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trie.go
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trie.go
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package trie
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"sync"
"github.com/onflow/flow-go/ledger"
"github.com/onflow/flow-go/ledger/common/bitutils"
"github.com/onflow/flow-go/ledger/complete/mtrie/node"
)
// MTrie represents a perfect in-memory full binary Merkle tree with uniform height.
// For a detailed description of the storage model, please consult `mtrie/README.md`
//
// A MTrie is a thin wrapper around a the trie's root Node. An MTrie implements the
// logic for forming MTrie-graphs from the elementary nodes. Specifically:
// * how Nodes (graph vertices) form a Trie,
// * how register values are read from the trie,
// * how Merkle proofs are generated from a trie, and
// * how a new Trie with updated values is generated.
//
// `MTrie`s are _immutable_ data structures. Updating register values is implemented through
// copy-on-write, which creates a new `MTrie`. For minimal memory consumption, all sub-tries
// that where not affected by the write operation are shared between the original MTrie
// (before the register updates) and the updated MTrie (after the register writes).
//
// DEFINITIONS and CONVENTIONS:
// * HEIGHT of a node v in a tree is the number of edges on the longest downward path
// between v and a tree leaf. The height of a tree is the height of its root.
// The height of a Trie is always the height of the fully-expanded tree.
type MTrie struct {
root *node.Node
}
// NewEmptyMTrie returns an empty Mtrie (root is nil)
func NewEmptyMTrie() *MTrie {
return &MTrie{root: nil}
}
// IsEmpty checks if a trie is empty.
//
// An empty try doesn't mean a trie with no allocated registers.
func (mt *MTrie) IsEmpty() bool {
return mt.root == nil
}
// NewMTrie returns a Mtrie given the root
func NewMTrie(root *node.Node) (*MTrie, error) {
if root != nil && root.Height() != ledger.NodeMaxHeight {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("height of root node must be %d but is %d", ledger.NodeMaxHeight, root.Height())
}
return &MTrie{
root: root,
}, nil
}
// RootHash returns the trie's root hash.
// Concurrency safe (as Tries are immutable structures by convention)
func (mt *MTrie) RootHash() ledger.RootHash {
if mt.IsEmpty() {
// case of an empty trie
return EmptyTrieRootHash()
}
return ledger.RootHash(mt.root.Hash())
}
// AllocatedRegCount returns the number of allocated registers in the trie.
// Concurrency safe (as Tries are immutable structures by convention)
func (mt *MTrie) AllocatedRegCount() uint64 {
// check if trie is empty
if mt.IsEmpty() {
return 0
}
return mt.root.RegCount()
}
// MaxDepth returns the length of the longest branch from root to leaf.
// Concurrency safe (as Tries are immutable structures by convention)
func (mt *MTrie) MaxDepth() uint16 {
if mt.IsEmpty() {
return 0
}
return mt.root.MaxDepth()
}
// RootNode returns the Trie's root Node
// Concurrency safe (as Tries are immutable structures by convention)
func (mt *MTrie) RootNode() *node.Node {
return mt.root
}
// String returns the trie's string representation.
// Concurrency safe (as Tries are immutable structures by convention)
func (mt *MTrie) String() string {
if mt.IsEmpty() {
return fmt.Sprintf("Empty Trie with default root hash: %x\n", mt.RootHash())
}
trieStr := fmt.Sprintf("Trie root hash: %x\n", mt.RootHash())
return trieStr + mt.root.FmtStr("", "")
}
// UnsafeValueSizes returns payload value sizes for the given paths.
// UNSAFE: requires _all_ paths to have a length of mt.Height bits.
// CAUTION: while getting payload value sizes, `paths` is permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// Return:
// * `sizes` []int
// For each path, the corresponding payload value size is written into sizes. AFTER
// the size operation completes, the order of `path` and `sizes` are such that
// for `path[i]` the corresponding register value size is referenced by `sizes[i]`.
// TODO move consistency checks from Forest into Trie to obtain a safe, self-contained API
func (mt *MTrie) UnsafeValueSizes(paths []ledger.Path) []int {
sizes := make([]int, len(paths)) // pre-allocate slice for the result
valueSizes(sizes, paths, mt.root)
return sizes
}
// valueSizes returns value sizes of all the registers in `paths`` in subtree with `head` as root node.
// For each `path[i]`, the corresponding value size is written into `sizes[i]` for the same index `i`.
// CAUTION:
// * while reading the payloads, `paths` is permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// * unchecked requirement: all paths must go through the `head` node
func valueSizes(sizes []int, paths []ledger.Path, head *node.Node) {
// check for empty paths
if len(paths) == 0 {
return
}
// path not found
if head == nil {
return
}
// reached a leaf node
if head.IsLeaf() {
for i, p := range paths {
if *head.Path() == p {
payload := head.Payload()
if payload != nil {
sizes[i] = payload.Value.Size()
}
// NOTE: break isn't used here because precondition
// doesn't require paths being deduplicated.
}
}
return
}
// reached an interim node with only one path
if len(paths) == 1 {
path := paths[0][:]
// traverse nodes following the path until a leaf node or nil node is reached.
// "for" loop helps to skip partition and recursive call when there's only one path to follow.
for {
depth := ledger.NodeMaxHeight - head.Height() // distance to the tree root
bit := bitutils.ReadBit(path, depth)
if bit == 0 {
head = head.LeftChild()
} else {
head = head.RightChild()
}
if head.IsLeaf() {
break
}
}
valueSizes(sizes, paths, head)
return
}
// reached an interim node with more than one paths
// partition step to quick sort the paths:
// lpaths contains all paths that have `0` at the partitionIndex
// rpaths contains all paths that have `1` at the partitionIndex
depth := ledger.NodeMaxHeight - head.Height() // distance to the tree root
partitionIndex := SplitPaths(paths, depth)
lpaths, rpaths := paths[:partitionIndex], paths[partitionIndex:]
lsizes, rsizes := sizes[:partitionIndex], sizes[partitionIndex:]
// read values from left and right subtrees in parallel
parallelRecursionThreshold := 32 // threshold to avoid the parallelization going too deep in the recursion
if len(lpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold || len(rpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold {
valueSizes(lsizes, lpaths, head.LeftChild())
valueSizes(rsizes, rpaths, head.RightChild())
} else {
// concurrent read of left and right subtree
wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
valueSizes(lsizes, lpaths, head.LeftChild())
wg.Done()
}()
valueSizes(rsizes, rpaths, head.RightChild())
wg.Wait() // wait for all threads
}
}
// UnsafeRead reads payloads for the given paths.
// UNSAFE: requires _all_ paths to have a length of mt.Height bits.
// CAUTION: while reading the payloads, `paths` is permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// Return:
// * `payloads` []*ledger.Payload
// For each path, the corresponding payload is written into payloads. AFTER
// the read operation completes, the order of `path` and `payloads` are such that
// for `path[i]` the corresponding register value is referenced by 0`payloads[i]`.
// TODO move consistency checks from Forest into Trie to obtain a safe, self-contained API
func (mt *MTrie) UnsafeRead(paths []ledger.Path) []*ledger.Payload {
payloads := make([]*ledger.Payload, len(paths)) // pre-allocate slice for the result
read(payloads, paths, mt.root)
return payloads
}
// read reads all the registers in subtree with `head` as root node. For each
// `path[i]`, the corresponding payload is written into `payloads[i]` for the same index `i`.
// CAUTION:
// * while reading the payloads, `paths` is permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// * unchecked requirement: all paths must go through the `head` node
func read(payloads []*ledger.Payload, paths []ledger.Path, head *node.Node) {
// check for empty paths
if len(paths) == 0 {
return
}
// path not found
if head == nil {
for i := range paths {
payloads[i] = ledger.EmptyPayload()
}
return
}
// reached a leaf node
if head.IsLeaf() {
for i, p := range paths {
if *head.Path() == p {
payloads[i] = head.Payload()
} else {
payloads[i] = ledger.EmptyPayload()
}
}
return
}
// partition step to quick sort the paths:
// lpaths contains all paths that have `0` at the partitionIndex
// rpaths contains all paths that have `1` at the partitionIndex
depth := ledger.NodeMaxHeight - head.Height() // distance to the tree root
partitionIndex := SplitPaths(paths, depth)
lpaths, rpaths := paths[:partitionIndex], paths[partitionIndex:]
lpayloads, rpayloads := payloads[:partitionIndex], payloads[partitionIndex:]
// read values from left and right subtrees in parallel
parallelRecursionThreshold := 32 // threshold to avoid the parallelization going too deep in the recursion
if len(lpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold || len(rpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold {
read(lpayloads, lpaths, head.LeftChild())
read(rpayloads, rpaths, head.RightChild())
} else {
// concurrent read of left and right subtree
wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
read(lpayloads, lpaths, head.LeftChild())
wg.Done()
}()
read(rpayloads, rpaths, head.RightChild())
wg.Wait() // wait for all threads
}
}
// NewTrieWithUpdatedRegisters constructs a new trie containing all registers from the parent trie.
// The key-value pairs specify the registers whose values are supposed to hold updated values
// compared to the parent trie. Constructing the new trie is done in a COPY-ON-WRITE manner:
// * The original trie remains unchanged.
// * subtries that remain unchanged are from the parent trie instead of copied.
// UNSAFE: method requires the following conditions to be satisfied:
// * keys are NOT duplicated
// * requires _all_ paths to have a length of mt.Height bits.
// CAUTION: `updatedPaths` and `updatedPayloads` are permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// TODO: move consistency checks from MForest to here, to make API safe and self-contained
func NewTrieWithUpdatedRegisters(parentTrie *MTrie, updatedPaths []ledger.Path, updatedPayloads []ledger.Payload, prune bool) (*MTrie, error) {
parentRoot := parentTrie.root
updatedRoot := update(ledger.NodeMaxHeight, parentRoot, updatedPaths, updatedPayloads, nil, prune)
updatedTrie, err := NewMTrie(updatedRoot)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("constructing updated trie failed: %w", err)
}
return updatedTrie, nil
}
// update traverses the subtree and updates the stored registers
// CAUTION: while updating, `paths` and `payloads` are permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// UNSAFE: method requires the following conditions to be satisfied:
// * paths all share the same common prefix [0 : mt.maxHeight-1 - nodeHeight)
// (excluding the bit at index headHeight)
// * paths are NOT duplicated
func update(
nodeHeight int, parentNode *node.Node,
paths []ledger.Path, payloads []ledger.Payload, compactLeaf *node.Node,
prune bool,
) *node.Node {
// No new paths to write
if len(paths) == 0 {
// check is a compactLeaf from a higher height is still left.
if compactLeaf != nil {
// create a new node for the compact leaf path and payload. The old node shouldn't
// be recycled as it is still used by the tree copy before the update.
return node.NewLeaf(*compactLeaf.Path(), compactLeaf.Payload().DeepCopy(), nodeHeight)
}
return parentNode
}
if len(paths) == 1 && parentNode == nil && compactLeaf == nil {
return node.NewLeaf(paths[0], payloads[0].DeepCopy(), nodeHeight)
}
if parentNode != nil && parentNode.IsLeaf() { // if we're here then compactLeaf == nil
// check if the parent node path is among the updated paths
found := false
parentPath := *parentNode.Path()
for i, p := range paths {
if p == parentPath {
// the case where the recursion stops: only one path to update
if len(paths) == 1 {
if !parentNode.Payload().Equals(&payloads[i]) {
return node.NewLeaf(paths[i], payloads[i].DeepCopy(), nodeHeight)
}
// avoid creating a new node when the same payload is written
return parentNode
}
// the case where the recursion carries on: len(paths)>1
found = true
break
}
}
if !found {
// if the parent node carries a path not included in the input path, then the parent node
// represents a compact leaf that needs to be carried down the recursion.
compactLeaf = parentNode
}
}
// in the remaining code: the registers to update are strictly larger than 1:
// - either len(paths)>1
// - or len(paths) == 1 and compactLeaf!= nil
// - or len(paths) == 1 and parentNode != nil && !parentNode.IsLeaf()
// Split paths and payloads to recurse:
// lpaths contains all paths that have `0` at the partitionIndex
// rpaths contains all paths that have `1` at the partitionIndex
depth := ledger.NodeMaxHeight - nodeHeight // distance to the tree root
partitionIndex := splitByPath(paths, payloads, depth)
lpaths, rpaths := paths[:partitionIndex], paths[partitionIndex:]
lpayloads, rpayloads := payloads[:partitionIndex], payloads[partitionIndex:]
// check if there is a compact leaf that needs to get deep to height 0
var lcompactLeaf, rcompactLeaf *node.Node
if compactLeaf != nil {
// if yes, check which branch it will go to.
path := *compactLeaf.Path()
if bitutils.ReadBit(path[:], depth) == 0 {
lcompactLeaf = compactLeaf
} else {
rcompactLeaf = compactLeaf
}
}
// set the parent node children
var lchildParent, rchildParent *node.Node
if parentNode != nil {
lchildParent = parentNode.LeftChild()
rchildParent = parentNode.RightChild()
}
// recurse over each branch
var lChild, rChild *node.Node
parallelRecursionThreshold := 16
if len(lpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold || len(rpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold {
// runtime optimization: if there are _no_ updates for either left or right sub-tree, proceed single-threaded
lChild = update(nodeHeight-1, lchildParent, lpaths, lpayloads, lcompactLeaf, prune)
rChild = update(nodeHeight-1, rchildParent, rpaths, rpayloads, rcompactLeaf, prune)
} else {
// runtime optimization: process the left child is a separate thread
wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
defer wg.Done()
lChild = update(nodeHeight-1, lchildParent, lpaths, lpayloads, lcompactLeaf, prune)
}()
rChild = update(nodeHeight-1, rchildParent, rpaths, rpayloads, rcompactLeaf, prune)
wg.Wait()
}
// mitigate storage exhaustion attack: avoids creating a new node when the exact same
// payload is re-written at a register. CAUTION: we only check that the children are
// unchanged. This is only sufficient for interim nodes (for leaf nodes, the children
// might be unachged, i.e. both nil, but the payload could have changed).
if !parentNode.IsLeaf() && lChild == lchildParent && rChild == rchildParent {
return parentNode
}
// In case the parent node was a leaf, we _cannot reuse_ it, because we potentially
// updated registers in the sub-trie
if prune {
return node.NewInterimCompactifiedNode(nodeHeight, lChild, rChild)
}
return node.NewInterimNode(nodeHeight, lChild, rChild)
}
// UnsafeProofs provides proofs for the given paths.
//
// CAUTION: while updating, `paths` and `proofs` are permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// UNSAFE: requires _all_ paths to have a length of mt.Height bits.
// Paths in the input query don't have to be deduplicated, though deduplication would
// result in allocating less dynamic memory to store the proofs.
func (mt *MTrie) UnsafeProofs(paths []ledger.Path) *ledger.TrieBatchProof {
batchProofs := ledger.NewTrieBatchProofWithEmptyProofs(len(paths))
prove(mt.root, paths, batchProofs.Proofs)
return batchProofs
}
// prove traverses the subtree and stores proofs for the given register paths in
// the provided `proofs` slice
// CAUTION: while updating, `paths` and `proofs` are permuted IN-PLACE for optimized processing.
// UNSAFE: method requires the following conditions to be satisfied:
// * paths all share the same common prefix [0 : mt.maxHeight-1 - nodeHeight)
// (excluding the bit at index headHeight)
func prove(head *node.Node, paths []ledger.Path, proofs []*ledger.TrieProof) {
// check for empty paths
if len(paths) == 0 {
return
}
// we've reached the end of a trie
// and path is not found (noninclusion proof)
if head == nil {
// by default, proofs are non-inclusion proofs
return
}
// we've reached a leaf
if head.IsLeaf() {
for i, path := range paths {
// value matches (inclusion proof)
if *head.Path() == path {
proofs[i].Path = *head.Path()
proofs[i].Payload = head.Payload()
proofs[i].Inclusion = true
}
}
// by default, proofs are non-inclusion proofs
return
}
// increment steps for all the proofs
for _, p := range proofs {
p.Steps++
}
// partition step to quick sort the paths:
// lpaths contains all paths that have `0` at the partitionIndex
// rpaths contains all paths that have `1` at the partitionIndex
depth := ledger.NodeMaxHeight - head.Height() // distance to the tree root
partitionIndex := splitTrieProofsByPath(paths, proofs, depth)
lpaths, rpaths := paths[:partitionIndex], paths[partitionIndex:]
lproofs, rproofs := proofs[:partitionIndex], proofs[partitionIndex:]
parallelRecursionThreshold := 64 // threshold to avoid the parallelization going too deep in the recursion
if len(lpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold || len(rpaths) < parallelRecursionThreshold {
// runtime optimization: below the parallelRecursionThreshold, we proceed single-threaded
addSiblingTrieHashToProofs(head.RightChild(), depth, lproofs)
prove(head.LeftChild(), lpaths, lproofs)
addSiblingTrieHashToProofs(head.LeftChild(), depth, rproofs)
prove(head.RightChild(), rpaths, rproofs)
} else {
wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
addSiblingTrieHashToProofs(head.RightChild(), depth, lproofs)
prove(head.LeftChild(), lpaths, lproofs)
wg.Done()
}()
addSiblingTrieHashToProofs(head.LeftChild(), depth, rproofs)
prove(head.RightChild(), rpaths, rproofs)
wg.Wait()
}
}
// addSiblingTrieHashToProofs inspects the sibling Trie and adds its root hash
// to the proofs, if the trie contains non-empty registers (i.e. the
// siblingTrie has a non-default hash).
func addSiblingTrieHashToProofs(siblingTrie *node.Node, depth int, proofs []*ledger.TrieProof) {
if siblingTrie == nil || len(proofs) == 0 {
return
}
// This code is necessary, because we do not remove nodes from the trie
// when a register is deleted. Instead, we just set the respective leaf's
// payload to empty. While this will cause the lead's hash to become the
// default hash, the node itself remains as part of the trie.
// However, a proof has the convention that the hash of the sibling trie
// should only be included, if it is _non-default_. Therefore, we can
// neither use `siblingTrie == nil` nor `siblingTrie.RegisterCount == 0`,
// as the sibling trie might contain leaves with default value (which are
// still counted as occupied registers)
// TODO: On update, prune subtries which only contain empty registers.
// Then, a child is nil if and only if the subtrie is empty.
nodeHash := siblingTrie.Hash()
isDef := nodeHash == ledger.GetDefaultHashForHeight(siblingTrie.Height())
if !isDef { // in proofs, we only provide non-default value hashes
for _, p := range proofs {
bitutils.SetBit(p.Flags, depth)
p.Interims = append(p.Interims, nodeHash)
}
}
}
// Equals compares two tries for equality.
// Tries are equal iff they store the same data (i.e. root hash matches)
// and their number and height are identical
func (mt *MTrie) Equals(o *MTrie) bool {
if o == nil {
return false
}
return o.RootHash() == mt.RootHash()
}
// DumpAsJSON dumps the trie key value pairs to a file having each key value pair as a json row
func (mt *MTrie) DumpAsJSON(w io.Writer) error {
// Use encoder to prevent building entire trie in memory
enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
err := dumpAsJSON(mt.root, enc)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
// dumpAsJSON serializes the sub-trie with root n to json and feeds it into encoder
func dumpAsJSON(n *node.Node, encoder *json.Encoder) error {
if n.IsLeaf() {
if n != nil {
err := encoder.Encode(n.Payload())
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
if lChild := n.LeftChild(); lChild != nil {
err := dumpAsJSON(lChild, encoder)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
if rChild := n.RightChild(); rChild != nil {
err := dumpAsJSON(rChild, encoder)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
// EmptyTrieRootHash returns the rootHash of an empty Trie for the specified path size [bytes]
func EmptyTrieRootHash() ledger.RootHash {
return ledger.RootHash(ledger.GetDefaultHashForHeight(ledger.NodeMaxHeight))
}
// AllPayloads returns all payloads
func (mt *MTrie) AllPayloads() []ledger.Payload {
return mt.root.AllPayloads()
}
// IsAValidTrie verifies the content of the trie for potential issues
func (mt *MTrie) IsAValidTrie() bool {
// TODO add checks on the health of node max height ...
return mt.root.VerifyCachedHash()
}
// splitByPath permutes the input paths to be partitioned into 2 parts. The first part contains paths with a zero bit
// at the input bitIndex, the second part contains paths with a one at the bitIndex. The index of partition
// is returned. The same permutation is applied to the payloads slice.
//
// This would be the partition step of an ascending quick sort of paths (lexicographic order)
// with the pivot being the path with all zeros and 1 at bitIndex.
// The comparison of paths is only based on the bit at bitIndex, the function therefore assumes all paths have
// equal bits from 0 to bitIndex-1
//
// For instance, if `paths` contains the following 3 paths, and bitIndex is `1`:
// [[0,0,1,1], [0,1,0,1], [0,0,0,1]]
// then `splitByPath` returns 2 and updates `paths` into:
// [[0,0,1,1], [0,0,0,1], [0,1,0,1]]
func splitByPath(paths []ledger.Path, payloads []ledger.Payload, bitIndex int) int {
i := 0
for j, path := range paths {
bit := bitutils.ReadBit(path[:], bitIndex)
if bit == 0 {
paths[i], paths[j] = paths[j], paths[i]
payloads[i], payloads[j] = payloads[j], payloads[i]
i++
}
}
return i
}
// SplitPaths permutes the input paths to be partitioned into 2 parts. The first part contains paths with a zero bit
// at the input bitIndex, the second part contains paths with a one at the bitIndex. The index of partition
// is returned.
//
// This would be the partition step of an ascending quick sort of paths (lexicographic order)
// with the pivot being the path with all zeros and 1 at bitIndex.
// The comparison of paths is only based on the bit at bitIndex, the function therefore assumes all paths have
// equal bits from 0 to bitIndex-1
func SplitPaths(paths []ledger.Path, bitIndex int) int {
i := 0
for j, path := range paths {
bit := bitutils.ReadBit(path[:], bitIndex)
if bit == 0 {
paths[i], paths[j] = paths[j], paths[i]
i++
}
}
return i
}
// splitTrieProofsByPath permutes the input paths to be partitioned into 2 parts. The first part contains paths
// with a zero bit at the input bitIndex, the second part contains paths with a one at the bitIndex. The index
// of partition is returned. The same permutation is applied to the proofs slice.
//
// This would be the partition step of an ascending quick sort of paths (lexicographic order)
// with the pivot being the path with all zeros and 1 at bitIndex.
// The comparison of paths is only based on the bit at bitIndex, the function therefore assumes all paths have
// equal bits from 0 to bitIndex-1
func splitTrieProofsByPath(paths []ledger.Path, proofs []*ledger.TrieProof, bitIndex int) int {
i := 0
for j, path := range paths {
bit := bitutils.ReadBit(path[:], bitIndex)
if bit == 0 {
paths[i], paths[j] = paths[j], paths[i]
proofs[i], proofs[j] = proofs[j], proofs[i]
i++
}
}
return i
}