Fix qrcode bugs

[akretz]

This PR fixes #22892, #24011 and #24450 and adds regression tests using the images provided. I've also verified with the benchmark that this doesn't break anything there.

resolves #22892
resolves #24011
resolves #24450
Replaces #23802

Requires extra: opencv/opencv_extra#1148

Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

• I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
• To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
• The PR is proposed to the proper branch
• There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
• There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
  Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
• The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

[asmorkalov]

No regressions in QR code benchmark: opencv/opencv_benchmarks#9

[dkurt]

There is one optional comment to test data: https://github.com/opencv/opencv_extra/pull/1148/files#r1490488836. If it's possible to test regression on grayscale image, I recommend to use it.

[asmorkalov]

👍

[AleksandrPanov]

👍

[jabdoa2]

Thank you that :-)!