feat: Validate parsed/transformed record against schema message

[kgpayne]

Closes #1147

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #1769 (b666c68) into main (efd9fb6) will decrease coverage by 0.04%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

❗ Current head b666c68 differs from pull request most recent head 441a248. Consider uploading reports for the commit 441a248 to get more accurate results

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1769      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   86.35%   86.32%   -0.04%     
==========================================
  Files          59       59              
  Lines        4961     4971      +10     
  Branches      811      813       +2     
==========================================
+ Hits         4284     4291       +7     
- Misses        479      481       +2     
- Partials      198      199       +1     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
singer_sdk/exceptions.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
singer_sdk/sinks/core.py	84.90% <100.00%> (+0.49%)	⬆️
singer_sdk/target_base.py	91.16% <100.00%> (-1.37%)	⬇️
singer_sdk/testing/target_tests.py	94.33% <100.00%> (+0.33%)	⬆️

📣 We’re building smart automated test selection to slash your CI/CD build times. Learn more

[kgpayne]

cc @visch