clickhouse-backup: Add support for sharded backup

This change adds a new configuration 'general.sharded_operation'
which shards tables for backup across replicas, allowing for a
uniform backup and restore call to the server without consideration
for table replication state.

Fixes Altinity#639

clickhouse-backup/backup_shard: Use Array for active replicas

clickhouse-go v1 does not support clickhouse Map types. Force the
Map(String, UInt8) column replica_is_active to a string array for
now.

clickhouse-backup/backuper: Skip shard assignment for skipped tables

Skip shard assignment for skipped tables. Also add the new
ShardBackupType "ShardBackupNone", which is assigned to skipped
tables

clickhouse-backup/backuper: Use b.GetTables for CreateBackup

Use b.GetTables for CreateBackup instead of b.ch.GetTables and move
b.populateBackupShardField to b.GetTables so as to populate the
field for the server API.

ReadMe.md

@@ -366,7 +366,9 @@ general:
   # The format for this env variable is "src_db1:target_db1,src_db2:target_db2". For YAML please continue using map syntax
   restore_database_mapping: {}   
   retries_on_failure: 3          # RETRIES_ON_FAILURE, how many times to retry after a failure during upload or download
-  retries_pause: 30s             # RETRIES_PAUSE, duration time to pause after each download or upload failure 
+  retries_pause: 30s             # RETRIES_PAUSE, duration time to pause after each download or upload failure
+
+  sharded_operation: false       # SHARDED_OPERATION, backups to replicas will save the schema but will only save one replica copy of the data with tables sharded among replicas.
 clickhouse:
   username: default                # CLICKHOUSE_USERNAME
   password: ""                     # CLICKHOUSE_PASSWORD

pkg/backup/backup_shard.go

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+package backup
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"hash/fnv"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+var (
+	// errUnknownBackupShard is returned when sharding assignment is requested for a table for which
+	// active replication state is not known.
+	errUnknownBackupShard = errors.New("unknown backup shard")
+
+	// errNoActiveReplicas is returned when a table is has no current active replicas
+	errNoActiveReplicas = errors.New("no active replicas")
+)
+
+// shardDetermination is an object holding information on whether or not a table is within the
+// backup shard
+type shardDetermination map[string]bool
+
+// inShard returns whether or not a given table is within a backup shard
+func (d shardDetermination) inShard(database, table string) (bool, error) {
+	fullName := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", database, table)
+	presentInShard, ok := d[fullName]
+	if !ok {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("error determining backup shard state for %q: %w", fullName,
+			errUnknownBackupShard)
+	}
+	return presentInShard, nil
+}
+
+// backupSharder is an interface which can obtain a shard determination at a given point in time
+type backupSharder interface {
+	determineShards(ctx context.Context) (shardDetermination, error)
+}
+
+// tableReplicaMetadata is data derived from `system.replicas`
+type tableReplicaMetadata struct {
+	Database    string `db:"database" json:"database"`
+	Table       string `db:"table" json:"table"`
+	ReplicaName string `db:"replica_name" json:"replica_name"`
+	// TODO: Change type to use replica_is_active directly after upgrade to clickhouse-go v2
+	ActiveReplicas []string `db:"active_replicas" json:"replica_is_active"`
+}
+
+// fullName returns the table name in the form of `database.table`
+func (md *tableReplicaMetadata) fullName() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", md.Database, md.Table)
+}
+
+// querier is an interface that can query Clickhouse
+type querier interface {
+	StructSelectContext(ctx context.Context, dest any, query string) error
+}
+
+// shardFunc is a function that is used to determine whether or not a given database/table should be
+// handled by a given replica
+type shardFunc func(md *tableReplicaMetadata) (bool, error)
+
+// fnvHashModShardFunc performs a FNV hash of a table name in the form of `database.table` and then
+// performs a mod N operation (where N is the number of active replicas) in order to find an index
+// in an alphabetically sorted list of active replicas which corresponds to the replica that will
+// handle the backup of the table
+func fnvHashModShardFunc(md *tableReplicaMetadata) (bool, error) {
+	if len(md.ActiveReplicas) == 0 {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("could not determine in-shard state for %s: %w", md.fullName(),
+			errNoActiveReplicas)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(md.ActiveReplicas)
+
+	h := fnv.New32a()
+	h.Write([]byte(md.fullName()))
+	i := h.Sum32() % uint32(len(md.ActiveReplicas))
+	return md.ActiveReplicas[i] == md.ReplicaName, nil
+}
+
+// replicaDeterminer is a concrete struct that will query clickhouse to obtain a shard determination
+// by examining replica information
+type replicaDeterminer struct {
+	q  querier
+	sf shardFunc
+}
+
+// newReplicaDeterminer returns a new shardDeterminer
+func newReplicaDeterminer(q querier, sf shardFunc) *replicaDeterminer {
+	sd := &replicaDeterminer{
+		q:  q,
+		sf: sf,
+	}
+	return sd
+}
+
+// getReplicaState obtains the local replication state through a query to `system.replicas`
+func (rd *replicaDeterminer) getReplicaState(ctx context.Context) ([]tableReplicaMetadata, error) {
+	md := []tableReplicaMetadata{}
+	// TODO: Change query to pull replica_is_active after upgrading to clickhouse-go v2
+	query := "select database, table, replica_name, mapKeys(mapFilter((replica, active) -> (active == 1), replica_is_active)) as active_replicas from system.replicas"
+	if err := rd.q.StructSelectContext(ctx, &md, query); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not determine replication state: %w", err)
+	}
+	return md, nil
+}
+
+func (rd *replicaDeterminer) determineShards(ctx context.Context) (shardDetermination, error) {
+	md, err := rd.getReplicaState(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sd := shardDetermination{}
+	for _, entry := range md {
+		assigned, err := rd.sf(&entry)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		sd[entry.fullName()] = assigned
+	}
+	return sd, nil
+}