the results of the map as dimensions at the front
  /// [0, vMap->getNumResults()) and with the dimensions set to the equalities
  /// specified by the value map.
  ///
  /// Returns failure if the composition fails (when vMap is a semi-affine map).
  /// The vMap's operand Value's are used to look up the right positions in
  /// the FlatAffineConstraints with which to associate. Every operand of vMap
  /// should have a matching dim/symbol column in this constraint system (with
  /// the same associated Value).
  LogicalResult composeMap(const AffineValueMap *vMap);

  /// Projects out the identifier that is associate with Value.
  void projectOut(Value val);
  using FlatAffineConstraints::projectOut;

  /// Changes all symbol identifiers which are loop IVs to dim identifiers.
  void convertLoopIVSymbolsToDims();

  /// Updates the constraints to be the smallest bounding (enclosing) box that
  /// contains the points of `this` set and that of `other`, with the symbols
  /// being treated specially. For each of the dimensions, the min of the lower
  /// bounds (symbolic) and the max of the upper bounds (symbolic) is computed
  /// to determine such a bounding box. `other` is expected to have the same
  /// dimensional identifiers as this constraint system (in the same order).
  ///
  /// E.g.:
  /// 1) this   = {0 <= d0 <= 127},
  ///    other  = {16 <= d0 <= 192},
  ///    output = {0 <= d0 <= 192}
  /// 2) this   = {s0 + 5 <= d0 <= s0 + 20},
  ///    other  = {s0 + 1 <= d0 <= s0 + 9},
  ///    output = {s0 + 1 <= d0 <= s0 + 20}
  /// 3) this   = {0 <= d0 <= 5, 1 <= d1 <= 9}
  ///    other  = {2 <= d0 <= 6, 5 <= d1 <= 15},
  ///    output = {0 <= d0 <= 6, 1 <= d1 <= 15}
  LogicalResult unionBoundingBox(const FlatAffineValueConstraints &other);
  using FlatAffineConstraints::unionBoundingBox;

  /// Merge and align the identifiers of `this` and `other` starting at
  /// `offset`, so that both constraint systems get the union of the contained
  /// identifiers that is dimension-wise and symbol-wise unique; both
  /// constraint systems are updated so that they have the union of all
  /// identifiers, with `this`'s original identifiers appearing first followed
  /// by any of `other`'s identifiers that didn't appear in `this`. Local
  /// identifiers of each system are by design separate/local and are placed
  /// one after other (`this`'s followed by `other`'s).
  //  E.g.: Input: `this`  has (%i, %j) [%M, %N]
  //               `other` has (%k, %j) [%P, %N, %M]
  //        Output: both `this`, `other` have (%i, %j, %k) [%M, %N, %P]
  //
  void mergeAndAlignIdsWithOther(unsigned offset,
                                 FlatAffineValueConstraints *other);

  /// Returns true if this constraint system and `other` are in the same
  /// space, i.e., if they are associated with the same set of identifiers,
  /// appearing in the same order. Returns false otherwise.
  bool areIdsAlignedWithOther(const FlatAffineValueConstraints &other);

  /// Replaces the contents of this FlatAffineValueConstraints with `other`.
  void clearAndCopyFrom(const FlatAffineConstraints &other) override;

  /// Returns the Value associated with the pos^th identifier. Asserts if
  /// no Value identifier was associated.
  inline Value getValue(unsigned pos) const {
    assert(hasValue(pos) && "identifier's Value not set");
    return values[pos].getValue();
  }

  /// Returns true if the pos^th identifier has an associated Value.
  inline bool hasValue(unsigned pos) const { return values[pos].hasValue(); }

  /// Returns true if at least one identifier has an associated Value.
  bool hasValues() const;

  /// Returns the Values associated with identifiers in range [start, end).
  /// Asserts if no Value was associated with one of these identifiers.
  inline void getValues(unsigned start, unsigned end,
                        SmallVectorImpl<Value> *values) const {
    assert((start < numIds || start == end) && "invalid start position");
    assert(end <= numIds && "invalid end position");
    values->clear();
    values->reserve(end - start);
    for (unsigned i = start; i < end; i++)
      values->push_back(getValue(i));
  }
  inline void getAllValues(SmallVectorImpl<Value> *values) const {
    getValues(0, numIds, values);
  }

  inline ArrayRef<Optional<Value>> getMaybeValues() const {
    return {values.data(), values.size()};
  }

  inline ArrayRef<Optional<Value>> getMaybeDimValues() const {
    return {values.data(), getNumDimIds()};
  }

  inline ArrayRef<Optional<Value>> getMaybeSymbolValues() const {
    return {values.data() + getNumDimIds(), getNumSymbolIds()};
  }

  inline ArrayRef<Optional<Value>> getMaybeDimAndSymbolValues() const {
    return {values.data(), getNumDimIds() + getNumSymbolIds()};
  }

  /// Sets the Value associated with the pos^th identifier.
  inline void setValue(unsigned pos, Value val) {
    assert(pos < numIds && "invalid id position");
    values[pos] = val;
  }

  /// Sets the Values associated with the identifiers in the range [start, end).
  void setValues(unsigned start, unsigned end, ArrayRef<Value> values) {
    assert((start < numIds || end == start) && "invalid start position");
    assert(end <= numIds && "invalid end position");
    assert(values.size() == end - start);
    for (unsigned i = start; i < end; ++i)
      setValue(i, values[i - start]);
  }

protected:
  /// Returns false if the fields corresponding to various identifier counts, or
  /// equality/inequality buffer sizes aren't consistent; true otherwise. This
  /// is meant to be used within an assert internally.
  bool hasConsistentState() const override;

  /// Removes identifiers in the column range [idStart, idLimit), and copies any
  /// remaining valid data into place, updates member variables, and resizes
  /// arrays as needed.
  void removeIdRange(unsigned idStart, unsigned idLimit) override;

  /// Eliminates the identifier at the specified position using Fourier-Motzkin
  /// variable elimination, but uses Gaussian elimination if there is an
  /// equality involving that identifier. If the result of the elimination is
  /// integer exact, `*isResultIntegerExact` is set to true. If `darkShadow` is
  /// set to true, a potential under approximation (subset) of the rational
  /// shadow / exact integer shadow is computed.
  // See implementation comments for more details.
  void fourierMotzkinEliminate(unsigned pos, bool darkShadow = false,
                               bool *isResultIntegerExact = nullptr) override;

  /// Values corresponding to the (column) identifiers of this constraint
  /// system appearing in the order the identifiers correspond to columns.
  /// Temporary ones or those that aren't associated with any Value are set to
  /// None.
  SmallVector<Optional<Value>, 8> values;
};

/// Flattens 'expr' into 'flattenedExpr', which contains the coefficients of the
/// dimensions, symbols, and additional variables that represent floor divisions
/// of dimensions, symbols, and in turn other floor divisions.  Returns failure
/// if 'expr' could not be flattened (i.e., semi-affine is not yet handled).
/// 'cst' contains constraints that connect newly introduced local identifiers
/// to existing dimensional and symbolic identifiers. See documentation for
/// AffineExprFlattener on how mod's and div's are flattened.
LogicalResult getFlattenedAffineExpr(AffineExpr expr, unsigned numDims,
                                     unsigned numSymbols,
                                     SmallVectorImpl<int64_t> *flattenedExpr,
                                     FlatAffineConstraints *cst = nullptr);

/// Flattens the result expressions of the map to their corresponding flattened
/// forms and set in 'flattenedExprs'. Returns failure if any expression in the
/// map could not be flattened (i.e., semi-affine is not yet handled). 'cst'
/// contains constraints that connect newly introduced local identifiers to
/// existing dimensional and / symbolic identifiers. See documentation for
/// AffineExprFlattener on how mod's and div's are flattened. For all affine
/// expressions that share the same operands (like those of an affine map), this
/// method should be used instead of repeatedly calling getFlattenedAffineExpr
/// since local variables added to deal with div's and mod's will be reused
/// across expressions.
LogicalResult
getFlattenedAffineExprs(AffineMap map,
                        std::vector<SmallVector<int64_t, 8>> *flattenedExprs,
                        FlatAffineConstraints *cst = nullptr);
LogicalResult
getFlattenedAffineExprs(IntegerSet set,
                        std::vector<SmallVector<int64_t, 8>> *flattenedExprs,
                        FlatAffineConstraints *cst = nullptr);

/// Re-indexes the dimensions and symbols of an affine map with given `operands`
/// values to align with `dims` and `syms` values.
///
/// Each dimension/symbol of the map, bound to an operand `o`, is replaced with
/// dimension `i`, where `i` is the position of `o` within `dims`. If `o` is not
/// in `dims`, replace it with symbol `i`, where `i` is the position of `o`
/// within `syms`. If `o` is not in `syms` either, replace it with a new symbol.
///
/// Note: If a value appears multiple times as a dimension/symbol (or both), all
/// corresponding dim/sym expressions are replaced with the first dimension
/// bound to that value (or first symbol if no such dimension exists).
///
/// The resulting affine map has `dims.size()` many dimensions and at least
/// `syms.size()` many symbols.
///
/// The SSA values of the symbols of the resulting map are optionally returned
/// via `newSyms`. This is a concatenation of `syms` with the SSA values of the
/// newly added symbols.
///
/// Note: As part of this re-indexing, dimensions may turn into symbols, or vice
/// versa.
AffineMap alignAffineMapWithValues(AffineMap map, ValueRange operands,
                                   ValueRange dims, ValueRange syms,
                                   SmallVector<Value> *newSyms = nullptr);

} // end namespace mlir.

#endif // MLIR_ANALYSIS_AFFINESTRUCTURES_H