[sdk-metrics] Implement experimenal cardinality limit specification

[pichlermarc]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Currently, metrics will allocate one metric stream per attribute configuration, which means that a single attribute with an unbounded amount of values can cause a memory leak.

The Metrics SDK specification defines experimental cardinality limits that SDKs can implement. These limits allow us to forget stale metric streams.

Describe the solution you'd like

Implement cardinality limits.

Additional context

• Ability to remove/flush unused attributes in metric instruments #2997
• Metrics SDK: define standard circuit breakers for uncollected, infinite cardinality recordings opentelemetry-specification#1891
• Specify MeterProvider configurable cardinality limits opentelemetry-specification#2960