Use github cache action instead of using gha. Dedupe Dockerfile

[luigi311]

Action:

• Use github cache action instead of using gha for the cache-from/to, this allows us to use the cache from the docker stage in the docker-publish stage and also doesnt show an artifact on the github action page.
• Removed digest from docker stage as there is no digest since its not uploaded anywhere.

Docker:

• Reduce duplication so its easier to change the base image and add dependencies in a single place instead of in multiple place like before with the build dependencies.
• Removed rsync as that was a dependency I added when testing solutions around and isnt needed anymore