apacheGH-37217: [Python] Add missing docstrings to Cython (apache#37218)

### Rationale for this change

The Cython 3.0.0 upgrade apache#37097 is triggering numpydoc errors for these missing docstrings.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Docstrings added to Cython functions that omitted them

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, locally.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

User-facing documentation is added.
* Closes: apache#37217

Lead-authored-by: Dane Pitkin <dane@voltrondata.com>
Co-authored-by: Dane Pitkin <48041712+danepitkin@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Alenka Frim <AlenkaF@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

python/pyarrow/_compute.pyx

@@ -2345,6 +2345,15 @@ cdef class Expression(_Weakrefable):
         return self.expr
 
     def equals(self, Expression other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.Expression
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return self.expr.Equals(other.unwrap())
 
     def __str__(self):

python/pyarrow/_csv.pyx

@@ -290,6 +290,15 @@ cdef class ReadOptions(_Weakrefable):
         check_status(deref(self.options).Validate())
 
     def equals(self, ReadOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.csv.ReadOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             self.use_threads == other.use_threads and
             self.block_size == other.block_size and
@@ -536,6 +545,15 @@ cdef class ParseOptions(_Weakrefable):
         check_status(deref(self.options).Validate())
 
     def equals(self, ParseOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.csv.ParseOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             self.delimiter == other.delimiter and
             self.quote_char == other.quote_char and
@@ -1042,6 +1060,15 @@ cdef class ConvertOptions(_Weakrefable):
         check_status(deref(self.options).Validate())
 
     def equals(self, ConvertOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.csv.ConvertOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             self.check_utf8 == other.check_utf8 and
             self.column_types == other.column_types and

python/pyarrow/_dataset.pyx

@@ -1992,9 +1992,27 @@ cdef class IpcFileFormat(FileFormat):
         self.init(shared_ptr[CFileFormat](new CIpcFileFormat()))
 
     def equals(self, IpcFileFormat other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.IpcFileFormat
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        True
+        """
         return True
 
     def make_write_options(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pyarrow.ipc.IpcWriteOptions
+        """
         cdef IpcFileWriteOptions opts = \
             <IpcFileWriteOptions> FileFormat.make_write_options(self)
         opts.write_options = IpcWriteOptions(**kwargs)
@@ -2071,6 +2089,15 @@ cdef class CsvFileFormat(FileFormat):
         self.csv_format = <CCsvFileFormat*> sp.get()
 
     def make_write_options(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pyarrow.csv.WriteOptions
+        """
         cdef CsvFileWriteOptions opts = \
             <CsvFileWriteOptions> FileFormat.make_write_options(self)
         opts.write_options = WriteOptions(**kwargs)
@@ -2093,6 +2120,15 @@ cdef class CsvFileFormat(FileFormat):
             super()._set_default_fragment_scan_options(options)
 
     def equals(self, CsvFileFormat other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.CsvFileFormat
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             self.parse_options.equals(other.parse_options) and
             self.default_fragment_scan_options ==
@@ -2165,6 +2201,15 @@ cdef class CsvFragmentScanOptions(FragmentScanOptions):
                 make_streamwrap_func(read_options.encoding, 'utf-8'))
 
     def equals(self, CsvFragmentScanOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.CsvFragmentScanOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             other and
             self.convert_options.equals(other.convert_options) and
@@ -2250,6 +2295,15 @@ cdef class JsonFileFormat(FileFormat):
             super()._set_default_fragment_scan_options(options)
 
     def equals(self, JsonFileFormat other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.JsonFileFormat
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (other and
                 self.default_fragment_scan_options ==
                 other.default_fragment_scan_options)
@@ -2308,6 +2362,15 @@ cdef class JsonFragmentScanOptions(FragmentScanOptions):
         self.json_options.read_options = read_options.options
 
     def equals(self, JsonFragmentScanOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.JsonFragmentScanOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             other and
             self.read_options.equals(other.read_options) and
@@ -2353,6 +2416,17 @@ cdef class Partitioning(_Weakrefable):
         return False
 
     def parse(self, path):
+        """
+        Parse a path into a partition expression.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        path : str
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pyarrow.dataset.Expression
+        """
         cdef CResult[CExpression] result
         result = self.partitioning.Parse(tobytes(path))
         return Expression.wrap(GetResultValue(result))

python/pyarrow/_dataset_orc.pyx

@@ -32,6 +32,15 @@ cdef class OrcFileFormat(FileFormat):
         self.init(shared_ptr[CFileFormat](new COrcFileFormat()))
 
     def equals(self, OrcFileFormat other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.OrcFileFormat
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        True
+        """
         return True
 
     @property

python/pyarrow/_dataset_parquet.pyx

@@ -178,6 +178,15 @@ cdef class ParquetFileFormat(FileFormat):
         return parquet_read_options
 
     def make_write_options(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pyarrow.dataset.FileWriteOptions
+        """
         opts = FileFormat.make_write_options(self)
         (<ParquetFileWriteOptions> opts).update(**kwargs)
         return opts
@@ -189,6 +198,15 @@ cdef class ParquetFileFormat(FileFormat):
             super()._set_default_fragment_scan_options(options)
 
     def equals(self, ParquetFileFormat other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.ParquetFileFormat
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             self.read_options.equals(other.read_options) and
             self.default_fragment_scan_options ==
@@ -502,6 +520,15 @@ cdef class ParquetReadOptions(_Weakrefable):
             self._coerce_int96_timestamp_unit = TimeUnit_NANO
 
     def equals(self, ParquetReadOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.ParquetReadOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (self.dictionary_columns == other.dictionary_columns and
                 self.coerce_int96_timestamp_unit ==
                 other.coerce_int96_timestamp_unit)
@@ -527,6 +554,11 @@ cdef class ParquetFileWriteOptions(FileWriteOptions):
         object _properties
 
     def update(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        **kwargs : dict
+        """
         arrow_fields = {
             "use_deprecated_int96_timestamps",
             "coerce_timestamps",
@@ -720,6 +752,15 @@ cdef class ParquetFragmentScanOptions(FragmentScanOptions):
         self.reader_properties().set_thrift_container_size_limit(size)
 
     def equals(self, ParquetFragmentScanOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.dataset.ParquetFragmentScanOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         attrs = (
             self.use_buffered_stream, self.buffer_size, self.pre_buffer,
             self.thrift_string_size_limit, self.thrift_container_size_limit)

python/pyarrow/_fs.pyx

@@ -505,6 +505,15 @@ cdef class FileSystem(_Weakrefable):
         return self.wrapped
 
     def equals(self, FileSystem other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.fs.FileSystem
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return self.fs.Equals(other.unwrap())
 
     def __eq__(self, other):

python/pyarrow/_json.pyx

@@ -83,6 +83,15 @@ cdef class ReadOptions(_Weakrefable):
         )
 
     def equals(self, ReadOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.json.ReadOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             self.use_threads == other.use_threads and
             self.block_size == other.block_size
@@ -212,6 +221,15 @@ cdef class ParseOptions(_Weakrefable):
         self.options.unexpected_field_behavior = v
 
     def equals(self, ParseOptions other):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        other : pyarrow.json.ParseOptions
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+        """
         return (
             self.explicit_schema == other.explicit_schema and
             self.newlines_in_values == other.newlines_in_values and