[clang] Handle templated operators with reversed arguments (#69595)

#68999 correctly computed
conversion sequence for reversed args to a template operators. This was
a breaking change as code, previously accepted in C++17, starts to break
in C++20.

Example:
```cpp
struct P {};
template<class S> bool operator==(const P&, const S &);

struct A : public P {};
struct B : public P {};
bool check(A a, B b) { return a == b; }  // This is now ambiguous in C++20.
```

In order to minimise widespread breakages, as a clang extension, we had
previously accepted such ambiguities with a warning
(`-Wambiguous-reversed-operator`) for non-template operators. Due to the
same reasons, we extend this relaxation for template operators.

Fixes #53954

clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst

@@ -37,6 +37,27 @@ These changes are ones which we think may surprise users when upgrading to
 Clang |release| because of the opportunity they pose for disruption to existing
 code bases.
 
+- Fix a bug in reversed argument for templated operators.
+  This breaks code in C++20 which was previously accepted in C++17. Eg:
+
+  .. code-block:: cpp
+
+    struct P {};
+    template<class S> bool operator==(const P&, const S&);
+
+    struct A : public P {};
+    struct B : public P {};
+
+    // This equality is now ambiguous in C++20.
+    bool ambiguous(A a, B b) { return a == b; }
+
+    template<class S> bool operator!=(const P&, const S&);
+    // Ok. Found a matching operator!=.
+    bool fine(A a, B b) { return a == b; }
+
+  To reduce such widespread breakages, as an extension, Clang accepts this code
+  with an existing warning ``-Wambiguous-reversed-operator`` warning.
+  Fixes `GH <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/53954>`_.
 
 C/C++ Language Potentially Breaking Changes
 -------------------------------------------

clang/lib/Sema/SemaOverload.cpp

@@ -7688,7 +7688,7 @@ bool Sema::CheckNonDependentConversions(
     QualType ParamType = ParamTypes[I + Offset];
     if (!ParamType->isDependentType()) {
       unsigned ConvIdx = PO == OverloadCandidateParamOrder::Reversed
-                             ? 0
+                             ? Args.size() - 1 - (ThisConversions + I)
                              : (ThisConversions + I);
       Conversions[ConvIdx]
         = TryCopyInitialization(*this, Args[I], ParamType,
@@ -10085,11 +10085,19 @@ getImplicitObjectParamType(ASTContext &Context, const FunctionDecl *F) {
   return M->getFunctionObjectParameterReferenceType();
 }
 
-static bool haveSameParameterTypes(ASTContext &Context, const FunctionDecl *F1,
-                                   const FunctionDecl *F2) {
+// As a Clang extension, allow ambiguity among F1 and F2 if they represent
+// represent the same entity.
+static bool allowAmbiguity(ASTContext &Context, const FunctionDecl *F1,
+                           const FunctionDecl *F2) {
   if (declaresSameEntity(F1, F2))
     return true;
-
+  if (F1->isTemplateInstantiation() && F2->isTemplateInstantiation() &&
+      declaresSameEntity(F1->getPrimaryTemplate(), F2->getPrimaryTemplate())) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // TODO: It is not clear whether comparing parameters is necessary (i.e.
+  // different functions with same params). Consider removing this (as no test
+  // fail w/o it).
   auto NextParam = [&](const FunctionDecl *F, unsigned &I, bool First) {
     if (First) {
       if (std::optional<QualType> T = getImplicitObjectParamType(Context, F))
@@ -10274,14 +10282,14 @@ bool clang::isBetterOverloadCandidate(
     case ImplicitConversionSequence::Worse:
       if (Cand1.Function && Cand2.Function &&
           Cand1.isReversed() != Cand2.isReversed() &&
-          haveSameParameterTypes(S.Context, Cand1.Function, Cand2.Function)) {
+          allowAmbiguity(S.Context, Cand1.Function, Cand2.Function)) {
         // Work around large-scale breakage caused by considering reversed
         // forms of operator== in C++20:
         //
-        // When comparing a function against a reversed function with the same
-        // parameter types, if we have a better conversion for one argument and
-        // a worse conversion for the other, the implicit conversion sequences
-        // are treated as being equally good.
+        // When comparing a function against a reversed function, if we have a
+        // better conversion for one argument and a worse conversion for the
+        // other, the implicit conversion sequences are treated as being equally
+        // good.
         //
         // This prevents a comparison function from being considered ambiguous
         // with a reversed form that is written in the same way.
@@ -14421,7 +14429,7 @@ ExprResult Sema::CreateOverloadedBinOp(SourceLocation OpLoc,
           llvm::SmallVector<FunctionDecl*, 4> AmbiguousWith;
           for (OverloadCandidate &Cand : CandidateSet) {
             if (Cand.Viable && Cand.Function && Cand.isReversed() &&
-                haveSameParameterTypes(Context, Cand.Function, FnDecl)) {
+                allowAmbiguity(Context, Cand.Function, FnDecl)) {
               for (unsigned ArgIdx = 0; ArgIdx < 2; ++ArgIdx) {
                 if (CompareImplicitConversionSequences(
                         *this, OpLoc, Cand.Conversions[ArgIdx],

clang/test/CXX/over/over.match/over.match.funcs/over.match.oper/p3-2a.cpp

@@ -324,6 +324,67 @@ bool x = X() == X(); // expected-warning {{ambiguous}}
 }
 } // namespace P2468R2
 
+namespace GH53954{
+namespace friend_template_1 {
+struct P {
+    template <class T>
+    friend bool operator==(const P&, const T&); // expected-note {{candidate}} \
+                                                // expected-note {{ambiguous candidate function with reversed arguments}}
+};
+struct A : public P {};
+struct B : public P {};
+bool check(A a, B b) { return a == b; } // expected-warning {{use of overloaded operator '==' (with operand types 'A' and 'B') to be ambiguous}}
+}
+
+namespace friend_template_2 {
+struct P {
+    template <class T>
+    friend bool operator==(const T&, const P&); // expected-note {{candidate}} \
+                                                // expected-note {{ambiguous candidate function with reversed arguments}}
+};
+struct A : public P {};
+struct B : public P {};
+bool check(A a, B b) { return a == b; } // expected-warning {{use of overloaded operator '==' (with operand types 'A' and 'B') to be ambiguous}}
+}
+
+namespace member_template {
+struct P {
+  template<class S>
+  bool operator==(const S &) const; // expected-note {{candidate}} \
+                                    // expected-note {{ambiguous candidate function with reversed arguments}}
+};
+struct A : public P {};
+struct B : public P {};
+bool check(A a, B b) { return a == b; } // expected-warning {{use of overloaded operator '==' (with operand types 'A' and 'B') to be ambiguous}}
+}
+
+namespace non_member_template_1 {
+struct P {};
+template<class S>
+bool operator==(const P&, const S &); // expected-note {{candidate}} \
+                                      // expected-note {{ambiguous candidate function with reversed arguments}}
+
+struct A : public P {};
+struct B : public P {};
+bool check(A a, B b) { return a == b; } // expected-warning {{use of overloaded operator '==' (with operand types 'A' and 'B') to be ambiguous}}
+
+template<class S>
+bool operator!=(const P&, const S &);
+bool fine(A a, B b) { return a == b; } // Ok. Found a matching operator!=.
+}
+}
+
+namespace non_member_template_2 {
+struct P {};
+template<class S>
+bool operator==(const S&, const P&); // expected-note {{candidate}} \
+                                     // expected-note {{ambiguous candidate function with reversed arguments}}
+
+struct A : public P {};
+struct B : public P {};
+bool check(A a, B b) { return a == b; } // expected-warning {{use of overloaded operator '==' (with operand types 'A' and 'B') to be ambiguous}}
+}
+
 #else // NO_ERRORS
 
 namespace problem_cases {