Ižter

Ižter (localised in English as 'Ijter') is a constructed language with no specific purpose.
It is synthetic, fusional and mildly inflected. It utilises SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order.

1. Alphabet
2. Phonology
   1. Consonants
   2. Vowels
   3. Semivowels
   4. Digraphs
   5. Phonotactics
   6. Diphtongs
3. Verbs
4. Pronouns
5. Phonotactics
6. Grammar
7. Braille
8. Morse

Alphabet

The Ijter language employs a modified version of the Latin script.

IPA	English	Lat	Nom	IPA	English	Lat	-
/ɑ/	'hot' (Gen. Am)	Aa	aa	/n/	'net'	Nn	än
/æ/	'yes'	Ää	ää	/o/	'yawn' (SA)	Oo	oo
/b/	'ball'	Bb	be	/ø/	'bird' (NZ)	Öö	öö
/t͡s/	'klutz'	Cc	ce	/p/	'pen'	Pp	pe
/t͡ʃ/	'chum'	Čč	če	/ɾ/	'better' (Aus, NAE)	Rr	är
/d/	'dog'	Dd	de	/s/	'sun'	Ss	äs
/e/	'hay'	Ee	ee	/ʃ/	'shoe'	Šš	äš
/v/	'vine'	Vv	ve	/t/	'top'	Tt	te
/ɡ/	'goat'	Gg	ge	/u/	'fruit'	Uu	uu
/i/	'bee'	Ii	ii	/y/	'few' (Gen. SA)	Yy	yy
/j/	'yak'	Jj	je	/z/	'zoo'	Zz	ze
/k/	'key'	Kk	ke	/ʒ/	'vision'	Žž	že
/l/	'leg'	Ll	äl	/f/	'fish'	Ff	äf
/m/	'mail'	Mm	äm	/h/	'home'	Hh	he

Substitutions

When using a system which is limited to the standard Roman alphabet or where diacritics are otherwise unavailable (such as ASCII), letters with diacritics should each be substituted for their corresponding digraph:

Letter	ö	ä	š	ž	č
Digraph	oe	ae	sz	zs	cs

When capitalising a word which begins with a digraph, only the first half of the digraph should be in upper case. When the entire word is capitalised, both parts of the digraph should be in upper case.

Phonology

Consonants

-	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	/m/	/n/
Plosive	/p/ /b/	/t/ /d/			/k/ /ɡ/
Affricate		/t͡s/ /d͡z/	/t͡ʃ/ /d͡ʒ/
Fricative	/f/ /v/	/s/ /z/	/ʃ/ /ʒ/	/ʝ~j/	/x/	/h/
Tap/Flap		/ɾ/
Lat. Approx.		/l/

if ⟨h⟩ precedes a vowel, and does not follow a consonant, it is realised as /h/.
if it precedes a vowel, and follows a consonant, that consonant becomes aspirated.
if it precedes a plosive, or if it follows a vowel but is followed by a consonant, it is realised as /x/.
if it closes a front-vowel syllable at the end of a word, it is realised as [ç].
if ⟨ž⟩ is followed by a front vowel, it is closer to [ʑ].
if ⟨š⟩ is followed by a front vowel, it is closer to [ɕ].

Vowels

-	Front	Back
Close	/i/ /y/	/u/
Mid	/e/ /ø/	/o/
Open	/æ/	/ɑ/

Semivowels

Vowel	Semivowel
i	[j]
u	[w]
y	[ɥ]

The above vowels are realised as semiconsonants when preceding or proceeding a different vowel. When they follow a plosive and precede another vowel, they provoke the palatalization, labio-palatization and labialization of the aforementioned plosive, respectively;

-	-i⟩	-y⟩	-u⟩
⟨p-	[pʲ]	[pᶣ]	[pʷ]
⟨b-	[bʲ]	[bᶣ]	[bʷ]
⟨t-	[tʲ]	[tᶣ]	[tʷ]
⟨d-	[dʲ]	[dᶣ]	[dʷ]
⟨k-	[kʲ]	[kᶣ]	[kʷ]
⟨g-	[gʲ]	[gᶣ]	[gʷ]

Digraphs

-	-	-	-
⟨dz⟩ → [d͡z]	⟨lj⟩ → [ʎ]	⟨ng⟩ → [ŋ]	⟨tj⟩ → [c]
⟨dž⟩ → [d͡ʒ]	⟨hj⟩ → [ç]	⟨nj⟩ → [ɲ]	⟨dj⟩ → [ɟ]

Diphtongs

-	⟨e	⟨i	⟨a	⟨ä	⟨o	⟨ö	⟨u	⟨y
e⟩	[eː]	[i̯e]	[ɐe̞]	-	-	-	[u̯e]	-
i⟩	[ɪː]	[iː]	[æː]	-	-	-	[u̯i]	-
a⟩	[e̞ɐ]	[i̯a]	[ɑː]	[o̯a]	-	-	[u̯a]	-
ä⟩	-	[i̯æ]	-	[æː]	-	-	[u̯æ]	-
o⟩	-	[i̯o]	-	-	[oː]	-	[u̯o]	-
ö⟩	-	[i̯ø]	-	-	-	[øː]	[u̯ø]	-
u⟩	-	[i̯u]	[ʌʊ̯]	-	-	-	[uː]	-
y⟩	-	[i̯y]	-	-	-	-	[u̯y]	[yː]

Phonotactics

Stress is always on the first syllable.

Syllable structure is (C)(H)V(C)(C).

In an conset (C)(H):

• (t) can be followed by (s), (š), (r), or (j)
• (d) can be followed by (z), (ž), (r), or (j)
• (p), (b), (k), (g), (f), and (v) can be followed by (r), (l), or (j)
• (s) and (š) can be followed by (t), (p), (k), (m), (n), (l), or (j)
• (z), (ž), (l), (m), and (n) can be followed by (j)
• (r), (h), (j) cannot be followed by any medial

if ⟨si⟩ is the body of a first syllable, it is realised as [çi].

⟨er⟩ is oft realised as [ɪɾ].

Assimilation

In consonant clusters terminated by an obstruent, all change their voicing according to the first.
Prograde/progressive voicing assimilation occurs, even across word boundaries.

t/d	p/b	k/g
⟨tv⟩ → tf	⟨pv⟩ → pf	⟨kv⟩ → kf
⟨tz⟩ → ts	⟨pz⟩ → ps	⟨kz⟩ → ks
⟨tž⟩ → tš	⟨pž⟩ → pš	⟨kž⟩ → kš
⟨df⟩ → dv	⟨bf⟩ → bv	⟨gf⟩ → gv
⟨ds⟩ → dz	⟨bs⟩ → bz	⟨gs⟩ → gz
⟨dš⟩ → dž	⟨bš⟩ → bž	⟨gš⟩ → gž
⟨fd⟩ → ft	⟨fb⟩ → fp	⟨fg⟩ → fk
⟨sd⟩ → st	⟨sb⟩ → sp	⟨sg⟩ → sk
⟨šd⟩ → št	⟨šb⟩ → šp	⟨šg⟩ → šk
⟨vt⟩ → vd	⟨vp⟩ → vb	⟨vk⟩ → vg
⟨zt⟩ → zd	⟨zp⟩ → zb	⟨zk⟩ → zg
⟨žt⟩ → žd	⟨žp⟩ → žb	⟨žk⟩ → žg

s/z	š/ž
⟨sv⟩ → sf	⟨šv⟩ → šf
⟨zf⟩ → zv	⟨žf⟩ → žv

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated by appending the desired tense's suffixal to the verb's stem.
When the action of the verb is described as a potential without being in a specific time (almost always when the verb precedes another, which IS conjugated).

Voice	Active	Passive	Active	Passive
Tense	Simple	Simple	Contd.	Contd.
Past	-an	-ans	-ant	-anst
Present	-t	-(e)st	-(e)jt	-(e)jst
Future	-ar	-ars	-art	-arst

Exception: sej ('be')

Voice	Active	Passive	Active	Passive
Tense	Simple	Simple	Contd.	Contd.
Past	sein	seins	seint	seinst
Present	sej	sejs	sejt	sejst
Future	sar	sars	sart	sarst

Pronouns

Personal

	Nom.	Det.
1s	Je	Jen
1p	Na	Nes
2s	Te	Ten
2p	Ve	Ves
3s	Sa	San
3p	He	Hes
3sp	In	Ine

A unique feature of Ijter is the possibility of combining a personal pronoun with a definite or indefinite determiner.

Phrase	English	Lit. translation
jenen besätim	a colleague of mine	my-a(n) colleague
saner fränden	those friends of theirs (sg)	their-the friends

Grammar

The order of different word classes is as follows:

• (Determiner) ([1] Nature) (Noun) (Adjective)
• (Subject) (Verb) (Object)
• (Verb) (Adverb) (*Place) (*Time)

[1] : applies to demonyms and few other cases, such as when two nouns would normally be aggutinated

e.g. "I want to know why you wouldn't meet with me yesterday" would be "I want.PR know why-NOM you NEG would.PST meet (at)yesterday with me"

e.g "You should give me another chance" would be "You should give chance another to me"

Note that this is subject to some variation.

When a phrase contains a catenative verb in addition to a regular verb, the former is conjugated while the latter remains in its infinitive/root/unconjugated form.

To specify the gender of an agent noun, one can replace -ör with -ar for feminine and -or for masculine, though this is entirely optional.

Braille

Ijter braille is inspired by the French, English, Czech and Scandinavian braille alphabets.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0
Aa ⠁	Bb ⠃	Cc ⠉	Dd ⠙	Ee ⠑	Ff ⠋	Gg ⠛	Hh ⠓	Ii ⠊	Jj ⠚
Kk ⠅	Ll ⠇	Mm ⠍	Nn ⠝	Oo ⠕	Pp ⠏		Rr ⠗	Ss ⠎	Tt ⠞
Uu ⠥	Vv ⠧		Yy ⠽	Zz ⠵				Žž ⠮
	Ää ⠣	Čč ⠩		Šš ⠱				Öö ⠪

Punc.	Br.	Punc.	Br.
.	⠲	,	⠂
:	⠒	;	⠆
!	⠖	?	⠢

Name	Br.
Capital marker	⠠
Number sign	⠼

Morse

--	Code	--	Code
Aa	.-	Nn	-.
Ää	.-.-	Oo	---
Cc	-.-.	Öö	---.
Čč	-.--.	Pp	.--.
Bb	-...	Rr	.-.
Dd	-..	Ss	...
Ee	.	Šš	----
Vv	...-	Tt	-
Gg	--.	Uu	..-
Ii	..	Yy	..--
Jj	.---	Zz	--..
Kk	-.-	Žž	--..-
Ll	.-..	Ff	..-.
Mm	--	Hh	....

Ijter Morse is partly influenced by Croatian Morse code.