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Normal Login Using SQL Authentication

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Malcolm Stewart edited this page Feb 23, 2023 · 11 revisions

Normal Login Using SQL Authentication

Full Trace

Frame Time Offset Source IP    Dest IP      Description
----- ----------- ------------ ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6127  116.5776698 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=......S., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702293, Ack=0, Win=8192 ( Ne
6128  116.5776698 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TCP:Flags=...A..S., SrcPort=1433, DstPort=60123, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4095166896, Ack=4050702294, Win=
6129  116.5786458 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702294, Ack=4095166897, Win=
6130  116.5786458 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TDS:Prelogin, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 0, PacketID = 0, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=60123, Ds
6131  116.5805998 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TDS:Response, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 0, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=1433, Dst
6132  116.5835288 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 HandShake: Client Hello. {TLS:328, SSLVersionSelector:327, TDS:326, TCP:325, IP
6133  116.5845058 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 HandShake: Server Hello. Certificate. Server Hello Done. {TLS:328, SSLVersionSe
6134  116.5864588 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 HandShake: Client Key Exchange.; TLS Rec Layer-2 Cipher Change Spec; TLS Rec La
6135  116.5923178 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 Cipher Change Spec; TLS Rec Layer-2 HandShake: Encrypted Handshake Message. {TL
6136  116.5932948 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 SSL Application Data {TLS:328, SSLVersionSelector:327, TDS:326, TCP:325, IPv4:3
6137  116.5962248 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TDS:Response, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 96, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=1433, Ds
6138  116.5991538 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TDS:SQLBatch, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 0, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=60123, Ds
6139  116.5991538 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TDS:Response, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 96, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=1433, Ds
6266  116.8032558 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702956, Ack=4095168204, Win=
6362  116.9097008 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...F, SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702956, Ack=4095168204, Win=
6363  116.9097008 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=1433, DstPort=60123, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4095168204, Ack=4050702957, Win=
6364  116.9097008 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TCP:Flags=...A...F, SrcPort=1433, DstPort=60123, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4095168204, Ack=4050702957, Win=
6366  116.9106778 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702957, Ack=4095168205, Win=

Commented Trace

Frame Time Offset Source IP    Dest IP      Description
----- ----------- ------------ ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- TCP 3-Way Handshake
6127  116.5776698 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=......S., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702293, Ack=0, Win=8192 ( Ne
6128  116.5776698 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TCP:Flags=...A..S., SrcPort=1433, DstPort=60123, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4095166896, Ack=4050702294, Win=
6129  116.5786458 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702294, Ack=4095166897, Win=

--- Driver Handshake
6130  116.5786458 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TDS:Prelogin, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 0, PacketID = 0, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=60123, Ds
6131  116.5805998 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TDS:Response, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 0, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=1433, Dst

--- SSL/TLS Handshake
6132  116.5835288 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 HandShake: Client Hello. {TLS:328, SSLVersionSelector:327, TDS:326, TCP:325, IP
6133  116.5845058 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 HandShake: Server Hello. Certificate. Server Hello Done. {TLS:328, SSLVersionSe
6134  116.5864588 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 HandShake: Client Key Exchange.; TLS Rec Layer-2 Cipher Change Spec; TLS Rec La
6135  116.5923178 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 Cipher Change Spec; TLS Rec Layer-2 HandShake: Encrypted Handshake Message. {TL

--- Login Packet
6136  116.5932948 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TLS:TLS Rec Layer-1 SSL Application Data {TLS:328, SSLVersionSelector:327, TDS:326, TCP:325, IPv4:3

--- Login Confirmation
6137  116.5962248 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TDS:Response, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 96, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=1433, Ds

--- Execute a Command and Read the Response
6138  116.5991538 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TDS:SQLBatch, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 0, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=60123, Ds
6139  116.5991538 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TDS:Response, Version = 7.1 (0x71000001), SPID = 96, PacketID = 1, Flags=...AP..., SrcPort=1433, Ds
6266  116.8032558 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702956, Ack=4095168204, Win=

--- TCP 4-Way Closing Handshake
6362  116.9097008 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...F, SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702956, Ack=4095168204, Win=
6363  116.9097008 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=1433, DstPort=60123, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4095168204, Ack=4050702957, Win=
6364  116.9097008 10.10.10.120 10.10.10.10  TCP:Flags=...A...F, SrcPort=1433, DstPort=60123, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4095168204, Ack=4050702957, Win=
6366  116.9106778 10.10.10.10  10.10.10.120 TCP:Flags=...A...., SrcPort=60123, DstPort=1433, PayloadLen=0, Seq=4050702957, Ack=4095168205, Win=

Parts of the Conversation Explained

TCP 3-Way Handshake

All TCP conversations start with a SYN packet (S flag set) sent from the client to the server. In Frame 6127, the client's IP address is 10.10.10.10 and the server IP address is 10.10.10.120. The client uses an ephemeral port (dynamically assigned by the OS) and connects to the server port, in this case port 1433. The server replies with it's own SYN packet with the ACK flag also set. finally, the client responds with an ACK packet to let the server know it received its SYN packet.

This establishes a basic TCP connection, the same way a TELNET command would. This part of the conversation is mediated by the operating system. At this point, the client and server know nothing about each other.

Driver Handshake

Both the client driver and SQL Server need to know a bit about each other. In this handshake, the driver sends some information and requirements to the server, such as whether to encrypt data packets, whether to use Multiple Active Resultsets (MARS), it's version number, whether to use Federated Authentication, the connection GUID, etc.

The server responds with it's information, such as whether it requires authentication, etc. All this is before we perform any sort of security negotiation.

SSL/TLS Handshake

The SSL Handshake begins with the Client Hello packet and then the Server Hello packet, plus some additional packets related to Secure Channel. This is where the security key is negotiated for encrypting packets. Normally, just the login packet is encrypted, but the client or the server could require data packets to be encrypted as well. Choosing TLS 1.0 or 1.2 happens at this stage of the login. The client or server may close the connection at this stage if the TLS versions don't line up or they do not have any cipher suites in common.

Login

This packet is encrypted and may show as "SSL Application Data" or "TDS:Data" depending on your network parser. If all the packets after this also show as "SSL Application Data", then this means the connection is encrypted.

Otherwise, you will see a Response packet, which will either confirm the login (has the Login ACK token) or return a "Login Failed" error message to the client.

Example of what you might see in the packet HEX data for a good login:

.C.h.a.n.g.e.d. .d.a.t.a.b.a.s.e. .c.o.n.t.e.x.t. .t.o. .'.A.C.C.O.U.N.T.I.N.G'

Commands

Commands are sent as either a TDS:SQLBatch or a TDS:RPCRequest packet. The former executes plain SQL Statements and the latter executes stored procedures. You may see TCP Continuation packets if the command is lengthy or in the Response packet if more than a few rows are returned.

TCP 4-Way Closing Handshake

Microsoft drivers use the 4-way handshake to close connections.
Many 3rd-party drivers, just reset the connection to close it, making it more difficult to distinguish between a normal and abnormal close.

The 4-way handshake consists of the client sending a FIN packet to the server, which the server responds to with an ACK. The server then sends its own FIN packet, which the client ACKs.

If the server sends a FIN packet first, it is an abnormal closing, most commonly seen in the SSL Handshake if the client and server cannot negotiate the secure channel.

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