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starting.txt
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*starting.txt* Nvim
VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
Starting Vim *starting*
Type |gO| to see the table of contents.
==============================================================================
1. Vim arguments *vim-arguments*
Most often, Vim is started to edit a single file with the command
nvim filename *-vim*
More generally, Vim is started with:
nvim [option | filename] ..
Option arguments and file name arguments can be mixed, and any number of them
can be given. However, watch out for options that take an argument.
The following items may be used to choose how to start editing:
*-file* *---*
filename One or more file names. The first one will be the current
file and read into the buffer. The cursor will be positioned
on the first line of the buffer.
To avoid a file name starting with a '-' being interpreted as
an option, precede the arglist with "--", e.g.: >
nvim -- -filename
< All arguments after the "--" will be interpreted as file names,
no other options or "+command" argument can follow.
*--*
- Alias for stdin (standard input).
Example: >
echo text | nvim - file
< "text" is read into buffer 1, "file" is opened as buffer 2.
In most cases (except -s, -es, |--embed|, --headless) if stdin
is not a TTY then it is read as text, so "-" is implied: >
echo text | nvim file
< The buffer will be marked modified, because it contains text
that needs to be saved (except for readonly |-R| mode).
To read stdin as Normal commands use |-s| with "-": >
echo "ifoo" | nvim -s -
< To read stdin as Ex commands use |-es| or |-e|: >
echo "echo getpid()" | nvim -e - -V1
< To open a file literally named "-", put it after "--": >
echo foo | nvim -- -
< To read stdin as text with |--headless| use "-".
*-t* *-tag*
-t {tag} A tag. "tag" is looked up in the tags file, the associated
file becomes the current file, and the associated command is
executed. Mostly this is used for C programs, in which case
"tag" often is a function name. The effect is that the file
containing that function becomes the current file and the
cursor is positioned on the start of the function (see
|tags|).
*-q* *-qf*
-q [errorfile] QuickFix mode. The file with the name [errorfile] is read
and the first error is displayed. See |quickfix|.
If [errorfile] is not given, the 'errorfile' option is used
for the file name. See 'errorfile' for the default value.
(nothing) Without one of the four items above, Vim will start editing a
new buffer. It's empty and doesn't have a file name.
*startup-options*
The option arguments may be given in any order. Single-letter options can be
combined after one dash. There can be no option arguments after the "--"
argument.
--help *-h* *--help*
-h Give usage (help) message and exit.
See |info-message| about capturing the text.
--version *-v* *--version*
-v Print version information and exit. Same output as for
|:version| command.
See |info-message| about capturing the text.
*--noplugin*
--noplugin Skip loading plugins. Resets the 'loadplugins' option.
Note that the |-u| argument may also disable loading plugins:
argument load vimrc files load plugins ~
(nothing) yes yes
-u NONE no no
-u NORC no yes
--noplugin yes no
--startuptime {fname} *--startuptime*
During startup write timing messages to the file {fname}.
This can be used to find out where time is spent while loading
your |init.vim|, plugins and opening the first file.
When {fname} already exists new messages are appended.
(Only available when compiled with the |+startuptime|
feature).
*-+*
+[num] The cursor will be positioned on line "num" for the first
file being edited. If "num" is missing, the cursor will be
positioned on the last line.
*-+/*
+/{pat} The cursor will be positioned on the first line containing
"pat" in the first file being edited (see |pattern| for the
available search patterns). The search starts at the cursor
position, which can be the first line or the cursor position
last used from |shada|. To force a search from the first
line use "+1 +/pat".
+{command} *-+c* *-c*
-c {command} {command} will be executed after the first file has been
read (and after autocommands and modelines for that file have
been processed). "command" is interpreted as an Ex command.
If the "command" contains spaces, it must be enclosed in
double quotes (this depends on the shell that is used).
Example: >
vim "+set si" main.c
vim "+find stdio.h"
vim -c "set ff=dos" -c wq mine.mak
<
Note: You can use up to 10 "+" or "-c" arguments in a Vim
command. They are executed in the order given. A "-S"
argument counts as a "-c" argument as well.
--cmd {command} *--cmd*
{command} will be executed before processing any vimrc file.
Otherwise it acts like -c {command}. You can use up to 10 of
these commands, independently from "-c" commands.
*-S*
-S {file} The {file} will be sourced after the first file has been read.
This is an easy way to do the equivalent of: >
-c "source {file}"
< It can be mixed with "-c" arguments and repeated like "-c".
The limit of 10 "-c" arguments applies here as well.
{file} cannot start with a "-".
-S Works like "-S Session.vim". Only when used as the last
argument or when another "-" option follows.
-L *-L* *-r*
-r Recovery mode. Without a file name argument, a list of
existing swap files is given. With a file name, a swap file
is read to recover a crashed editing session. See
|crash-recovery|.
*-R*
-R Readonly mode. The 'readonly' option will be set for all the
files being edited. You can still edit the buffer, but will
be prevented from accidentally overwriting a file. If you
forgot that you are in View mode and did make some changes,
you can overwrite a file by adding an exclamation mark to
the Ex command, as in ":w!". The 'readonly' option can be
reset with ":set noro" (see the options chapter, |options|).
Subsequent edits will not be done in readonly mode. Calling
the executable "view" has the same effect as the -R argument.
The 'updatecount' option will be set to 10000, meaning that
the swap file will not be updated automatically very often.
See |-M| for disallowing modifications.
*-m*
-m Modifications not allowed to be written. The 'write' option
will be reset, so that writing files is disabled. However,
the 'write' option can be set to enable writing again.
*-M*
-M Modifications not allowed. The 'modifiable' option will be
reset, so that changes are not allowed. The 'write' option
will be reset, so that writing files is disabled. However,
the 'modifiable' and 'write' options can be set to enable
changes and writing.
*-Z* *restricted-mode* *E145*
-Z Restricted mode. All commands that make use of an external
shell are disabled. This includes suspending with CTRL-Z,
":sh", filtering, the system() function, backtick expansion,
delete(), rename(), mkdir(), writefile(), libcall(),
jobstart(), etc.
-e *-e* *-E*
-E Start Nvim in Ex mode |gQ|.
If stdin is not a TTY:
-e reads stdin as Ex commands.
-E reads stdin as text (into buffer 1).
*-es* *-Es*
-es *-s-ex* *silent-mode*
-Es Silent or batch mode: execute Ex commands from a file instead
of a terminal. Special case of |-s| (which takes an argument
while "-es" doesn't). Disables most prompts, messages,
warnings and errors.
Output of these commands is displayed (to stdout):
:print
:list
:number
:set to display option values.
When 'verbose' is set messages are printed to stderr, e.g.: >
echo foo | nvim -V1 -es
<
User |init.vim| is skipped (unless given with |-u|).
|$TERM| is not used.
If stdin is not a TTY:
-es reads stdin as Ex commands.
-Es reads stdin as text (into buffer 1).
Example: >
printf "put ='foo'\n%%print\n" | nvim -es
<
*-b*
-b Binary mode. File I/O will only recognize <NL> to separate
lines. The 'expandtab' option will be reset. The 'textwidth'
option is set to 0. 'modeline' is reset. The 'binary' option
is set. This is done after reading the init.vim/exrc files
but before reading any file in the arglist. See also
|edit-binary|.
*-l*
-l Lisp mode. Sets the 'lisp' and 'showmatch' options on.
*-A*
-A Arabic mode. Sets the 'arabic' option on.
*-F*
-F Farsi mode. Sets the 'fkmap' and 'rightleft' options on.
*-H*
-H Hebrew mode. Sets the 'hkmap' and 'rightleft' options on.
*-V* *verbose*
-V[N] Verbose. Sets the 'verbose' option to [N] (default: 10).
Messages will be given for each file that is ":source"d and
for reading or writing a ShaDa file. Can be used to find
out what is happening upon startup and exit.
Example: >
nvim -V8
-V[N]{filename}
Like -V and set 'verbosefile' to {filename}. Messages are not
displayed; instead they are written to the file {filename}.
{filename} must not start with a digit.
Example: >
nvim -V20vimlog
<
*-D*
-D Debugging. Go to debugging mode when executing the first
command from a script. |debug-mode|
{not available when compiled without the |+eval| feature}
*-n*
-n No swap file will be used. Recovery after a crash will be
impossible. Handy if you want to view or edit a file on a
very slow medium (e.g., a floppy).
Can also be done with ":set updatecount=0". You can switch it
on again by setting the 'updatecount' option to some value,
e.g., ":set uc=100".
'updatecount' is set to 0 AFTER executing commands from a
vimrc file, but before the GUI initializations. Thus it
overrides a setting for 'updatecount' in a vimrc file, but not
in a gvimrc file. See |startup|.
When you want to reduce accesses to the disk (e.g., for a
laptop), don't use "-n", but set 'updatetime' and
'updatecount' to very big numbers, and type ":preserve" when
you want to save your work. This way you keep the possibility
for crash recovery.
*-o*
-o[N] Open N windows, split horizontally. If [N] is not given,
one window is opened for every file given as argument. If
there is not enough room, only the first few files get a
window. If there are more windows than arguments, the last
few windows will be editing an empty file.
*-O*
-O[N] Open N windows, split vertically. Otherwise it's like -o.
If both the -o and the -O option are given, the last one on
the command line determines how the windows will be split.
*-p*
-p[N] Open N tab pages. If [N] is not given, one tab page is opened
for every file given as argument. The maximum is set with
'tabpagemax' pages (default 50). If there are more tab pages
than arguments, the last few tab pages will be editing an
empty file. Also see |tabpage|.
*-d*
-d Start in |diff-mode|.
*-u* *E282*
-u {vimrc} The file {vimrc} is read for initializations. Most other
initializations are skipped; see |initialization|. This can
be used to start Vim in a special mode, with special
mappings and settings. A shell alias can be used to make
this easy to use. For example: >
alias vimc vim -u ~/.config/nvim/c_init.vim !*
< Also consider using autocommands; see |autocommand|.
When {vimrc} is equal to "NONE" (all uppercase), all
initializations from files and environment variables are
skipped, including reading the |ginit.vim| file when the GUI
starts. Plugins and syntax highlighting are also skipped.
When {vimrc} is equal to "NORC" (all uppercase), this has the
same effect as "NONE", but plugins and syntax highlighting are
not skipped.
*-i*
-i {shada} The file {shada} is used instead of the default ShaDa
file. If the name "NONE" is used (all uppercase), no ShaDa
file is read or written, even if 'shada' is set or when
":rsh" or ":wsh" are used. See also |shada-file|.
*-s*
-s {scriptin} Read script file {scriptin}, interpreting characters as
Normal-mode input. The same can be done with ":source!": >
:source! {scriptin}
< Reads from stdin if {scriptin} is "-": >
echo "ifoo" | nvim -s -
< If the end of the file is reached before Nvim exits, further
characters are read from the keyboard.
Does not work with |-es|. See also |complex-repeat|.
*-w_nr*
-w {number}
-w{number} Set the 'window' option to {number}.
*-w*
-w {scriptout} All the characters that you type are recorded in the file
"scriptout", until you exit Vim. This is useful if you want
to create a script file to be used with "vim -s" or
":source!". When the "scriptout" file already exists, new
characters are appended. See also |complex-repeat|.
{scriptout} cannot start with a digit.
*-W*
-W {scriptout} Like -w, but do not append, overwrite an existing file.
*--api-info*
--api-info Print msgpack-encoded |api-metadata| and exit.
*--embed*
--embed Use stdin/stdout as a msgpack-RPC channel, so applications can
embed and control Nvim via the |rpc-api|. Implies |--headless|.
Equivalent to: >
nvim --headless --cmd "call stdioopen({'rpc': v:true})"
<
See also |channel-stdio|.
*--headless*
--headless Do not start the default UI, so stdio can be used as an
arbitrary communication channel. |channel-stdio|
Also useful for scripting (tests) to see messages that would
not be printed by |-es|.
To detect if a UI is available, check if |nvim_list_uis()| is
empty after |VimEnter|.
To read stdin as text, "-" must be given explicitly:
--headless cannot assume that stdin is just text. >
echo foo | nvim --headless +"%print" +"q!" -
<
See also |--embed|.
See also |-es|, which also disables most messages.
--listen {addr} *--listen*
Start |RPC| server on pipe or TCP address {addr}. Sets the
primary listen address |v:servername| to {addr}. |serverstart()|
==============================================================================
2. Initialization *initialization* *startup*
At startup, Vim checks environment variables and files and sets values
accordingly. Vim proceeds in this order:
1. Set the 'shell' option *SHELL* *COMSPEC*
The environment variable SHELL, if it exists, is used to set the
'shell' option. On Windows, the COMSPEC variable is used
if SHELL is not set.
2. Process the arguments
The options and file names from the command that start Vim are
inspected. Buffers are created for all files (but not loaded yet).
The |-V| argument can be used to display or log what happens next,
useful for debugging the initializations.
3. Execute Ex commands, from environment variables and/or files
An environment variable is read as one Ex command line, where multiple
commands must be separated with '|' or "<NL>".
*init.vim* *vimrc* *exrc*
A file that contains initialization commands is called a "vimrc" file.
Each line in a vimrc file is executed as an Ex command line. It is
sometimes also referred to as "exrc" file. They are the same type of
file, but "exrc" is what Vi always used, "vimrc" is a Vim specific
name, "init.vim" is Neovim specific location for vimrc file. Also see
|vimrc-intro|.
Places for your personal initializations (see |base-directories|):
Unix $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nvim/init.vim
(default for $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is ~/.config)
Windows $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nvim/init.vim
(default for $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is ~/AppData/Local)
The files are searched in the order specified above and only the first
one that is found is read.
RECOMMENDATION: Put all your Vim configuration stuff in the
$HOME/.config/nvim/ directory. That makes it easy to copy it to
another system.
If Vim was started with "-u filename", the file "filename" is used.
All following initializations until 4. are skipped. $MYVIMRC is not
set.
"vim -u NORC" can be used to skip these initializations without
reading a file. "vim -u NONE" also skips plugins and syntax
highlighting. |-u|
If Vim was started in Ex mode with the "-s" argument, all following
initializations until 4. are skipped. Only the "-u" option is
interpreted.
*system-vimrc*
a. For Unix, MS-Windows, and Macintosh, the system vimrc file is read for
initializations. The path of this file is shown with the
":version" command. Mostly it's "$VIM/vimrc".
*VIMINIT* *EXINIT* *$MYVIMRC*
b. Four places are searched for initializations. The first that exists
is used, the others are ignored. The $MYVIMRC environment variable is
set to the file that was first found, unless $MYVIMRC was already set
and when using VIMINIT.
- The environment variable VIMINIT
The value of $VIMINIT is used as an Ex command line.
- The user vimrc file: $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nvim/init.vim.
- Other vimrc file: {xdg_config_dir}/nvim/init.vim where
{xdg_config_dir} is one of the directories in $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS.
- The environment variable EXINIT.
The value of $EXINIT is used as an Ex command line.
c. If the 'exrc' option is on (which is NOT the default), the current
directory is searched for three files. The first that exists is used,
the others are ignored.
- The file ".nvimrc" (for Unix)
"_nvimrc" (for Win32)
- The file "_nvimrc" (for Unix)
".nvimrc" (for Win32)
- The file ".exrc" (for Unix)
"_exrc" (for Win32)
4. Enable filetype and indent plugins.
This does the same as the commands: >
:runtime! filetype.vim
:runtime! ftplugin.vim
:runtime! indent.vim
< Skipped if ":filetype … off" was called or if the "-u NONE" command
line argument was given.
5. Enable syntax highlighting.
This does the same as the command: >
:runtime! syntax/syntax.vim
< Skipped if ":syntax off" was called or if the "-u NONE" command
line argument was given.
6. Load the plugin scripts. *load-plugins*
This does the same as the command: >
:runtime! plugin/**/*.vim
< The result is that all directories in the 'runtimepath' option will be
searched for the "plugin" sub-directory and all files ending in ".vim"
will be sourced (in alphabetical order per directory), also in
subdirectories.
However, directories in 'runtimepath' ending in "after" are skipped
here and only loaded after packages, see below.
Loading plugins won't be done when:
- The 'loadplugins' option was reset in a vimrc file.
- The |--noplugin| command line argument is used.
- The "-u NONE" command line argument is used |-u|.
- When Vim was compiled without the |+eval| feature.
Note that using "-c 'set noloadplugins'" doesn't work, because the
commands from the command line have not been executed yet. You can
use "--cmd 'set noloadplugins'" or "--cmd 'set loadplugins'" |--cmd|.
Packages are loaded. These are plugins, as above, but found in the
"start" directory of each entry in 'packpath'. Every plugin directory
found is added in 'runtimepath' and then the plugins are sourced. See
|packages|.
The plugins scripts are loaded, as above, but now only the directories
ending in "after" are used. Note that 'runtimepath' will have changed
if packages have been found, but that should not add a directory
ending in "after".
7. Set 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir'
The 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir' options are set according to the
value of the 'shell' option, unless they have been set before.
This means that Vim will figure out the values of 'shellpipe' and
'shellredir' for you, unless you have set them yourself.
8. Set 'updatecount' to zero, if "-n" command argument used
9. Set binary options
If the "-b" flag was given to Vim, the options for binary editing will
be set now. See |-b|.
10. Perform GUI initializations
Only when starting "gvim", the GUI initializations will be done. See
|gui-init|.
11. Read the ShaDa file
See |shada-file|.
12. Read the quickfix file
If the "-q" flag was given to Vim, the quickfix file is read. If this
fails, Vim exits.
13. Open all windows
When the |-o| flag was given, windows will be opened (but not
displayed yet).
When the |-p| flag was given, tab pages will be created (but not
displayed yet).
When switching screens, it happens now. Redrawing starts.
If the "-q" flag was given to Vim, the first error is jumped to.
Buffers for all windows will be loaded.
14. Execute startup commands
If a "-t" flag was given to Vim, the tag is jumped to.
The commands given with the |-c| and |+cmd| arguments are executed.
If the 'insertmode' option is set, Insert mode is entered.
The starting flag is reset, has("vim_starting") will now return zero.
The |v:vim_did_enter| variable is set to 1.
The |VimEnter| autocommands are executed.
Some hints on using initializations ~
Standard setup:
Create a vimrc file to set the default settings and mappings for all your edit
sessions. Put it in a place so that it will be found by 3b:
~/.config/nvim/init.vim (Unix)
~/AppData/Local/nvim/init.vim (Win32)
Local setup:
Put all commands that you need for editing a specific directory only into a
vimrc file and place it in that directory under the name ".nvimrc" ("_nvimrc"
for Windows). NOTE: To make Vim look for these special files you
have to turn on the option 'exrc'. See |trojan-horse| too.
System setup:
This only applies if you are managing a Unix system with several users and
want to set the defaults for all users. Create a vimrc file with commands
for default settings and mappings and put it in the place that is given with
the ":version" command. NOTE: System vimrc file needs specific compilation
options (one needs to define SYS_VIMRC_FILE macros). If :version command does
not show anything like this, consider contacting the nvim package maintainer.
Saving the current state of Vim to a file ~
Whenever you have changed values of options or when you have created a
mapping, then you may want to save them in a vimrc file for later use. See
|save-settings| about saving the current state of settings to a file.
Avoiding setup problems for Vi users ~
Vi uses the variable EXINIT and the file "~/.exrc". So if you do not want to
interfere with Vi, then use the variable VIMINIT and the file init.vim
instead.
MS-DOS line separators: ~
On Windows systems Vim assumes that all the vimrc files have <CR> <NL> pairs
as line separators. This will give problems if you have a file with only
<NL>s and have a line like ":map xx yy^M". The trailing ^M will be ignored.
The $MYVIMRC or $MYGVIMRC file will be set to the first found vimrc and/or
gvimrc file.
Avoiding trojan horses ~
*trojan-horse*
While reading the "vimrc" or the "exrc" file in the current directory, some
commands can be disabled for security reasons by setting the 'secure' option.
This is always done when executing the command from a tags file. Otherwise it
would be possible that you accidentally use a vimrc or tags file that somebody
else created and contains nasty commands. The disabled commands are the ones
that start a shell, the ones that write to a file, and ":autocmd". The ":map"
commands are echoed, so you can see which keys are being mapped.
If you want Vim to execute all commands in a local vimrc file, you
can reset the 'secure' option in the EXINIT or VIMINIT environment variable or
in the global exrc or vimrc file. This is not possible in vimrc or
exrc in the current directory, for obvious reasons.
On Unix systems, this only happens if you are not the owner of the
vimrc file. Warning: If you unpack an archive that contains a vimrc or exrc
file, it will be owned by you. You won't have the security protection. Check
the vimrc file before you start Vim in that directory, or reset the 'exrc'
option. Some Unix systems allow a user to do "chown" on a file. This makes
it possible for another user to create a nasty vimrc and make you the owner.
Be careful!
When using tag search commands, executing the search command (the last
part of the line in the tags file) is always done in secure mode. This works
just like executing a command from a vimrc/exrc in the current directory.
If Vim startup is slow ~
*slow-start*
If Vim takes a long time to start up, use the |--startuptime| argument to find
out what happens.
If you have 'shada' enabled, the loading of the ShaDa file may take a
while. You can find out if this is the problem by disabling ShaDa for a
moment (use the Vim argument "-i NONE", |-i|). Try reducing the number of
lines stored in a register with ":set shada='20,<50,s10". |shada-file|.
Intro message ~
*:intro*
When Vim starts without a file name, an introductory message is displayed (for
those who don't know what Vim is). It is removed as soon as the display is
redrawn in any way. To see the message again, use the ":intro" command (if
there is not enough room, you will see only part of it).
To avoid the intro message on startup, add the 'I' flag to 'shortmess'.
*info-message*
The |--help| and |--version| arguments cause Nvim to print a message and then
exit. Normally the message is sent to stdout, thus can be redirected to a
file with: >
nvim --help >file
From inside Nvim: >
:read !nvim --help
==============================================================================
3. $VIM and $VIMRUNTIME
*$VIM*
The environment variable "$VIM" is used to locate various user files for Nvim,
such as the user startup script |init.vim|. This depends on the system, see
|startup|.
Nvim will try to get the value for $VIM in this order:
1. Environment variable $VIM, if it is set.
2. Path derived from the 'helpfile' option, unless it contains some
environment variable too (default is "$VIMRUNTIME/doc/help.txt"). File
name ("help.txt", etc.) is removed. Trailing directory names are removed,
in this order: "doc", "runtime".
3. Path derived from the location of the `nvim` executable.
4. Compile-time defined installation directory (see output of ":version").
After doing this once, Nvim sets the $VIM environment variable.
*$VIMRUNTIME*
The environment variable "$VIMRUNTIME" is used to locate various support
files, such as the documentation and syntax-highlighting files. For example,
the main help file is normally "$VIMRUNTIME/doc/help.txt".
Nvim will try to get the value for $VIMRUNTIME in this order:
1. Environment variable $VIMRUNTIME, if it is set.
2. Directory path "$VIM/vim{version}", if it exists, where {version} is the
Vim version number without '-' or '.'. For example: "$VIM/vim54".
3. Directory path "$VIM/runtime", if it exists.
4. Value of $VIM environment variable. This is for backwards compatibility
with older Vim versions.
5. If "../share/nvim/runtime" exists relative to |v:progpath|, it is used.
6. Path derived from the 'helpfile' option (if it doesn't contain '$') with
"doc/help.txt" removed from the end.
After doing this once, Nvim sets the $VIMRUNTIME environment variable.
In case you need the value of $VIMRUNTIME in a shell (e.g., for a script that
greps in the help files) you might be able to use this: >
VIMRUNTIME="$(nvim -e --cmd 'echo $VIMRUNTIME|quit' 2>&1)"
==============================================================================
4. Suspending *suspend*
*iconize* *iconise* *CTRL-Z* *v_CTRL-Z*
CTRL-Z Suspend Vim, like ":stop".
Works in Normal and in Visual mode. In Insert and
Command-line mode, the CTRL-Z is inserted as a normal
character. In Visual mode Vim goes back to Normal
mode.
:sus[pend][!] or *:sus* *:suspend* *:st* *:stop*
:st[op][!] Suspend Vim. Vim will continue if you make it the
foreground job again.
If the '!' is not given and 'autowrite' is set, every
buffer with changes and a file name is written out.
If the '!' is given or 'autowrite' is not set, changed
buffers are not written, don't forget to bring Vim
back to the foreground later!
In the GUI, suspending is implementation-defined.
In X-windows the selection is disowned when Vim suspends. this means you
can't paste it in another application (since Vim is going to sleep an attempt
to get the selection would make the program hang).
==============================================================================
5. Exiting *exiting*
There are several ways to exit Vim:
- Close the last window with `:quit`. Only when there are no changes.
- Close the last window with `:quit!`. Also when there are changes.
- Close all windows with `:qall`. Only when there are no changes.
- Close all windows with `:qall!`. Also when there are changes.
- Use `:cquit`. Also when there are changes.
When using `:cquit` or when there was an error message Vim exits with exit
code 1. Errors can be avoided by using `:silent!` or with `:catch`.
==============================================================================
6. Saving settings *save-settings*
Mostly you will edit your vimrc files manually. This gives you the greatest
flexibility. There are a few commands to generate a vimrc file automatically.
You can use these files as they are, or copy/paste lines to include in another
vimrc file.
*:mk* *:mkexrc*
:mk[exrc] [file] Write current key mappings and changed options to
[file] (default ".exrc" in the current directory),
unless it already exists.
:mk[exrc]! [file] Always write current key mappings and changed
options to [file] (default ".exrc" in the current
directory).
*:mkv* *:mkvimrc*
:mkv[imrc][!] [file] Like ":mkexrc", but the default is ".nvimrc" in the
current directory. The ":version" command is also
written to the file.
These commands will write ":map" and ":set" commands to a file, in such a way
that when these commands are executed, the current key mappings and options
will be set to the same values. The options 'columns', 'endofline',
'fileformat', 'lines', 'modified', and 'scroll' are not included, because
these are terminal or file dependent.
Note that the options 'binary', 'paste' and 'readonly' are included, this
might not always be what you want.
When special keys are used in mappings, The 'cpoptions' option will be
temporarily set to its Vim default, to avoid the mappings to be
misinterpreted. This makes the file incompatible with Vi, but makes sure it
can be used with different terminals.
Only global mappings are stored, not mappings local to a buffer.
A common method is to use a default |init.vim| file, make some modifications
with ":map" and ":set" commands and write the modified file. First read the
default vimrc in with a command like ":source ~piet/.vimrc.Cprogs", change
the settings and then save them in the current directory with ":mkvimrc!". If
you want to make this file your default |init.vim|, move it to
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nvim. You could also use autocommands |autocommand| and/or
modelines |modeline|.
*vimrc-option-example*
If you only want to add a single option setting to your vimrc, you can use
these steps:
1. Edit your vimrc file with Vim.
2. Play with the option until it's right. E.g., try out different values for
'guifont'.
3. Append a line to set the value of the option, using the expression register
'=' to enter the value. E.g., for the 'guifont' option: >
o:set guifont=<C-R>=&guifont<CR><Esc>
< [<C-R> is a CTRL-R, <CR> is a return, <Esc> is the escape key]
You need to escape special characters, esp. spaces.
==============================================================================
7. Views and Sessions *views-sessions*
This is introduced in sections |21.4| and |21.5| of the user manual.
*View* *view-file*
A View is a collection of settings that apply to one window. You can save a
View and when you restore it later, the text is displayed in the same way.
The options and mappings in this window will also be restored, so that you can
continue editing like when the View was saved.
*Session* *session-file*
A Session keeps the Views for all windows, plus the global settings. You can
save a Session and when you restore it later the window layout looks the same.
You can use a Session to quickly switch between different projects,
automatically loading the files you were last working on in that project.
Views and Sessions are a nice addition to ShaDa files, which are used to
remember information for all Views and Sessions together |shada-file|.
You can quickly start editing with a previously saved View or Session with the
|-S| argument: >
vim -S Session.vim
<
*:mks* *:mksession*
:mks[ession][!] [file] Write a Vim script that restores the current editing
session.
When [!] is included an existing file is overwritten.
When [file] is omitted "Session.vim" is used.
The output of ":mksession" is like ":mkvimrc", but additional commands are
added to the file. Which ones depends on the 'sessionoptions' option. The
resulting file, when executed with a ":source" command:
1. Restores global mappings and options, if 'sessionoptions' contains
"options". Script-local mappings will not be written.
2. Restores global variables that start with an uppercase letter and contain
at least one lowercase letter, if 'sessionoptions' contains "globals".
3. Unloads all currently loaded buffers.
4. Restores the current directory if 'sessionoptions' contains "curdir", or
sets the current directory to where the Session file is if 'sessionoptions'
contains "sesdir".
5. Restores GUI Vim window position, if 'sessionoptions' contains "winpos".
6. Restores screen size, if 'sessionoptions' contains "resize".
7. Reloads the buffer list, with the last cursor positions. If
'sessionoptions' contains "buffers" then all buffers are restored,
including hidden and unloaded buffers. Otherwise only buffers in windows
are restored.
8. Restores all windows with the same layout. If 'sessionoptions' contains
"help", help windows are restored. If 'sessionoptions' contains "blank",
windows editing a buffer without a name will be restored.
If 'sessionoptions' contains "winsize" and no (help/blank) windows were
left out, the window sizes are restored (relative to the screen size).
Otherwise, the windows are just given sensible sizes.
9. Restores the Views for all the windows, as with |:mkview|. But
'sessionoptions' is used instead of 'viewoptions'.
10. If a file exists with the same name as the Session file, but ending in
"x.vim" (for eXtra), executes that as well. You can use *x.vim files to
specify additional settings and actions associated with a given Session,
such as creating menu items in the GUI version.
After restoring the Session, the full filename of your current Session is
available in the internal variable "v:this_session" |this_session-variable|.
An example mapping: >
:nmap <F2> :wa<Bar>exe "mksession! " . v:this_session<CR>:so ~/sessions/
This saves the current Session, and starts off the command to load another.
A session includes all tab pages, unless "tabpages" was removed from
'sessionoptions'. |tab-page|
The |SessionLoadPost| autocmd event is triggered after a session file is
loaded/sourced.
*SessionLoad-variable*
While the session file is loading the SessionLoad global variable is set to 1.
Plugins can use this to postpone some work until the SessionLoadPost event is
triggered.
*:mkvie* *:mkview*
:mkvie[w][!] [file] Write a Vim script that restores the contents of the
current window.
When [!] is included an existing file is overwritten.
When [file] is omitted or is a number from 1 to 9, a
name is generated and 'viewdir' prepended. When the
last path part of 'viewdir' does not exist, this
directory is created. E.g., when 'viewdir' is
"$VIM/vimfiles/view" then "view" is created in
"$VIM/vimfiles".
An existing file is always overwritten then. Use
|:loadview| to load this view again.
When [file] is the name of a file ('viewdir' is not
used), a command to edit the file is added to the
generated file.
The output of ":mkview" contains these items:
1. The argument list used in the window. When the global argument list is
used it is reset to the global list.
The index in the argument list is also restored.
2. The file being edited in the window. If there is no file, the window is
made empty.
3. Restore mappings, abbreviations and options local to the window if
'viewoptions' contains "options" or "localoptions". For the options it
restores only values that are local to the current buffer and values local
to the window.
When storing the view as part of a session and "options" is in
'sessionoptions', global values for local options will be stored too.
4. Restore folds when using manual folding and 'viewoptions' contains
"folds". Restore manually opened and closed folds.
5. The scroll position and the cursor position in the file. Doesn't work very
well when there are closed folds.
6. The local current directory, if it is different from the global current
directory and 'viewoptions' contains "curdir".
Note that Views and Sessions are not perfect:
- They don't restore everything. For example, defined functions, autocommands
and ":syntax on" are not included. Things like register contents and
command line history are in ShaDa, not in Sessions or Views.
- Global option values are only set when they differ from the default value.
When the current value is not the default value, loading a Session will not
set it back to the default value. Local options will be set back to the
default value though.
- Existing mappings will be overwritten without warning. An existing mapping
may cause an error for ambiguity.
- When storing manual folds and when storing manually opened/closed folds,
changes in the file between saving and loading the view will mess it up.
- The Vim script is not very efficient. But still faster than typing the
commands yourself!
*:lo* *:loadview*
:lo[adview] [nr] Load the view for the current file. When [nr] is
omitted, the view stored with ":mkview" is loaded.
When [nr] is specified, the view stored with ":mkview
[nr]" is loaded.
The combination of ":mkview" and ":loadview" can be used to store up to ten
different views of a file. These are remembered in the directory specified
with the 'viewdir' option. The views are stored using the file name. If a
file is renamed or accessed through a (symbolic) link the view will not be
found.
You might want to clean up your 'viewdir' directory now and then.
To automatically save and restore views for *.c files: >
au BufWinLeave *.c mkview
au BufWinEnter *.c silent! loadview
==============================================================================
8. The ShaDa file *shada* *shada-file*
If you exit Vim and later start it again, you would normally lose a lot of
information. The ShaDa file can be used to remember that information, which
enables you to continue where you left off. Its name is the abbreviation of
SHAred DAta because it is used for sharing data between Neovim sessions.
This is introduced in section |21.3| of the user manual.
The ShaDa file is used to store:
- The command line history.
- The search string history.
- The input-line history.
- Contents of non-empty registers.
- Marks for several files.
- File marks, pointing to locations in files.
- Last search/substitute pattern (for 'n' and '&').
- The buffer list.
- Global variables.
You could also use a Session file. The difference is that the ShaDa file
does not depend on what you are working on. There normally is only one
ShaDa file. Session files are used to save the state of a specific editing
Session. You could have several Session files, one for each project you are
working on. ShaDa and Session files together can be used to effectively
enter Vim and directly start working in your desired setup. |session-file|
*shada-read*
When Vim is started and the 'shada' option is non-empty, the contents of
the ShaDa file are read and the info can be used in the appropriate places.
The |v:oldfiles| variable is filled. The marks are not read in at startup
(but file marks are). See |initialization| for how to set the 'shada'
option upon startup.
*shada-write*
When Vim exits and 'shada' is non-empty, the info is stored in the ShaDa file
(it's actually merged with the existing one, if one exists |shada-merging|).
The 'shada' option is a string containing information about what info should
be stored, and contains limits on how much should be stored (see 'shada').
Notes for Unix:
- The file protection for the ShaDa file will be set to prevent other users
from being able to read it, because it may contain any text or commands that
you have worked with.
- If you want to share the ShaDa file with other users (e.g. when you "su"
to another user), you can make the file writable for the group or everybody.
Vim will preserve this when writing new ShaDa files. Be careful, don't
allow just anybody to read and write your ShaDa file!
- Vim will not overwrite a ShaDa file that is not writable by the current
"real" user. This helps for when you did "su" to become root, but your
$HOME is still set to a normal user's home directory. Otherwise Vim would
create a ShaDa file owned by root that nobody else can read.
- The ShaDa file cannot be a symbolic link. This is to avoid security
issues.
Marks are stored for each file separately. When a file is read and 'shada'
is non-empty, the marks for that file are read from the ShaDa file. NOTE:
The marks are only written when exiting Vim, which is fine because marks are
remembered for all the files you have opened in the current editing session,
unless ":bdel" is used. If you want to save the marks for a file that you are
about to abandon with ":bdel", use ":wsh". The '[' and ']' marks are not
stored, but the '"' mark is. The '"' mark is very useful for jumping to the
cursor position when the file was last exited. No marks are saved for files
that start with any string given with the "r" flag in 'shada'. This can be
used to avoid saving marks for files on removable media (for Windows you would
use "ra:,rb:".
The |v:oldfiles| variable is filled with the file names that the ShaDa file
has marks for.
*shada-file-marks*
Uppercase marks ('A to 'Z) are stored when writing the ShaDa file. The
numbered marks ('0 to '9) are a bit special. When the ShaDa file is written
(when exiting or with the |:wshada| command), '0 is set to the current cursor
position and file. The old '0 is moved to '1, '1 to '2, etc. This
resembles what happens with the "1 to "9 delete registers. If the current
cursor position is already present in '0 to '9, it is moved to '0, to avoid
having the same position twice. The result is that with "'0", you can jump