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Expand Up @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ meta: NoSQL data stores persistent data in different ways than traditional relat


# NoSQL Data Stores
Relational databases store the vast majority of web application
persistent data. However, there are several alternative classifications of
Relational databases store the vast majority of web application
persistent data. However, there are several alternative classifications of
storage representations.

1. Key-value pair
Expand All @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ storage representations.
1. Graph

These persistent data storage representations are commonly used to augment,
rather than completely replace, relational databases. The underlying
rather than completely replace, relational databases. The underlying
persistence type used by the NoSQL database often gives it different
performance characteristics than a relational database, with better results
on some types of read/writes and worse performance on others.
Expand All @@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ on [hash map](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table) data structures.


### Key-value pair data stores
* [Redis](http://redis.io/) is an open source in-memory key-value pair data
* [Redis](http://redis.io/) is an open source in-memory key-value pair data
store. Redis is often called "the Swiss Army Knife of web application
development." It can be used for caching, queuing, and storing session data
development." It can be used for caching, queuing, and storing session data
for faster access than a traditional relational database, among many other
use cases. [Redis-py](https://github.com/andymccurdy/redis-py) is a solid
Python client to use with Redis.
Expand All @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ on [hash map](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table) data structures.
* "[How To Install and Use Redis](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-use-redis)"
is a guide for getting up with the extremely useful in-memory data store.

* This video on
* This video on
[Scaling Redis at Twitter](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP9EKvWt0zo) is
a detailed look behind the scenes with a massive Redis deployment.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -92,27 +92,27 @@ some advice on Reids security and guarding against data breaches.

* Redis, just as with any relational or NoSQL database, needs to be secured
based on [security guidelines](http://www.antirez.com/news/96). There is
also a post where the main author of Redis
also a post where the main author of Redis
[cracks its security](http://www.antirez.com/news/96) to show the tradeoffs
purposely made between ease of use and security in the default settings.

* [Is your Redis server safe?](https://www.isredisallsafe.com/) is a tool
to test that your Redis instances are locked down. The tool is based on
the blog post
to test that your Redis instances are locked down. The tool is based on
the blog post
[a few things about Redis security](http://www.antirez.com/news/96).


## Document-oriented
A document-oriented database provides a semi-structured representation for
nested data.
nested data.


### Document-oriented data stores
* [MongoDB](http://www.mongodb.org/) is an open source document-oriented
data store with a Binary Object Notation (BSON) storage format that is
JSON-style and familiar to web developers.
* [MongoDB](http://www.mongodb.org/) is an open source document-oriented
data store with a Binary Object Notation (BSON) storage format that is
JSON-style and familiar to web developers.
[PyMongo](http://docs.mongodb.org/ecosystem/drivers/python/) is a
commonly used client for interfacing with one or more MongoDB
commonly used client for interfacing with one or more MongoDB
instances through Python code. [MongoEngine](http://mongoengine.org/)
is a Python ORM specifically written for MongoDB that is built on top
of PyMongo.
Expand All @@ -121,12 +121,12 @@ nested data.
focused on availability, fault tolerance and large scale deployments.

* [Apache CouchDB](http://couchdb.apache.org/) is also an open source project
where the focus is on embracing RESTful-style HTTP access for working with
where the focus is on embracing RESTful-style HTTP access for working with
stored JSON data.


### Document-oriented data store resources
* [MongoDB for startups](http://www.optinidus.com/blogs/guide-to-mongodb-for-startups/)
* [MongoDB for startups](http://www.optinidus.com/blogs/guide-to-mongodb-for-startups/)
is a guide about using non-relational databases in green field environments.

* The creator and maintainers of PyMongo review four decisions they regret
Expand All @@ -136,16 +136,18 @@ nested data.
1. [copy\_database](http://emptysqua.re/blog/good-idea-at-the-time-pymongo-copy-database/)
1. [MongoReplicaSetClient](http://emptysqua.re/blog/good-idea-at-the-time-pymongo-mongoreplicasetclient/)

* The
[Python and MongoDB](https://talkpython.fm/episodes/show/2/python-and-mongodb)
Talk Python to Me podcast has a great interview with the maintainer of the
* The
[Python and MongoDB](https://talkpython.fm/episodes/show/2/python-and-mongodb)
Talk Python to Me podcast has a great interview with the maintainer of the
Python driver for MongoDB.

* [MongoDB queries don’t always return all matching documents!](https://engineering.meteor.com/mongodb-queries-dont-always-return-all-matching-documents-654b6594a827)
is a walkthrough of discovering how MongoDB queries actually work, and
shows some potential pitfalls of relying on technologies where you do
not fully understand how they operate.

* [Introduction to MongoDB and Python](https://realpython.com/blog/python/introduction-to-mongodb-and-python/)
shows how to use Python to interface with MongoDB via PyMongo and MongoEngine.

## Column-family table
A column-family table class of NoSQL data stores builds on the key-value
Expand All @@ -161,20 +163,20 @@ column family is similar to a table in the relational database model.

## Graph
A graph database represents and stores data in three aspects: nodes, edges
and properties.
and properties.

A *node* is an entity, such as a person or business.
A *node* is an entity, such as a person or business.

An *edge* is the relationship between two entities. For example, an
edge could represent that a node for a person entity is an employee of a
business entity.
An *edge* is the relationship between two entities. For example, an
edge could represent that a node for a person entity is an employee of a
business entity.

A *property* represents information about nodes. For example, an entity
A *property* represents information about nodes. For example, an entity
representing a person could have a property of "female" or "male".


### Graph data stores
* [Neo4j](http://www.neo4j.org/) is one of the most widely used graph
* [Neo4j](http://www.neo4j.org/) is one of the most widely used graph
databases and runs on the Java Virtual Machine stack.

* [Cayley](https://github.com/google/cayley) is an open source graph data
Expand All @@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ representing a person could have a property of "female" or "male".

### Graph data store resources
* [Introduction to Graph Databases](http://www.slideshare.net/maxdemarzi/introduction-to-graph-databases-12735789)
covers trends in NoSQL data stores and compares graph databases to other
covers trends in NoSQL data stores and compares graph databases to other
data store types.


Expand All @@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ representing a person could have a property of "female" or "male".
## NoSQL data store resources
* [NoSQL databases: an overview](http://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/nosql-databases-overview)
explains what NoSQL means, how data is stored differently than in
relational systems and what the Consistency, Availability and
relational systems and what the Consistency, Availability and
Partition-Tolerance (CAP) Theorem means.

* [CAP Theorem overview](http://natishalom.typepad.com/nati_shaloms_blog/2010/10/nocap.html)
Expand All @@ -209,11 +211,11 @@ representing a person could have a property of "female" or "male".
of NoSQL databases are doing under the covers.

* The [CAP Theorem series](http://blog.thislongrun.com/2015/03/the-cap-theorem-series.html)
explains concepts related to NoSQL such as what is ACID compared to CAP, CP
explains concepts related to NoSQL such as what is ACID compared to CAP, CP
versus CA and high availability in large scale deployments.

* [NoSQL Weekly](http://www.nosqlweekly.com/) is a free curated email
newsletter that aggregates articles, tutorials, and videos about
* [NoSQL Weekly](http://www.nosqlweekly.com/) is a free curated email
newsletter that aggregates articles, tutorials, and videos about
non-relational data stores.

* [NoSQL comparison](http://kkovacs.eu/cassandra-vs-mongodb-vs-couchdb-vs-redis)
Expand All @@ -222,24 +224,23 @@ representing a person could have a property of "female" or "male".

* Relational databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL have added features in
more recent versions that mimic some of the capabilities of NoSQL data
stores. For example, check out this blog post on
stores. For example, check out this blog post on
[using MySQL as a key-value pair store](http://engineering.wix.com/2015/12/10/scaling-to-100m-mysql-is-a-better-nosql/)
and this post on
[storing JSON data in PostgreSQL](https://blog.codeship.com/unleash-the-power-of-storing-json-in-postgres/).


## NoSQL data stores learning checklist
1. Understand why NoSQL data stores are better for some use cases than
relational databases. In general these benefits are only seen at large
1. Understand why NoSQL data stores are better for some use cases than
relational databases. In general these benefits are only seen at large
scale so they may not be applicable to your web application.

1. Integrate Redis into your project for a speed boost over slower persistent
storage. Storing session data in memory is generally much faster than
saving that data in a traditional relational database that uses persistent
storage. Note that when memory is flushed the data goes away so anything
that needs to be persistent must still be backed up to disk on a regular
1. Integrate Redis into your project for a speed boost over slower persistent
storage. Storing session data in memory is generally much faster than
saving that data in a traditional relational database that uses persistent
storage. Note that when memory is flushed the data goes away so anything
that needs to be persistent must still be backed up to disk on a regular
basis.

1. Evaluate other use cases such as storing transient logs in a
1. Evaluate other use cases such as storing transient logs in a
document-oriented data store such as MongoDB.