Abstract: Membership inference attacks (MIAs) aim to determine whether a specific sample was used to train a predictive model. Knowing this may indeed lead to a privacy breach. Most MIAs, however, make use of the model's prediction scores - the probability of each output given some input - following the intuition that the trained model tends to behave differently on its training data. We argue that this is a fallacy for many modern deep network architectures. Consequently, MIAs will miserably fail since overconfidence leads to high false-positive rates not only on known domains but also on out-of-distribution data and implicitly acts as a defense against MIAs. Specifically, using generative adversarial networks, we are able to produce a potentially infinite number of samples falsely classified as part of the training data. In other words, the threat of MIAs is overestimated, and less information is leaked than previously assumed. Moreover, there is actually a trade-off between the overconfidence of models and their susceptibility to MIAs: the more classifiers know when they do not know, making low confidence predictions, the more they reveal the training data.
Arxiv Preprint (PDF) Proceedings
In a general MIA setting, as usually assumed in the literature, an adversary is given an input x following distribution D and a target model which was trained on a training set with size S_train consisting of samples from D. The adversary is then facing the problem to identify whether a given x following D was part of the training set S_train. To predict the membership of x, the adversary creates an inference model h. In score-based MIAs, the input to h is the prediction score vector produced by the target model on sample x (see first figure above). Since MIAs are binary classification problems, precision, recall and false-positive rate (FPR) are used as attack evaluation metrics.
All MIAs exploit a difference in the behavior of the target model on seen and unseen data. Most attacks in the literature follow Shokri et al. and train so-called shadow models shadow models on a disjoint dataset S_shadow drawn from the same distribution D as S_train. The shadow model is used to mimic the behavior of the target model and adjust parameters of h, such as threshold values or model weights. Note that the membership status for inputs to the shadow models are known to the adversary (see second figure above).
To recreate our Fake datasets containing synthetic CIFAR-10 and Stanford Dog images, you need to clone the official StyleGAN-2-Pytorch repo into the folder datasets.
cd datasets
git clone https://github.com/NVlabs/stylegan2-ada-pytorch.git
rm -r --force stylegan2-ada-pytorch/.git/
You can also safely remove all folders in the /datasets/stylegan2-ada-pytorch folder but /dnnlib and /torch_utils.
To build the Docker container run the following script:
./docker_build.sh -n confidence_miTo start the docker container run the following command from the project's root:
docker run --rm --shm-size 16G --name my_confidence_mi --gpus '"device=0"' -v $(pwd):/workspace/confidences -it confidence_mi bashWe provide our trained models on which we performed our experiments. To automatically download and extract the files use the following command:
bash download_pretrained_models.sh
To manually download single models, please visit https://hessenbox.tu-darmstadt.de/getlink/fiBg5znMtAagRe58sCrrLtyg/pretrained_models.
All our experiments based on CIFAR-10 and Stanford Dogs can be reproduced using the pre-trained models by running the following scripts:
python experiments/cifar10_experiments.py
python experiments/stanford_dogs_experiments.pyIf you want to train the models from scratch, the following commands can be used:
python experiments/cifar10_experiments.py --train
python experiments/stanford_dogs_experiments.py --train --pretrainedWe use command line arguments to specify the hyperparameters of the training and attacking process.
Default values correspond to the parameters used for training the target models as stated in the paper.
The same applies for the membership inference attacks.
To train models with label smoothing, L2 or LLLA, run the experiments with --label_smoothing,
--weight_decay or --llla. We set the seed to 42 (default value) for all experiments.
For further command line arguments and details, please refer to the python files.
Attack results will be stored in csv files at
/experiments/results/{MODEL_ARCH}_{DATASET_NAME}_{MODIFIERS}_attack_results.csv and state precision, recall,
fpr and mmps values for the various input datasets and membership inference attacks.
Results for training the target and shadow models will be stored in the first column at
/experiments/results/{MODEL_ARCH}_{DATASET_NAME}_{MODIFIERS}_performance_results.csv.
They state the training and test accuracy, as well as the ECE.
All data is required to be located in /data/. To recreate the Fake datasets using StyleGAN2-ADA to
generate CIFAR-10 and dog samples, use /datasets/fake_cifar10.py and /datasets/fake_dogs.py.
For example, Fake Dogs samples are located at /data/fake_afhq_dogs/Images after generation.
If the files are missing or corrupted (checked by MD5 checksum), the images will be regenerated to restore the
identical datasets used in the paper. This process will be automatically called when running one of the experiments.
We use various datasets in our experiments. The following figure gives a short overview over the content and visual styles of the datasets.
If you build upon our work, please don't forget to cite us.
@inproceedings{hintersdorf2022trust,
title={To Trust or Not To Trust Prediction Scores for Membership Inference Attacks},
author={Dominik Hintersdorf and Lukas Struppek and Kristian Kersting},
year={2022},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence ({IJCAI})}
}
Some of our implementations rely on other repos. We want to thank the authors for making their code publicly available. For license details refer to the corresponding files in our repo. For more details on the specific functionality, please visit the corresponding repos.
- CIFAR10 models: https://github.com/kuangliu/pytorch-cifar
- Label smoothing: https://github.com/seominseok0429/label-smoothing-visualization-pytorch
- LLLA: https://github.com/wiseodd/last_layer_laplace
- StyleGAN2-ADA: https://github.com/NVlabs/stylegan2-ada-pytorch