Document #[ffi_const] and #[ffi_pure] function attributes in unst…

…able book

Based on the work of gnzlbg <gonzalobg88@gmail.com>.

src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/ffi-const.md

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+# `ffi_const`
+
+The `#[ffi_const]` attribute applies clang's `const` attribute to foreign
+functions declarations.
+
+That is, `#[ffi_const]` functions shall have no effects except for its return
+value, which can only depend on the values of the function parameters, and is
+not affected by changes to the observable state of the program.
+
+Applying the `#[ffi_const]` attribute to a function that violates these
+requirements is undefined behaviour.
+
+This attribute enables Rust to perform common optimizations, like sub-expression
+elimination, and it can avoid emitting some calls in repeated invocations of the
+function with the same argument values regardless of other operations being
+performed in between these functions calls (as opposed to `#[ffi_pure]`
+functions).
+
+## Pitfalls
+
+A `#[ffi_const]` function can only read global memory that would not affect
+its return value for the whole execution of the program (e.g. immutable global
+memory). `#[ffi_const]` functions are referentially-transparent and therefore
+more strict than `#[ffi_pure]` functions.
+
+A common pitfall involves applying the `#[ffi_const]` attribute to a
+function that reads memory through pointer arguments which do not necessarily
+point to immutable global memory.
+
+A `#[ffi_const]` function that returns unit has no effect on the abstract
+machine's state, and a `#[ffi_const]` function cannot be `#[ffi_pure]`.
+
+A `#[ffi_const]` function must not diverge, neither via a side effect (e.g. a
+call to `abort`) nor by infinite loops.
+
+When translating C headers to Rust FFI, it is worth verifying for which targets
+the `const` attribute is enabled in those headers, and using the appropriate
+`cfg` macros in the Rust side to match those definitions. While the semantics of
+`const` are implemented identically by many C and C++ compilers, e.g., clang,
+[GCC], [ARM C/C++ compiler], [IBM ILE C/C++], etc. they are not necessarily
+implemented in this way on all of them. It is therefore also worth verifying
+that the semantics of the C toolchain used to compile the binary being linked
+against are compatible with those of the `#[ffi_const]`.
+
+[ARM C/C++ compiler]: http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dui0491c/Cacgigch.html
+[GCC]: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Common-Function-Attributes.html#index-const-function-attribute
+[IBM ILE C/C++]: https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/fr/ssw_ibm_i_71/rzarg/fn_attrib_const.htm

src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/ffi-pure.md

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+# `ffi_pure`
+
+The `#[ffi_pure]` attribute applies clang's `pure` attribute to foreign
+functions declarations.
+
+That is, `#[ffi_pure]` functions shall have no effects except for its return
+value, which shall not change across two consecutive function calls with
+the same parameters.
+
+Applying the `#[ffi_pure]` attribute to a function that violates these
+requirements is undefined behavior.
+
+This attribute enables Rust to perform common optimizations, like sub-expression
+elimination and loop optimizations. Some common examples of pure functions are
+`strlen` or `memcmp`.
+
+These optimizations are only applicable when the compiler can prove that no
+program state observable by the `#[ffi_pure]` function has changed between calls
+of the function, which could alter the result. See also the `#[ffi_const]`
+attribute, which provides stronger guarantees regarding the allowable behavior
+of a function, enabling further optimization.
+
+## Pitfalls
+
+A `#[ffi_pure]` function can read global memory through the function
+parameters (e.g. pointers), globals, etc. `#[ffi_pure]` functions are not
+referentially-transparent, and are therefore more relaxed than `#[ffi_const]`
+functions.
+
+However, accesing global memory through volatile or atomic reads can violate the
+requirement that two consecutive function calls shall return the same value.
+
+A `pure` function that returns unit has no effect on the abstract machine's
+state.
+
+A `#[ffi_pure]` function must not diverge, neither via a side effect (e.g. a
+call to `abort`) nor by infinite loops.
+
+When translating C headers to Rust FFI, it is worth verifying for which targets
+the `pure` attribute is enabled in those headers, and using the appropriate
+`cfg` macros in the Rust side to match those definitions. While the semantics of
+`pure` are implemented identically by many C and C++ compilers, e.g., clang,
+[GCC], [ARM C/C++ compiler], [IBM ILE C/C++], etc. they are not necessarily
+implemented in this way on all of them. It is therefore also worth verifying
+that the semantics of the C toolchain used to compile the binary being linked
+against are compatible with those of the `#[ffi_pure]`.
+
+
+[ARM C/C++ compiler]: http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dui0491c/Cacigdac.html
+[GCC]: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Common-Function-Attributes.html#index-pure-function-attribute
+[IBM ILE C/C++]: https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/fr/ssw_ibm_i_71/rzarg/fn_attrib_pure.htm