The Espressif ESP32 Development Board (image attribution: Adafruit).
Below is a quick reference for ESP32-based boards. If it is your first time working with this board it may be useful to get an overview of the microcontroller:
.. toctree:: :maxdepth: 1 general.rst tutorial/intro.rst
See the corresponding section of tutorial: :ref:`esp32_intro`. It also includes a troubleshooting subsection.
The MicroPython REPL is on UART0 (GPIO1=TX, GPIO3=RX) at baudrate 115200. Tab-completion is useful to find out what methods an object has. Paste mode (ctrl-E) is useful to paste a large slab of Python code into the REPL.
The :mod:`machine` module:
import machine machine.freq() # get the current frequency of the CPU machine.freq(240000000) # set the CPU frequency to 240 MHz
The :mod:`esp` module:
import esp esp.osdebug(None) # turn off vendor O/S debugging messages esp.osdebug(0) # redirect vendor O/S debugging messages to UART(0) # low level methods to interact with flash storage esp.flash_size() esp.flash_user_start() esp.flash_erase(sector_no) esp.flash_write(byte_offset, buffer) esp.flash_read(byte_offset, buffer)
The :mod:`esp32` module:
import esp32 esp32.hall_sensor() # read the internal hall sensor esp32.raw_temperature() # read the internal temperature of the MCU, in Fahrenheit esp32.ULP() # access to the Ultra-Low-Power Co-processor
Note that the temperature sensor in the ESP32 will typically read higher than ambient due to the IC getting warm while it runs. This effect can be minimised by reading the temperature sensor immediately after waking up from sleep.
The :mod:`network` module:
import network wlan = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF) # create station interface wlan.active(True) # activate the interface wlan.scan() # scan for access points wlan.isconnected() # check if the station is connected to an AP wlan.connect('essid', 'password') # connect to an AP wlan.config('mac') # get the interface's MAC address wlan.ifconfig() # get the interface's IP/netmask/gw/DNS addresses ap = network.WLAN(network.AP_IF) # create access-point interface ap.config(essid='ESP-AP') # set the ESSID of the access point ap.config(max_clients=10) # set how many clients can connect to the network ap.active(True) # activate the interface
A useful function for connecting to your local WiFi network is:
def do_connect(): import network wlan = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF) wlan.active(True) if not wlan.isconnected(): print('connecting to network...') wlan.connect('essid', 'password') while not wlan.isconnected(): pass print('network config:', wlan.ifconfig())
Once the network is established the :mod:`socket <usocket>` module can be used
to create and use TCP/UDP sockets as usual, and the urequests
module for
convenient HTTP requests.
Use the :mod:`time <utime>` module:
import time time.sleep(1) # sleep for 1 second time.sleep_ms(500) # sleep for 500 milliseconds time.sleep_us(10) # sleep for 10 microseconds start = time.ticks_ms() # get millisecond counter delta = time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_ms(), start) # compute time difference
The ESP32 port has four hardware timers. Use the :ref:`machine.Timer <machine.Timer>` class with a timer ID from 0 to 3 (inclusive):
from machine import Timer tim0 = Timer(0) tim0.init(period=5000, mode=Timer.ONE_SHOT, callback=lambda t:print(0)) tim1 = Timer(1) tim1.init(period=2000, mode=Timer.PERIODIC, callback=lambda t:print(1))
The period is in milliseconds.
Virtual timers are not currently supported on this port.
Use the :ref:`machine.Pin <machine.Pin>` class:
from machine import Pin p0 = Pin(0, Pin.OUT) # create output pin on GPIO0 p0.on() # set pin to "on" (high) level p0.off() # set pin to "off" (low) level p0.value(1) # set pin to on/high p2 = Pin(2, Pin.IN) # create input pin on GPIO2 print(p2.value()) # get value, 0 or 1 p4 = Pin(4, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP) # enable internal pull-up resistor p5 = Pin(5, Pin.OUT, value=1) # set pin high on creation
Available Pins are from the following ranges (inclusive): 0-19, 21-23, 25-27, 32-39. These correspond to the actual GPIO pin numbers of ESP32 chip. Note that many end-user boards use their own adhoc pin numbering (marked e.g. D0, D1, ...). For mapping between board logical pins and physical chip pins consult your board documentation.
Notes:
- Pins 1 and 3 are REPL UART TX and RX respectively
- Pins 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, and 17 are used for connecting the embedded flash, and are not recommended for other uses
- Pins 34-39 are input only, and also do not have internal pull-up resistors
- The pull value of some pins can be set to
Pin.PULL_HOLD
to reduce power consumption during deepsleep.
See :ref:`machine.UART <machine.UART>`.
from machine import UART uart1 = UART(1, baudrate=9600, tx=33, rx=32) uart1.write('hello') # write 5 bytes uart1.read(5) # read up to 5 bytes
The ESP32 has three hardware UARTs: UART0, UART1 and UART2. They each have default GPIO assigned to them, however depending on your ESP32 variant and board, these pins may conflict with embedded flash, onboard PSRAM or peripherals.
Any GPIO can be used for hardware UARTs using the GPIO matrix, so to avoid
conflicts simply provide tx
and rx
pins when constructing. The default
pins listed below.
UART0 | UART1 | UART2 | |
---|---|---|---|
tx | 1 | 10 | 17 |
rx | 3 | 9 | 16 |
PWM can be enabled on all output-enabled pins. The base frequency can range from 1Hz to 40MHz but there is a tradeoff; as the base frequency increases the duty resolution decreases. See LED Control for more details. Currently the duty cycle has to be in the range of 0-1023.
Use the machine.PWM
class:
from machine import Pin, PWM pwm0 = PWM(Pin(0)) # create PWM object from a pin pwm0.freq() # get current frequency pwm0.freq(1000) # set frequency pwm0.duty() # get current duty cycle pwm0.duty(200) # set duty cycle pwm0.deinit() # turn off PWM on the pin pwm2 = PWM(Pin(2), freq=20000, duty=512) # create and configure in one go
On the ESP32 ADC functionality is available on Pins 32-39. Note that, when using the default configuration, input voltages on the ADC pin must be between 0.0v and 1.0v (anything above 1.0v will just read as 4095). Attenuation must be applied in order to increase this usable voltage range.
Use the :ref:`machine.ADC <machine.ADC>` class:
from machine import ADC adc = ADC(Pin(32)) # create ADC object on ADC pin adc.read() # read value, 0-4095 across voltage range 0.0v - 1.0v adc.atten(ADC.ATTN_11DB) # set 11dB input attenuation (voltage range roughly 0.0v - 3.6v) adc.width(ADC.WIDTH_9BIT) # set 9 bit return values (returned range 0-511) adc.read() # read value using the newly configured attenuation and width
ESP32 specific ADC class method reference:
.. method:: ADC.atten(attenuation) This method allows for the setting of the amount of attenuation on the input of the ADC. This allows for a wider possible input voltage range, at the cost of accuracy (the same number of bits now represents a wider range). The possible attenuation options are: - ``ADC.ATTN_0DB``: 0dB attenuation, gives a maximum input voltage of 1.00v - this is the default configuration - ``ADC.ATTN_2_5DB``: 2.5dB attenuation, gives a maximum input voltage of approximately 1.34v - ``ADC.ATTN_6DB``: 6dB attenuation, gives a maximum input voltage of approximately 2.00v - ``ADC.ATTN_11DB``: 11dB attenuation, gives a maximum input voltage of approximately 3.6v
Warning
Despite 11dB attenuation allowing for up to a 3.6v range, note that the absolute maximum voltage rating for the input pins is 3.6v, and so going near this boundary may be damaging to the IC!
.. method:: ADC.width(width) This method allows for the setting of the number of bits to be utilised and returned during ADC reads. Possible width options are: - ``ADC.WIDTH_9BIT``: 9 bit data - ``ADC.WIDTH_10BIT``: 10 bit data - ``ADC.WIDTH_11BIT``: 11 bit data - ``ADC.WIDTH_12BIT``: 12 bit data - this is the default configuration
Software SPI (using bit-banging) works on all pins, and is accessed via the :ref:`machine.SoftSPI <machine.SoftSPI>` class:
from machine import Pin, SoftSPI # construct a SoftSPI bus on the given pins # polarity is the idle state of SCK # phase=0 means sample on the first edge of SCK, phase=1 means the second spi = SoftSPI(baudrate=100000, polarity=1, phase=0, sck=Pin(0), mosi=Pin(2), miso=Pin(4)) spi.init(baudrate=200000) # set the baudrate spi.read(10) # read 10 bytes on MISO spi.read(10, 0xff) # read 10 bytes while outputting 0xff on MOSI buf = bytearray(50) # create a buffer spi.readinto(buf) # read into the given buffer (reads 50 bytes in this case) spi.readinto(buf, 0xff) # read into the given buffer and output 0xff on MOSI spi.write(b'12345') # write 5 bytes on MOSI buf = bytearray(4) # create a buffer spi.write_readinto(b'1234', buf) # write to MOSI and read from MISO into the buffer spi.write_readinto(buf, buf) # write buf to MOSI and read MISO back into buf
Warning
Currently all of sck
, mosi
and miso
must be specified when
initialising Software SPI.
There are two hardware SPI channels that allow faster transmission rates (up to 80Mhz). These may be used on any IO pins that support the required direction and are otherwise unused (see :ref:`Pins_and_GPIO`) but if they are not configured to their default pins then they need to pass through an extra layer of GPIO multiplexing, which can impact their reliability at high speeds. Hardware SPI channels are limited to 40MHz when used on pins other than the default ones listed below.
HSPI (id=1) | VSPI (id=2) | |
---|---|---|
sck | 14 | 18 |
mosi | 13 | 23 |
miso | 12 | 19 |
Hardware SPI is accessed via the :ref:`machine.SPI <machine.SPI>` class and has the same methods as software SPI above:
from machine import Pin, SPI hspi = SPI(1, 10000000) hspi = SPI(1, 10000000, sck=Pin(14), mosi=Pin(13), miso=Pin(12)) vspi = SPI(2, baudrate=80000000, polarity=0, phase=0, bits=8, firstbit=0, sck=Pin(18), mosi=Pin(23), miso=Pin(19))
Software I2C (using bit-banging) works on all output-capable pins, and is accessed via the :ref:`machine.SoftI2C <machine.SoftI2C>` class:
from machine import Pin, SoftI2C i2c = SoftI2C(scl=Pin(5), sda=Pin(4), freq=100000) i2c.scan() # scan for devices i2c.readfrom(0x3a, 4) # read 4 bytes from device with address 0x3a i2c.writeto(0x3a, '12') # write '12' to device with address 0x3a buf = bytearray(10) # create a buffer with 10 bytes i2c.writeto(0x3a, buf) # write the given buffer to the slave
There are two hardware I2C peripherals with identifiers 0 and 1. Any available output-capable pins can be used for SCL and SDA but the defaults are given below.
I2C(0) | I2C(1) | |
---|---|---|
scl | 18 | 25 |
sda | 19 | 26 |
The driver is accessed via the :ref:`machine.I2C <machine.I2C>` class and has the same methods as software I2C above:
from machine import Pin, I2C i2c = I2C(0) i2c = I2C(1, scl=Pin(5), sda=Pin(4), freq=400000)
See :ref:`machine.RTC <machine.RTC>`
from machine import RTC rtc = RTC() rtc.datetime((2017, 8, 23, 1, 12, 48, 0, 0)) # set a specific date and time rtc.datetime() # get date and time
See :ref:`machine.WDT <machine.WDT>`.
from machine import WDT # enable the WDT with a timeout of 5s (1s is the minimum) wdt = WDT(timeout=5000) wdt.feed()
The following code can be used to sleep, wake and check the reset cause:
import machine # check if the device woke from a deep sleep if machine.reset_cause() == machine.DEEPSLEEP_RESET: print('woke from a deep sleep') # put the device to sleep for 10 seconds machine.deepsleep(10000)
Notes:
Calling
deepsleep()
without an argument will put the device to sleep indefinitelyA software reset does not change the reset cause
There may be some leakage current flowing through enabled internal pullups. To further reduce power consumption it is possible to disable the internal pullups:
p1 = Pin(4, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_HOLD)
After leaving deepsleep it may be necessary to un-hold the pin explicitly (e.g. if it is an output pin) via:
p1 = Pin(4, Pin.OUT, None)
The RMT is ESP32-specific and allows generation of accurate digital pulses with 12.5ns resolution. See :ref:`esp32.RMT <esp32.RMT>` for details. Usage is:
import esp32 from machine import Pin r = esp32.RMT(0, pin=Pin(18), clock_div=8) r # RMT(channel=0, pin=18, source_freq=80000000, clock_div=8) # The channel resolution is 100ns (1/(source_freq/clock_div)). r.write_pulses((1, 20, 2, 40), start=0) # Send 0 for 100ns, 1 for 2000ns, 0 for 200ns, 1 for 4000ns
The OneWire driver is implemented in software and works on all pins:
from machine import Pin import onewire ow = onewire.OneWire(Pin(12)) # create a OneWire bus on GPIO12 ow.scan() # return a list of devices on the bus ow.reset() # reset the bus ow.readbyte() # read a byte ow.writebyte(0x12) # write a byte on the bus ow.write('123') # write bytes on the bus ow.select_rom(b'12345678') # select a specific device by its ROM code
There is a specific driver for DS18S20 and DS18B20 devices:
import time, ds18x20 ds = ds18x20.DS18X20(ow) roms = ds.scan() ds.convert_temp() time.sleep_ms(750) for rom in roms: print(ds.read_temp(rom))
Be sure to put a 4.7k pull-up resistor on the data line. Note that
the convert_temp()
method must be called each time you want to
sample the temperature.
Use the neopixel
module:
from machine import Pin from neopixel import NeoPixel pin = Pin(0, Pin.OUT) # set GPIO0 to output to drive NeoPixels np = NeoPixel(pin, 8) # create NeoPixel driver on GPIO0 for 8 pixels np[0] = (255, 255, 255) # set the first pixel to white np.write() # write data to all pixels r, g, b = np[0] # get first pixel colour
For low-level driving of a NeoPixel:
import esp esp.neopixel_write(pin, grb_buf, is800khz)
Warning
By default NeoPixel
is configured to control the more popular 800kHz
units. It is possible to use alternative timing to control other (typically
400kHz) devices by passing timing=0
when constructing the
NeoPixel
object.
Use the TouchPad
class in the machine
module:
from machine import TouchPad, Pin t = TouchPad(Pin(14)) t.read() # Returns a smaller number when touched
TouchPad.read
returns a value relative to the capacitive variation. Small numbers (typically in
the tens) are common when a pin is touched, larger numbers (above one thousand) when
no touch is present. However the values are relative and can vary depending on the board
and surrounding composition so some calibration may be required.
There are ten capacitive touch-enabled pins that can be used on the ESP32: 0, 2, 4, 12, 13
14, 15, 27, 32, 33. Trying to assign to any other pins will result in a ValueError
.
Note that TouchPads can be used to wake an ESP32 from sleep:
import machine from machine import TouchPad, Pin import esp32 t = TouchPad(Pin(14)) t.config(500) # configure the threshold at which the pin is considered touched esp32.wake_on_touch(True) machine.lightsleep() # put the MCU to sleep until a touchpad is touched
For more details on touchpads refer to Espressif Touch Sensor.
The DHT driver is implemented in software and works on all pins:
import dht import machine d = dht.DHT11(machine.Pin(4)) d.measure() d.temperature() # eg. 23 (°C) d.humidity() # eg. 41 (% RH) d = dht.DHT22(machine.Pin(4)) d.measure() d.temperature() # eg. 23.6 (°C) d.humidity() # eg. 41.3 (% RH)
WebREPL (REPL over WebSockets, accessible via a web browser) is an experimental feature available in ESP32 port. Download web client from https://github.com/micropython/webrepl (hosted version available at http://micropython.org/webrepl), and configure it by executing:
import webrepl_setup
and following on-screen instructions. After reboot, it will be available for connection. If you disabled automatic start-up on boot, you may run configured daemon on demand using:
import webrepl webrepl.start() # or, start with a specific password webrepl.start(password='mypass')
The WebREPL daemon listens on all active interfaces, which can be STA or AP. This allows you to connect to the ESP32 via a router (the STA interface) or directly when connected to its access point.
In addition to terminal/command prompt access, WebREPL also has provision
for file transfer (both upload and download). The web client has buttons for
the corresponding functions, or you can use the command-line client
webrepl_cli.py
from the repository above.
See the MicroPython forum for other community-supported alternatives to transfer files to an ESP32 board.