test_warp.py

import logging
import sys

import pytest
from affine import Affine
import numpy as np

import rasterio
from rasterio.control import GroundControlPoint
from rasterio.enums import Resampling
from rasterio.env import GDALVersion
from rasterio.errors import (
    GDALBehaviorChangeException, CRSError, GDALVersionError)
from rasterio.warp import (
    reproject, transform_geom, transform, transform_bounds,
    calculate_default_transform, aligned_target, SUPPORTED_RESAMPLING,
    GDAL2_RESAMPLING)
from rasterio import windows

from .conftest import requires_gdal22


gdal_version = GDALVersion.runtime()
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)


DST_TRANSFORM = Affine(300.0, 0.0, -8789636.708,
                       0.0, -300.0, 2943560.235)


def flatten_coords(coordinates):
    """Yield a flat sequence of coordinates to help testing"""
    for elem in coordinates:
        if isinstance(elem, (float, int)):
            yield elem
        else:
            for x in flatten_coords(elem):
                yield x


reproj_expected = (
    ({'CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ': False}, 7608),
    ({'CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ': True}, 2216))


class ReprojectParams(object):
    """Class to assist testing reprojection by encapsulating parameters."""

    def __init__(self, left, bottom, right, top, width, height, src_crs,
                 dst_crs):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
        src_res = float(right - left) / float(width)
        self.src_transform = Affine(src_res, 0, left, 0, -src_res, top)
        self.src_crs = src_crs
        self.dst_crs = dst_crs

        dt, dw, dh = calculate_default_transform(
            src_crs, dst_crs, width, height, left, bottom, right, top)
        self.dst_transform = dt
        self.dst_width = dw
        self.dst_height = dh


def default_reproject_params():
    return ReprojectParams(
        left=-120,
        bottom=30,
        right=-80,
        top=70,
        width=80,
        height=80,
        src_crs={'init': 'EPSG:4326'},
        dst_crs={'init': 'EPSG:2163'})


def uninvertable_reproject_params():
    return ReprojectParams(
        left=-120,
        bottom=30,
        right=-80,
        top=70,
        width=80,
        height=80,
        src_crs={'init': 'EPSG:4326'},
        dst_crs={'init': 'EPSG:26836'})


WGS84_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}


def test_transform_src_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        transform(None, WGS84_crs, [], [])


def test_transform_dst_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        transform(WGS84_crs, None, [], [])


def test_transform_bounds_src_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        transform_bounds(None, WGS84_crs, 0, 0, 0, 0)


def test_transform_bounds_dst_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        transform_bounds(WGS84_crs, None, 0, 0, 0, 0)


def test_transform_geom_src_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        transform_geom(None, WGS84_crs, None)


def test_transform_geom_dst_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        transform_geom(WGS84_crs, None, None)


def test_reproject_src_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        reproject(np.ones((2, 2)), np.zeros((2, 2)),
                  src_transform=Affine.identity(),
                  dst_transform=Affine.identity(), dst_crs=WGS84_crs)


def test_reproject_dst_crs_none():
    with pytest.raises(CRSError):
        reproject(np.ones((2, 2)), np.zeros((2, 2)),
                  src_transform=Affine.identity(),
                  dst_transform=Affine.identity(), src_crs=WGS84_crs)


def test_transform():
    """2D and 3D."""
    WGS84_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}
    WGS84_points = ([12.492269], [41.890169], [48.])
    ECEF_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:4978'}
    ECEF_points = ([4642610.], [1028584.], [4236562.])
    ECEF_result = transform(WGS84_crs, ECEF_crs, *WGS84_points)
    assert np.allclose(np.array(ECEF_result), np.array(ECEF_points))

    UTM33_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:32633'}
    UTM33_points = ([291952], [4640623])
    UTM33_result = transform(WGS84_crs, UTM33_crs, *WGS84_points[:2])
    assert np.allclose(np.array(UTM33_result), np.array(UTM33_points))


def test_transform_bounds():
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        l, b, r, t = src.bounds
        assert np.allclose(
            transform_bounds(src.crs, {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}, l, b, r, t),
            (
                -78.95864996545055, 23.564991210854686,
                -76.57492370013823, 25.550873767433984
            )
        )


def test_transform_bounds_densify():
    # This transform is non-linear along the edges, so densification produces
    # a different result than otherwise
    src_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}
    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:2163'}
    assert np.allclose(
        transform_bounds(
            src_crs,
            dst_crs,
            -120, 40, -80, 64,
            densify_pts=0),
        (-1684649.41338, -350356.81377, 1684649.41338, 2234551.18559))

    assert np.allclose(
        transform_bounds(
            src_crs,
            dst_crs,
            -120, 40, -80, 64,
            densify_pts=100),
        (-1684649.41338, -555777.79210, 1684649.41338, 2234551.18559))


def test_transform_bounds_no_change():
    """Make sure that going from and to the same crs causes no change."""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        l, b, r, t = src.bounds
        assert np.allclose(
            transform_bounds(src.crs, src.crs, l, b, r, t),
            src.bounds
        )


def test_transform_bounds_densify_out_of_bounds():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        transform_bounds(
            {'init': 'EPSG:4326'},
            {'init': 'EPSG:32610'},
            -120, 40, -80, 64,
            densify_pts=-10
        )


def test_calculate_default_transform():
    target_transform = Affine(
        0.0028535715391804096, 0.0, -78.95864996545055,
        0.0, -0.0028535715391804096, 25.550873767433984)

    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        wgs84_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}
        dst_transform, width, height = calculate_default_transform(
            src.crs, wgs84_crs, src.width, src.height, *src.bounds)

        assert dst_transform.almost_equals(target_transform)
        assert width == 835
        assert height == 696


def test_calculate_default_transform_single_resolution():
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        target_resolution = 0.1
        target_transform = Affine(
            target_resolution, 0.0, -78.95864996545055,
            0.0, -target_resolution, 25.550873767433984
        )
        dst_transform, width, height = calculate_default_transform(
            src.crs, {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}, src.width, src.height,
            *src.bounds, resolution=target_resolution
        )

        assert dst_transform.almost_equals(target_transform)
        assert width == 24
        assert height == 20


def test_calculate_default_transform_multiple_resolutions():
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        target_resolution = (0.2, 0.1)
        target_transform = Affine(
            target_resolution[0], 0.0, -78.95864996545055,
            0.0, -target_resolution[1], 25.550873767433984
        )

        dst_transform, width, height = calculate_default_transform(
            src.crs, {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}, src.width, src.height,
            *src.bounds, resolution=target_resolution
        )

        assert dst_transform.almost_equals(target_transform)
        assert width == 12
        assert height == 20


def test_calculate_default_transform_dimensions():
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        dst_width, dst_height = (113, 103)
        target_transform = Affine(
            0.02108612597535966, 0.0, -78.95864996545055,
            0.0, -0.0192823863230055, 25.550873767433984
        )

        dst_transform, width, height = calculate_default_transform(
            src.crs, {'init': 'EPSG:4326'}, src.width, src.height,
            *src.bounds, dst_width=dst_width, dst_height=dst_height
        )

        assert dst_transform.almost_equals(target_transform)
        assert width == dst_width
        assert height == dst_height


def test_reproject_ndarray():
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    dst_crs = dict(
        proj='merc',
        a=6378137,
        b=6378137,
        lat_ts=0.0,
        lon_0=0.0,
        x_0=0.0,
        y_0=0,
        k=1.0,
        units='m',
        nadgrids='@null',
        wktext=True,
        no_defs=True)
    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs=dst_crs,
        resampling=Resampling.nearest)
    assert (out > 0).sum() == 438113


def test_reproject_view():
    """Source views are reprojected properly"""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    window = windows.Window(100, 100, 500, 500)
    # window = windows.get_data_window(source)
    reduced_array = source[window.toslices()]
    reduced_transform = windows.transform(window, src.transform)

    # Assert that we're working with a view.
    assert reduced_array.base is source

    dst_crs = dict(
        proj='merc',
        a=6378137,
        b=6378137,
        lat_ts=0.0,
        lon_0=0.0,
        x_0=0.0,
        y_0=0,
        k=1.0,
        units='m',
        nadgrids='@null',
        wktext=True,
        no_defs=True)

    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)

    reproject(
        reduced_array,
        out,
        src_transform=reduced_transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs=dst_crs,
        resampling=Resampling.nearest)

    assert (out > 0).sum() == 299199


def test_reproject_epsg():
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:3857'}
    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs=dst_crs,
        resampling=Resampling.nearest)
    assert (out > 0).sum() == 438113


def test_reproject_out_of_bounds():
    """Using EPSG code is not appropriate for the transform.

    Should return blank image.
    """
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:32619'}
    out = np.zeros(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs=dst_crs,
        resampling=Resampling.nearest)
    assert not out.any()


@pytest.mark.parametrize("options, expected", reproj_expected)
def test_reproject_nodata(options, expected):
    nodata = 215

    with rasterio.Env(**options):
        params = uninvertable_reproject_params()
        source = np.ones((params.width, params.height), dtype=np.uint8)
        out = np.zeros((params.dst_width, params.dst_height),
                       dtype=source.dtype)
        out.fill(120)  # Fill with arbitrary value

        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=nodata,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=nodata
        )

        assert (out == 1).sum() == expected
        assert (out == nodata).sum() == (params.dst_width *
                                         params.dst_height - expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("options, expected", reproj_expected)
def test_reproject_nodata_nan(options, expected):

    with rasterio.Env(**options):
        params = uninvertable_reproject_params()
        source = np.ones((params.width, params.height), dtype=np.float32)
        out = np.zeros((params.dst_width, params.dst_height),
                       dtype=source.dtype)
        out.fill(120)  # Fill with arbitrary value

        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=np.nan,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=np.nan
        )

        assert (out == 1).sum() == expected
        assert np.isnan(out).sum() == (params.dst_width *
                                       params.dst_height - expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("options, expected", reproj_expected)
def test_reproject_dst_nodata_default(options, expected):
    """If nodata is not provided, destination will be filled with 0."""

    with rasterio.Env(**options):
        params = uninvertable_reproject_params()
        source = np.ones((params.width, params.height), dtype=np.uint8)
        out = np.zeros((params.dst_width, params.dst_height),
                       dtype=source.dtype)
        out.fill(120)  # Fill with arbitrary value

        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs
        )

        assert (out == 1).sum() == expected
        assert (out == 0).sum() == (params.dst_width *
                                    params.dst_height - expected)


def test_reproject_invalid_dst_nodata():
    """dst_nodata must be in value range of data type."""
    params = default_reproject_params()

    source = np.ones((params.width, params.height), dtype=np.uint8)
    out = source.copy()

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=0,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=999999999
        )


def test_reproject_invalid_src_nodata():
    """src_nodata must be in range for data type."""
    params = default_reproject_params()

    source = np.ones((params.width, params.height), dtype=np.uint8)
    out = source.copy()

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=999999999,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=215
        )


def test_reproject_init_nodata_tofile(tmpdir):
    """Test that nodata is being initialized."""
    params = default_reproject_params()

    tiffname = str(tmpdir.join('foo.tif'))

    source1 = np.zeros((params.width, params.height), dtype=np.uint8)
    source2 = source1.copy()

    # fill both sources w/ arbitrary values
    rows, cols = source1.shape
    source1[:rows // 2, :cols // 2] = 200
    source2[rows // 2:, cols // 2:] = 100

    kwargs = {
        'count': 1,
        'width': params.width,
        'height': params.height,
        'dtype': np.uint8,
        'driver': 'GTiff',
        'crs': params.dst_crs,
        'transform': params.dst_transform
    }

    with rasterio.open(tiffname, 'w', **kwargs) as dst:
        reproject(
            source1,
            rasterio.band(dst, 1),
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=0.0,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=0.0
        )

        # 200s should be overwritten by 100s
        reproject(
            source2,
            rasterio.band(dst, 1),
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=0.0,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=0.0
        )

    with rasterio.open(tiffname) as src:
        assert src.read().max() == 100


def test_reproject_no_init_nodata_tofile(tmpdir):
    """Test that nodata is not being initialized."""
    params = default_reproject_params()

    tiffname = str(tmpdir.join('foo.tif'))

    source1 = np.zeros((params.width, params.height), dtype=np.uint8)
    source2 = source1.copy()

    # fill both sources w/ arbitrary values
    rows, cols = source1.shape
    source1[:rows // 2, :cols // 2] = 200
    source2[rows // 2:, cols // 2:] = 100

    kwargs = {
        'count': 1,
        'width': params.width,
        'height': params.height,
        'dtype': np.uint8,
        'driver': 'GTiff',
        'crs': params.dst_crs,
        'transform': params.dst_transform
    }

    with rasterio.open(tiffname, 'w', **kwargs) as dst:
        reproject(
            source1,
            rasterio.band(dst, 1),
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=0.0,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=0.0
        )

        reproject(
            source2,
            rasterio.band(dst, 1),
            src_transform=params.src_transform,
            src_crs=params.src_crs,
            src_nodata=0.0,
            dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
            dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
            dst_nodata=0.0,
            init_dest_nodata=False
        )

    # 200s should remain along with 100s
    with rasterio.open(tiffname) as src:
        data = src.read()

    assert data.max() == 200


def test_reproject_no_init_nodata_toarray():
    """Test that nodata is being initialized."""
    params = default_reproject_params()

    source1 = np.zeros((params.width, params.height))
    source2 = source1.copy()
    out = source1.copy()

    # fill both sources w/ arbitrary values
    rows, cols = source1.shape
    source1[:rows // 2, :cols // 2] = 200
    source2[rows // 2:, cols // 2:] = 100

    reproject(
        source1,
        out,
        src_transform=params.src_transform,
        src_crs=params.src_crs,
        src_nodata=0.0,
        dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
        dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
        dst_nodata=0.0
    )

    assert out.max() == 200
    assert out.min() == 0

    reproject(
        source2,
        out,
        src_transform=params.src_transform,
        src_crs=params.src_crs,
        src_nodata=0.0,
        dst_transform=params.dst_transform,
        dst_crs=params.dst_crs,
        dst_nodata=0.0,
        init_dest_nodata=False
    )

    # 200s should NOT be overwritten by 100s
    assert out.max() == 200
    assert out.min() == 0


def test_reproject_multi():
    """Ndarry to ndarray."""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read()
    dst_crs = dict(
        proj='merc',
        a=6378137,
        b=6378137,
        lat_ts=0.0,
        lon_0=0.0,
        x_0=0.0,
        y_0=0,
        k=1.0,
        units='m',
        nadgrids='@null',
        wktext=True,
        no_defs=True)
    destin = np.empty(source.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    reproject(
        source,
        destin,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs=dst_crs,
        resampling=Resampling.nearest)
    assert destin.any()


def test_warp_from_file():
    """File to ndarray."""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        dst_crs = dict(
            proj='merc',
            a=6378137,
            b=6378137,
            lat_ts=0.0,
            lon_0=0.0,
            x_0=0.0,
            y_0=0,
            k=1.0,
            units='m',
            nadgrids='@null',
            wktext=True,
            no_defs=True)
        destin = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
        reproject(
            rasterio.band(src, 1),
            destin,
            dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            dst_crs=dst_crs)
    assert destin.any()


def test_warp_from_to_file(tmpdir):
    """File to file."""
    tiffname = str(tmpdir.join('foo.tif'))
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        dst_crs = dict(
            proj='merc',
            a=6378137,
            b=6378137,
            lat_ts=0.0,
            lon_0=0.0,
            x_0=0.0,
            y_0=0,
            k=1.0,
            units='m',
            nadgrids='@null',
            wktext=True,
            no_defs=True)
        kwargs = src.meta.copy()
        kwargs.update(
            transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            crs=dst_crs)
        with rasterio.open(tiffname, 'w', **kwargs) as dst:
            for i in (1, 2, 3):
                reproject(rasterio.band(src, i), rasterio.band(dst, i))


def test_warp_from_to_file_multi(tmpdir):
    """File to file."""
    tiffname = str(tmpdir.join('foo.tif'))
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        dst_crs = dict(
            proj='merc',
            a=6378137,
            b=6378137,
            lat_ts=0.0,
            lon_0=0.0,
            x_0=0.0,
            y_0=0,
            k=1.0,
            units='m',
            nadgrids='@null',
            wktext=True,
            no_defs=True)
        kwargs = src.meta.copy()
        kwargs.update(
            transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            crs=dst_crs)
        with rasterio.open(tiffname, 'w', **kwargs) as dst:
            for i in (1, 2, 3):
                reproject(
                    rasterio.band(src, i),
                    rasterio.band(dst, i),
                    num_threads=2)


@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
def polygon_3373():
    """An EPSG:3373 polygon."""
    return {
        'type': 'Polygon',
        'coordinates': (
            ((798842.3090855901, 6569056.500655151),
                (756688.2826828464, 6412397.888771972),
                (755571.0617232556, 6408461.009397383),
                (677605.2284582685, 6425600.39266733),
                (677605.2284582683, 6425600.392667332),
                (670873.3791649605, 6427248.603432341),
                (664882.1106069803, 6407585.48425362),
                (663675.8662823177, 6403676.990080649),
                (485120.71963574126, 6449787.167760638),
                (485065.55660851026, 6449802.826920689),
                (485957.03982722526, 6452708.625101285),
                (487541.24541826674, 6457883.292107048),
                (531008.5797472061, 6605816.560367976),
                (530943.7197027118, 6605834.9333479265),
                (531888.5010308184, 6608940.750411527),
                (533299.5981959199, 6613962.642851984),
                (533403.6388841148, 6613933.172096095),
                (576345.6064638699, 6761983.708069147),
                (577649.6721159086, 6766698.137844516),
                (578600.3589008929, 6770143.99782289),
                (578679.4732294685, 6770121.638265098),
                (655836.640492081, 6749376.357102599),
                (659913.0791150068, 6764770.1314677475),
                (661105.8478791204, 6769515.168134831),
                (661929.4670843681, 6772800.8565198565),
                (661929.4670843673, 6772800.856519875),
                (661975.1582566603, 6772983.354777632),
                (662054.7979028501, 6772962.86384242),
                (841909.6014891531, 6731793.200435557),
                (840726.455490463, 6727039.8672589315),
                (798842.3090855901, 6569056.500655151)),)}


def test_transform_geom_polygon_cutting(polygon_3373):
    geom = polygon_3373
    result = transform_geom(
        'EPSG:3373', 'EPSG:4326', geom, antimeridian_cutting=True)
    assert result['type'] == 'MultiPolygon'
    assert len(result['coordinates']) == 2


def test_transform_geom_polygon_offset(polygon_3373):
    geom = polygon_3373
    result = transform_geom(
        'EPSG:3373',
        'EPSG:4326',
        geom,
        antimeridian_cutting=True,
        antimeridian_offset=0)
    assert result['type'] == 'MultiPolygon'
    assert len(result['coordinates']) == 2


def test_transform_geom_polygon_precision(polygon_3373):
    geom = polygon_3373
    result = transform_geom('EPSG:3373', 'EPSG:4326', geom, precision=1, antimeridian_cutting=True)
    assert all(round(x, 1) == x for x in flatten_coords(result['coordinates']))


def test_transform_geom_linestring_precision(polygon_3373):
    ring = polygon_3373['coordinates'][0]
    geom = {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': ring}
    result = transform_geom('EPSG:3373', 'EPSG:4326', geom, precision=1, antimeridian_cutting=True)
    assert all(round(x, 1) == x for x in flatten_coords(result['coordinates']))


def test_transform_geom_linestring_precision_iso(polygon_3373):
    ring = polygon_3373['coordinates'][0]
    geom = {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': ring}
    result = transform_geom('EPSG:3373', 'EPSG:3373', geom, precision=1)
    assert int(result['coordinates'][0][0] * 10) == 7988423


def test_transform_geom_linestring_precision_z(polygon_3373):
    ring = polygon_3373['coordinates'][0]
    x, y = zip(*ring)
    ring = list(zip(x, y, [0.0 for i in range(len(x))]))
    geom = {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': ring}
    result = transform_geom('EPSG:3373', 'EPSG:3373', geom, precision=1)
    assert int(result['coordinates'][0][0] * 10) == 7988423
    assert int(result['coordinates'][0][2] * 10) == 0


def test_transform_geom_multipolygon(polygon_3373):
    geom = {
        'type': 'MultiPolygon', 'coordinates': [polygon_3373['coordinates']]}
    result = transform_geom('EPSG:3373', 'EPSG:4326', geom, precision=1)
    assert all(round(x, 1) == x for x in flatten_coords(result['coordinates']))


@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", SUPPORTED_RESAMPLING)
def test_reproject_resampling(path_rgb_byte_tif, method):
    # Expected count of nonzero pixels for each resampling method, based
    # on running rasterio with each of the following configurations
    expected = {
        Resampling.nearest: 438113,
        Resampling.bilinear: 439280,
        Resampling.cubic: 437888,
        Resampling.cubic_spline: 440475,
        Resampling.lanczos: 436001,
        Resampling.average: 439419,
        Resampling.mode: 437298,
        Resampling.max: 439464,
        Resampling.min: 436397,
        Resampling.med: 437194,
        Resampling.q1: 436397,
        Resampling.q3: 438948
    }

    with rasterio.open(path_rgb_byte_tif) as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs={'init': 'EPSG:3857'},
        resampling=method)

    assert np.count_nonzero(out) == expected[method]


@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", SUPPORTED_RESAMPLING)
def test_reproject_resampling_alpha(method):
    """Reprojection of a source with alpha band succeeds"""
    # Expected count of nonzero pixels for each resampling method, based
    # on running rasterio with each of the following configurations
    expected = {
        Resampling.nearest: 438113,
        Resampling.bilinear: 439280,
        Resampling.cubic: 437888,
        Resampling.cubic_spline: 440475,
        Resampling.lanczos: 436001,
        Resampling.average: 439419,
        Resampling.mode: 437298,
        Resampling.max: 439464,
        Resampling.min: 436397,
        Resampling.med: 437194,
        Resampling.q1: 436397,
        Resampling.q3: 438948
    }

    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGBA.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs={'init': 'EPSG:3857'},
        resampling=method)

    assert np.count_nonzero(out) == expected[method]


@pytest.mark.skipif(
    gdal_version.at_least('2.0'),
    reason="Tests only applicable to GDAL < 2.0")
@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", GDAL2_RESAMPLING)
def test_reproject_not_yet_supported_resampling(method):
    """Test resampling methods not yet supported by this version of GDAL"""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:32619'}
    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    with pytest.raises(GDALVersionError):
        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            dst_crs=dst_crs,
            resampling=method)


def test_reproject_unsupported_resampling():
    """Values not in enums. Resampling are not supported."""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:32619'}
    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            dst_crs=dst_crs,
            resampling=99)


def test_reproject_unsupported_resampling_guass():
    """Resampling.gauss is unsupported."""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:32619'}
    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            dst_crs=dst_crs,
            resampling=Resampling.gauss)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", SUPPORTED_RESAMPLING)
def test_resample_default_invert_proj(method):
    """Nearest and bilinear should produce valid results
    with the default Env
    """

    with rasterio.open('tests/data/world.rgb.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)
        profile = src.profile.copy()

    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:32619'}

    # Calculate the ideal dimensions and transformation in the new crs
    dst_affine, dst_width, dst_height = calculate_default_transform(
        src.crs, dst_crs, src.width, src.height, *src.bounds)

    profile['height'] = dst_height
    profile['width'] = dst_width

    out = np.empty(shape=(dst_height, dst_width), dtype=np.uint8)

    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=dst_affine,
        dst_crs=dst_crs,
        resampling=method)

    assert out.mean() > 0


def test_target_aligned_pixels():
    """Issue 853 has been resolved"""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/world.rgb.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)
        profile = src.profile.copy()

    dst_crs = {'init': 'epsg:3857'}

    with rasterio.Env(CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ=False):
        # Calculate the ideal dimensions and transformation in the new crs
        dst_affine, dst_width, dst_height = calculate_default_transform(
            src.crs, dst_crs, src.width, src.height, *src.bounds)

        dst_affine, dst_width, dst_height = aligned_target(dst_affine, dst_width, dst_height, 100000.0)

        profile['height'] = dst_height
        profile['width'] = dst_width

        out = np.empty(shape=(dst_height, dst_width), dtype=np.uint8)

        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=dst_affine,
            dst_crs=dst_crs,
            resampling=Resampling.nearest)

        # Check that there is no black borders
        assert out[:, 0].all()
        assert out[:, -1].all()
        assert out[0, :].all()
        assert out[-1, :].all()


@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", SUPPORTED_RESAMPLING)
def test_resample_no_invert_proj(method):
    """Nearest and bilinear should produce valid results with
    CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ = False
    """

    if method in (Resampling.bilinear, Resampling.cubic,
                  Resampling.cubic_spline, Resampling.lanczos):
        pytest.xfail(
            reason="Some resampling methods succeed but produce blank images. "
                   "See https://github.com/mapbox/rasterio/issues/614")

    with rasterio.Env(CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ=False):
        with rasterio.open('tests/data/world.rgb.tif') as src:
            source = src.read(1)
            profile = src.profile.copy()

        dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:32619'}

        # Calculate the ideal dimensions and transformation in the new crs
        dst_affine, dst_width, dst_height = calculate_default_transform(
            src.crs, dst_crs, src.width, src.height, *src.bounds)

        profile['height'] = dst_height
        profile['width'] = dst_width

        out = np.empty(shape=(dst_height, dst_width), dtype=np.uint8)

        # see #614, some resampling methods succeed but produce blank images
        out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
        reproject(
            source,
            out,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=dst_affine,
            dst_crs=dst_crs,
            resampling=method)

        assert out.mean() > 0


def test_reproject_crs_none():
    """Reproject with crs is None should not cause segfault"""
    src = np.random.random(25).reshape((1, 5, 5))
    srcaff = Affine(1.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.1, 0.0)
    srccrs = None
    dst = np.empty(shape=(1, 11, 11))
    dstaff = Affine(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0)
    dstcrs = None

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        reproject(
            src, dst,
            src_transform=srcaff,
            src_crs=srccrs,
            dst_transform=dstaff,
            dst_crs=dstcrs,
            resampling=Resampling.nearest)


def test_reproject_identity_src():
    """Reproject with an identity like source matrices."""
    src = np.random.random(25).reshape((1, 5, 5))
    dst = np.empty(shape=(1, 10, 10))
    dstaff = Affine(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0)
    crs = {'init': 'epsg:3857'}

    src_affines = [
        Affine(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0),  # Identity both positive
        Affine(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0),  # Identity with negative e
    ]

    for srcaff in src_affines:
        # reproject expected to not raise any error in any of the srcaff
        reproject(
            src, dst,
            src_transform=srcaff,
            src_crs=crs,
            dst_transform=dstaff,
            dst_crs=crs,
            resampling=Resampling.nearest)


def test_reproject_identity_dst():
    """Reproject with an identity like destination matrices."""
    src = np.random.random(100).reshape((1, 10, 10))
    srcaff = Affine(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0)
    dst = np.empty(shape=(1, 5, 5))
    crs = {'init': 'epsg:3857'}

    dst_affines = [
        Affine(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0),  # Identity both positive
        Affine(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0),  # Identity with negative e
    ]

    for dstaff in dst_affines:
        # reproject expected to not raise any error in any of the dstaff
        reproject(
            src, dst,
            src_transform=srcaff,
            src_crs=crs,
            dst_transform=dstaff,
            dst_crs=crs,
            resampling=Resampling.nearest)


@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
def rgb_byte_profile():
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        return src.profile


def test_reproject_gcps_transform_exclusivity():
    """gcps and transform can't be used together."""
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        reproject(1, 1, gcps=[0], src_transform=[0])


def test_reproject_gcps(rgb_byte_profile):
    """Reproject using ground control points for the source"""
    source = np.ones((3, 800, 800), dtype=np.uint8) * 255
    out = np.zeros((3, rgb_byte_profile['height'], rgb_byte_profile['height']), dtype=np.uint8)
    src_gcps = [
        GroundControlPoint(row=0, col=0, x=156113, y=2818720, z=0),
        GroundControlPoint(row=0, col=800, x=338353, y=2785790, z=0),
        GroundControlPoint(row=800, col=800, x=297939, y=2618518, z=0),
        GroundControlPoint(row=800, col=0, x=115698, y=2651448, z=0)]
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_crs='epsg:32618',
        gcps=src_gcps,
        dst_transform=rgb_byte_profile['transform'],
        dst_crs=rgb_byte_profile['crs'],
        resampling=Resampling.nearest)

    assert not out.all()
    assert not out[:, 0, 0].any()
    assert not out[:, 0, -1].any()
    assert not out[:, -1, -1].any()
    assert not out[:, -1, 0].any()


@requires_gdal22(
    reason="GDAL 2.2.0 and newer has different antimeridian cutting behavior.")
def test_transform_geom_gdal22():
    """Enabling `antimeridian_cutting` has no effect on GDAL 2.2.0 or newer
    where antimeridian cutting is always enabled.  This could produce
    unexpected geometries, so an exception is raised.
    """
    geom = {
        'type': 'Point',
        'coordinates': [0, 0]
    }
    with pytest.raises(GDALVersionError):
        transform_geom(
            'EPSG:4326', 'EPSG:3857', geom, antimeridian_cutting=False)


def test_issue1056():
    """Warp sucessfully from RGB's upper bands to an array"""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:

        dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:3857'}
        out = np.zeros(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
        reproject(
            rasterio.band(src, 2),
            out,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            dst_crs=dst_crs,
            resampling=Resampling.nearest)


def test_reproject_dst_nodata():
    """Affirm resolution of issue #1395"""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        source = src.read(1)

    dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:3857'}
    out = np.empty(src.shape, dtype=np.float32)
    reproject(
        source,
        out,
        src_transform=src.transform,
        src_crs=src.crs,
        dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
        dst_crs=dst_crs,
        src_nodata=0,
        dst_nodata=np.nan,
        resampling=Resampling.nearest)

    assert (out > 0).sum() == 438113
    assert out[0, 0] != 0
    assert np.isnan(out[0, 0])


def test_issue1401():
    """The warp_mem_limit keyword argument is in effect"""
    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:3857'}
        out = np.zeros(src.shape, dtype=np.uint8)
        reproject(
            rasterio.band(src, 2),
            out,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            dst_crs=dst_crs,
            resampling=Resampling.nearest,
            warp_mem_limit=4000)


def test_reproject_dst_alpha(path_rgb_msk_byte_tif):
    """Materialization of external mask succeeds"""

    with rasterio.open(path_rgb_msk_byte_tif) as src:

        nrows, ncols = src.shape

        dst_arr = np.zeros((src.count + 1, nrows, ncols), dtype=np.uint8)

        reproject(
            rasterio.band(src, src.indexes),
            dst_arr,
            src_transform=src.transform,
            src_crs=src.crs,
            dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
            dst_crs={'init': 'EPSG:3857'},
            dst_alpha=4)

        assert dst_arr[3].any()


@pytest.mark.xfail(
    rasterio.__gdal_version__ in ['2.2.0', '2.2.1', '2.2.2', '2.2.3'],
    reason=("GDAL had regression in 2.2.X series, fixed in 2.2.4,"
            " reproject used dst index instead of src index when destination was single band"))
def test_issue1350():
    """Warp bands other than 1 or All"""

    with rasterio.open('tests/data/RGB.byte.tif') as src:
        dst_crs = {'init': 'EPSG:3857'}

        reprojected = []

        for dtype, idx in zip(src.dtypes, src.indexes):
            out = np.zeros((1,) + src.shape, dtype=dtype)

            reproject(
                rasterio.band(src, idx),
                out,
                resampling=Resampling.nearest,
                dst_transform=DST_TRANSFORM,
                dst_crs=dst_crs)

            reprojected.append(out)

        for i in range(1, len(reprojected)):
            assert not (reprojected[0] == reprojected[i]).all()