api.go

// Copyright 2018 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of go-ethereum.
//
// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package core

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"math/big"
	"reflect"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/usbwallet"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
)

// numberOfAccountsToDerive For hardware wallets, the number of accounts to derive
const numberOfAccountsToDerive = 10

// ExternalAPI defines the external API through which signing requests are made.
type ExternalAPI interface {
	// List available accounts
	List(ctx context.Context) ([]common.Address, error)
	// New request to create a new account
	New(ctx context.Context) (accounts.Account, error)
	// SignTransaction request to sign the specified transaction
	SignTransaction(ctx context.Context, args SendTxArgs, methodSelector *string) (*ethapi.SignTransactionResult, error)
	// Sign - request to sign the given data (plus prefix)
	Sign(ctx context.Context, addr common.MixedcaseAddress, data hexutil.Bytes) (hexutil.Bytes, error)
	// Export - request to export an account
	Export(ctx context.Context, addr common.Address) (json.RawMessage, error)
	// Import - request to import an account
	// Should be moved to Internal API, in next phase when we have
	// bi-directional communication
	//Import(ctx context.Context, keyJSON json.RawMessage) (Account, error)
}

// SignerUI specifies what method a UI needs to implement to be able to be used as a UI for the signer
type SignerUI interface {
	// ApproveTx prompt the user for confirmation to request to sign Transaction
	ApproveTx(request *SignTxRequest) (SignTxResponse, error)
	// ApproveSignData prompt the user for confirmation to request to sign data
	ApproveSignData(request *SignDataRequest) (SignDataResponse, error)
	// ApproveExport prompt the user for confirmation to export encrypted Account json
	ApproveExport(request *ExportRequest) (ExportResponse, error)
	// ApproveImport prompt the user for confirmation to import Account json
	ApproveImport(request *ImportRequest) (ImportResponse, error)
	// ApproveListing prompt the user for confirmation to list accounts
	// the list of accounts to list can be modified by the UI
	ApproveListing(request *ListRequest) (ListResponse, error)
	// ApproveNewAccount prompt the user for confirmation to create new Account, and reveal to caller
	ApproveNewAccount(request *NewAccountRequest) (NewAccountResponse, error)
	// ShowError displays error message to user
	ShowError(message string)
	// ShowInfo displays info message to user
	ShowInfo(message string)
	// OnApprovedTx notifies the UI about a transaction having been successfully signed.
	// This method can be used by a UI to keep track of e.g. how much has been sent to a particular recipient.
	OnApprovedTx(tx ethapi.SignTransactionResult)
	// OnSignerStartup is invoked when the signer boots, and tells the UI info about external API location and version
	// information
	OnSignerStartup(info StartupInfo)
	// OnInputRequired is invoked when clef requires user input, for example master password or
	// pin-code for unlocking hardware wallets
	OnInputRequired(info UserInputRequest) (UserInputResponse, error)
}

// SignerAPI defines the actual implementation of ExternalAPI
type SignerAPI struct {
	chainID    *big.Int
	am         *accounts.Manager
	UI         SignerUI
	validator  *Validator
	rejectMode bool
}

// Metadata about a request
type Metadata struct {
	Remote    string `json:"remote"`
	Local     string `json:"local"`
	Scheme    string `json:"scheme"`
	UserAgent string `json:"User-Agent"`
	Origin    string `json:"Origin"`
}

// MetadataFromContext extracts Metadata from a given context.Context
func MetadataFromContext(ctx context.Context) Metadata {
	m := Metadata{"NA", "NA", "NA", "", ""} // batman

	if v := ctx.Value("remote"); v != nil {
		m.Remote = v.(string)
	}
	if v := ctx.Value("scheme"); v != nil {
		m.Scheme = v.(string)
	}
	if v := ctx.Value("local"); v != nil {
		m.Local = v.(string)
	}
	if v := ctx.Value("Origin"); v != nil {
		m.Origin = v.(string)
	}
	if v := ctx.Value("User-Agent"); v != nil {
		m.UserAgent = v.(string)
	}
	return m
}

// String implements Stringer interface
func (m Metadata) String() string {
	s, err := json.Marshal(m)
	if err == nil {
		return string(s)
	}
	return err.Error()
}

// types for the requests/response types between signer and UI
type (
	// SignTxRequest contains info about a Transaction to sign
	SignTxRequest struct {
		Transaction SendTxArgs       `json:"transaction"`
		Callinfo    []ValidationInfo `json:"call_info"`
		Meta        Metadata         `json:"meta"`
	}
	// SignTxResponse result from SignTxRequest
	SignTxResponse struct {
		//The UI may make changes to the TX
		Transaction SendTxArgs `json:"transaction"`
		Approved    bool       `json:"approved"`
		Password    string     `json:"password"`
	}
	// ExportRequest info about query to export accounts
	ExportRequest struct {
		Address common.Address `json:"address"`
		Meta    Metadata       `json:"meta"`
	}
	// ExportResponse response to export-request
	ExportResponse struct {
		Approved bool `json:"approved"`
	}
	// ImportRequest info about request to import an Account
	ImportRequest struct {
		Meta Metadata `json:"meta"`
	}
	ImportResponse struct {
		Approved    bool   `json:"approved"`
		OldPassword string `json:"old_password"`
		NewPassword string `json:"new_password"`
	}
	SignDataRequest struct {
		Address common.MixedcaseAddress `json:"address"`
		Rawdata hexutil.Bytes           `json:"raw_data"`
		Message string                  `json:"message"`
		Hash    hexutil.Bytes           `json:"hash"`
		Meta    Metadata                `json:"meta"`
	}
	SignDataResponse struct {
		Approved bool `json:"approved"`
		Password string
	}
	NewAccountRequest struct {
		Meta Metadata `json:"meta"`
	}
	NewAccountResponse struct {
		Approved bool   `json:"approved"`
		Password string `json:"password"`
	}
	ListRequest struct {
		Accounts []Account `json:"accounts"`
		Meta     Metadata  `json:"meta"`
	}
	ListResponse struct {
		Accounts []Account `json:"accounts"`
	}
	Message struct {
		Text string `json:"text"`
	}
	PasswordRequest struct {
		Prompt string `json:"prompt"`
	}
	PasswordResponse struct {
		Password string `json:"password"`
	}
	StartupInfo struct {
		Info map[string]interface{} `json:"info"`
	}
	UserInputRequest struct {
		Prompt     string `json:"prompt"`
		Title      string `json:"title"`
		IsPassword bool   `json:"isPassword"`
	}
	UserInputResponse struct {
		Text string `json:"text"`
	}
)

var ErrRequestDenied = errors.New("Request denied")

// NewSignerAPI creates a new API that can be used for Account management.
// ksLocation specifies the directory where to store the password protected private
// key that is generated when a new Account is created.
// noUSB disables USB support that is required to support hardware devices such as
// ledger and trezor.
func NewSignerAPI(chainID int64, ksLocation string, noUSB bool, ui SignerUI, abidb *AbiDb, lightKDF bool, advancedMode bool) *SignerAPI {
	var (
		backends []accounts.Backend
		n, p     = keystore.StandardScryptN, keystore.StandardScryptP
	)
	if lightKDF {
		n, p = keystore.LightScryptN, keystore.LightScryptP
	}
	// support password based accounts
	if len(ksLocation) > 0 {
		backends = append(backends, keystore.NewKeyStore(ksLocation, n, p))
	}
	if advancedMode {
		log.Info("Clef is in advanced mode: will warn instead of reject")
	}
	if !noUSB {
		// Start a USB hub for Ledger hardware wallets
		if ledgerhub, err := usbwallet.NewLedgerHub(); err != nil {
			log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to start Ledger hub, disabling: %v", err))
		} else {
			backends = append(backends, ledgerhub)
			log.Debug("Ledger support enabled")
		}
		// Start a USB hub for Trezor hardware wallets
		if trezorhub, err := usbwallet.NewTrezorHub(); err != nil {
			log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to start Trezor hub, disabling: %v", err))
		} else {
			backends = append(backends, trezorhub)
			log.Debug("Trezor support enabled")
		}
	}
	signer := &SignerAPI{big.NewInt(chainID), accounts.NewManager(backends...), ui, NewValidator(abidb), !advancedMode}
	if !noUSB {
		signer.startUSBListener()
	}
	return signer
}
func (api *SignerAPI) openTrezor(url accounts.URL) {
	resp, err := api.UI.OnInputRequired(UserInputRequest{
		Prompt: "Pin required to open Trezor wallet\n" +
			"Look at the device for number positions\n\n" +
			"7 | 8 | 9\n" +
			"--+---+--\n" +
			"4 | 5 | 6\n" +
			"--+---+--\n" +
			"1 | 2 | 3\n\n",
		IsPassword: true,
		Title:      "Trezor unlock",
	})
	if err != nil {
		log.Warn("failed getting trezor pin", "err", err)
		return
	}
	// We're using the URL instead of the pointer to the
	// Wallet -- perhaps it is not actually present anymore
	w, err := api.am.Wallet(url.String())
	if err != nil {
		log.Warn("wallet unavailable", "url", url)
		return
	}
	err = w.Open(resp.Text)
	if err != nil {
		log.Warn("failed to open wallet", "wallet", url, "err", err)
		return
	}

}

// startUSBListener starts a listener for USB events, for hardware wallet interaction
func (api *SignerAPI) startUSBListener() {
	events := make(chan accounts.WalletEvent, 16)
	am := api.am
	am.Subscribe(events)
	go func() {

		// Open any wallets already attached
		for _, wallet := range am.Wallets() {
			if err := wallet.Open(""); err != nil {
				log.Warn("Failed to open wallet", "url", wallet.URL(), "err", err)
				if err == usbwallet.ErrTrezorPINNeeded {
					go api.openTrezor(wallet.URL())
				}
			}
		}
		// Listen for wallet event till termination
		for event := range events {
			switch event.Kind {
			case accounts.WalletArrived:
				if err := event.Wallet.Open(""); err != nil {
					log.Warn("New wallet appeared, failed to open", "url", event.Wallet.URL(), "err", err)
					if err == usbwallet.ErrTrezorPINNeeded {
						go api.openTrezor(event.Wallet.URL())
					}
				}
			case accounts.WalletOpened:
				status, _ := event.Wallet.Status()
				log.Info("New wallet appeared", "url", event.Wallet.URL(), "status", status)

				derivationPath := accounts.DefaultBaseDerivationPath
				if event.Wallet.URL().Scheme == "ledger" {
					derivationPath = accounts.DefaultLedgerBaseDerivationPath
				}
				var nextPath = derivationPath
				// Derive first N accounts, hardcoded for now
				for i := 0; i < numberOfAccountsToDerive; i++ {
					acc, err := event.Wallet.Derive(nextPath, true)
					if err != nil {
						log.Warn("account derivation failed", "error", err)
					} else {
						log.Info("derived account", "address", acc.Address)
					}
					nextPath[len(nextPath)-1]++
				}
			case accounts.WalletDropped:
				log.Info("Old wallet dropped", "url", event.Wallet.URL())
				event.Wallet.Close()
			}
		}
	}()
}

// List returns the set of wallet this signer manages. Each wallet can contain
// multiple accounts.
func (api *SignerAPI) List(ctx context.Context) ([]common.Address, error) {
	var accs []Account
	for _, wallet := range api.am.Wallets() {
		for _, acc := range wallet.Accounts() {
			acc := Account{Typ: "Account", URL: wallet.URL(), Address: acc.Address}
			accs = append(accs, acc)
		}
	}
	result, err := api.UI.ApproveListing(&ListRequest{Accounts: accs, Meta: MetadataFromContext(ctx)})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if result.Accounts == nil {
		return nil, ErrRequestDenied

	}

	addresses := make([]common.Address, 0)
	for _, acc := range result.Accounts {
		addresses = append(addresses, acc.Address)
	}

	return addresses, nil
}

// New creates a new password protected Account. The private key is protected with
// the given password. Users are responsible to backup the private key that is stored
// in the keystore location thas was specified when this API was created.
func (api *SignerAPI) New(ctx context.Context) (accounts.Account, error) {
	be := api.am.Backends(keystore.KeyStoreType)
	if len(be) == 0 {
		return accounts.Account{}, errors.New("password based accounts not supported")
	}
	var (
		resp NewAccountResponse
		err  error
	)
	// Three retries to get a valid password
	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
		resp, err = api.UI.ApproveNewAccount(&NewAccountRequest{MetadataFromContext(ctx)})
		if err != nil {
			return accounts.Account{}, err
		}
		if !resp.Approved {
			return accounts.Account{}, ErrRequestDenied
		}
		if pwErr := ValidatePasswordFormat(resp.Password); pwErr != nil {
			api.UI.ShowError(fmt.Sprintf("Account creation attempt #%d failed due to password requirements: %v", (i + 1), pwErr))
		} else {
			// No error
			return be[0].(*keystore.KeyStore).NewAccount(resp.Password)
		}
	}
	// Otherwise fail, with generic error message
	return accounts.Account{}, errors.New("account creation failed")
}

// logDiff logs the difference between the incoming (original) transaction and the one returned from the signer.
// it also returns 'true' if the transaction was modified, to make it possible to configure the signer not to allow
// UI-modifications to requests
func logDiff(original *SignTxRequest, new *SignTxResponse) bool {
	modified := false
	if f0, f1 := original.Transaction.From, new.Transaction.From; !reflect.DeepEqual(f0, f1) {
		log.Info("Sender-account changed by UI", "was", f0, "is", f1)
		modified = true
	}
	if t0, t1 := original.Transaction.To, new.Transaction.To; !reflect.DeepEqual(t0, t1) {
		log.Info("Recipient-account changed by UI", "was", t0, "is", t1)
		modified = true
	}
	if g0, g1 := original.Transaction.Gas, new.Transaction.Gas; g0 != g1 {
		modified = true
		log.Info("Gas changed by UI", "was", g0, "is", g1)
	}
	if g0, g1 := big.Int(original.Transaction.GasPrice), big.Int(new.Transaction.GasPrice); g0.Cmp(&g1) != 0 {
		modified = true
		log.Info("GasPrice changed by UI", "was", g0, "is", g1)
	}
	if v0, v1 := big.Int(original.Transaction.Value), big.Int(new.Transaction.Value); v0.Cmp(&v1) != 0 {
		modified = true
		log.Info("Value changed by UI", "was", v0, "is", v1)
	}
	if d0, d1 := original.Transaction.Data, new.Transaction.Data; d0 != d1 {
		d0s := ""
		d1s := ""
		if d0 != nil {
			d0s = hexutil.Encode(*d0)
		}
		if d1 != nil {
			d1s = hexutil.Encode(*d1)
		}
		if d1s != d0s {
			modified = true
			log.Info("Data changed by UI", "was", d0s, "is", d1s)
		}
	}
	if n0, n1 := original.Transaction.Nonce, new.Transaction.Nonce; n0 != n1 {
		modified = true
		log.Info("Nonce changed by UI", "was", n0, "is", n1)
	}
	return modified
}

// SignTransaction signs the given Transaction and returns it both as json and rlp-encoded form
func (api *SignerAPI) SignTransaction(ctx context.Context, args SendTxArgs, methodSelector *string) (*ethapi.SignTransactionResult, error) {
	var (
		err    error
		result SignTxResponse
	)
	msgs, err := api.validator.ValidateTransaction(&args, methodSelector)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// If we are in 'rejectMode', then reject rather than show the user warnings
	if api.rejectMode {
		if err := msgs.getWarnings(); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	req := SignTxRequest{
		Transaction: args,
		Meta:        MetadataFromContext(ctx),
		Callinfo:    msgs.Messages,
	}
	// Process approval
	result, err = api.UI.ApproveTx(&req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if !result.Approved {
		return nil, ErrRequestDenied
	}
	// Log changes made by the UI to the signing-request
	logDiff(&req, &result)
	var (
		acc    accounts.Account
		wallet accounts.Wallet
	)
	acc = accounts.Account{Address: result.Transaction.From.Address()}
	wallet, err = api.am.Find(acc)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// Convert fields into a real transaction
	var unsignedTx = result.Transaction.toTransaction()

	// The one to sign is the one that was returned from the UI
	signedTx, err := wallet.SignTxWithPassphrase(acc, result.Password, unsignedTx, api.chainID)
	if err != nil {
		api.UI.ShowError(err.Error())
		return nil, err
	}

	rlpdata, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(signedTx)
	response := ethapi.SignTransactionResult{Raw: rlpdata, Tx: signedTx}

	// Finally, send the signed tx to the UI
	api.UI.OnApprovedTx(response)
	// ...and to the external caller
	return &response, nil

}

// Sign calculates an Ethereum ECDSA signature for:
// keccack256("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message) + message))
//
// Note, the produced signature conforms to the secp256k1 curve R, S and V values,
// where the V value will be 27 or 28 for legacy reasons.
//
// The key used to calculate the signature is decrypted with the given password.
//
// https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs#personal_sign
func (api *SignerAPI) Sign(ctx context.Context, addr common.MixedcaseAddress, data hexutil.Bytes) (hexutil.Bytes, error) {
	sighash, msg := SignHash(data)
	// We make the request prior to looking up if we actually have the account, to prevent
	// account-enumeration via the API
	req := &SignDataRequest{Address: addr, Rawdata: data, Message: msg, Hash: sighash, Meta: MetadataFromContext(ctx)}
	res, err := api.UI.ApproveSignData(req)

	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if !res.Approved {
		return nil, ErrRequestDenied
	}
	// Look up the wallet containing the requested signer
	account := accounts.Account{Address: addr.Address()}
	wallet, err := api.am.Find(account)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// Assemble sign the data with the wallet
	signature, err := wallet.SignHashWithPassphrase(account, res.Password, sighash)
	if err != nil {
		api.UI.ShowError(err.Error())
		return nil, err
	}
	signature[64] += 27 // Transform V from 0/1 to 27/28 according to the yellow paper
	return signature, nil
}

// SignHash is a helper function that calculates a hash for the given message that can be
// safely used to calculate a signature from.
//
// The hash is calculated as
//   keccak256("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n"${message length}${message}).
//
// This gives context to the signed message and prevents signing of transactions.
func SignHash(data []byte) ([]byte, string) {
	msg := fmt.Sprintf("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n%d%s", len(data), data)
	return crypto.Keccak256([]byte(msg)), msg
}

// Export returns encrypted private key associated with the given address in web3 keystore format.
func (api *SignerAPI) Export(ctx context.Context, addr common.Address) (json.RawMessage, error) {
	res, err := api.UI.ApproveExport(&ExportRequest{Address: addr, Meta: MetadataFromContext(ctx)})

	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if !res.Approved {
		return nil, ErrRequestDenied
	}
	// Look up the wallet containing the requested signer
	wallet, err := api.am.Find(accounts.Account{Address: addr})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if wallet.URL().Scheme != keystore.KeyStoreScheme {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Account is not a keystore-account")
	}
	return ioutil.ReadFile(wallet.URL().Path)
}

// Import tries to import the given keyJSON in the local keystore. The keyJSON data is expected to be
// in web3 keystore format. It will decrypt the keyJSON with the given passphrase and on successful
// decryption it will encrypt the key with the given newPassphrase and store it in the keystore.
// OBS! This method is removed from the public API. It should not be exposed on the external API
// for a couple of reasons:
// 1. Even though it is encrypted, it should still be seen as sensitive data
// 2. It can be used to DoS clef, by using malicious data with e.g. extreme large
// values for the kdfparams.
func (api *SignerAPI) Import(ctx context.Context, keyJSON json.RawMessage) (Account, error) {
	be := api.am.Backends(keystore.KeyStoreType)

	if len(be) == 0 {
		return Account{}, errors.New("password based accounts not supported")
	}
	res, err := api.UI.ApproveImport(&ImportRequest{Meta: MetadataFromContext(ctx)})

	if err != nil {
		return Account{}, err
	}
	if !res.Approved {
		return Account{}, ErrRequestDenied
	}
	acc, err := be[0].(*keystore.KeyStore).Import(keyJSON, res.OldPassword, res.NewPassword)
	if err != nil {
		api.UI.ShowError(err.Error())
		return Account{}, err
	}
	return Account{Typ: "Account", URL: acc.URL, Address: acc.Address}, nil
}