chore: bump Node.js to 20.12.0 MONGOSH-1750 MONGOSH-1691

[addaleax]

• Original Node.js update PR in chore: update node.js #1914
• Remove patches that are no longer necessary, specifically nodejs/node@0090c107820 and nodejs/node@e54ddf8 which are both now on Node.js 20
• Work around build failures caused by node-addon-api addons broken by default on Node.js 20.12+ nodejs/node#52229
• Adjust tests to account for slightly different REPL colorization logic after nodejs/node@f94336f (which we specifically requested as a fix for MONGOSH-1691)

[addaleax]

@himanshusinghs Would it be alright to take another look at this? The patches have changed a bit, unfortunately:

• Needed to skip some of the tests around the changed REPL colorization behavior on Node.js 16, that should be fine
• Needed to apply the workaround for node-addon-api addons broken by default on Node.js 20.12+ nodejs/node#52229 in a patch instead of CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS because those don't work on Windows

And then, finally, as you know we are building on platforms that predate glibc 2.25, but Node.js broke builds for those older glibc versions by declaring that the getrandom() function in glibc would always be available (which they can do, because the official minimum is 2.28), so I:

• Needed to add a patch to only declare the function to be available if it is at build time
• And finally, the one I'm most unsure about, when we install Node.js from source rather than using the official binaries (i.e. exactly those old-glibc systems), I'd pin the Node.js version for that to 20.11.1. That's maybe not a great long-term solution, we could also stick to using the latest 20.x and start applying our build patches to the for-CI-only build as well