8214761: Bug in parallel Kahan summation implementation

src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/DoubleSummaryStatistics.java

@@ -156,7 +156,9 @@ public void combine(DoubleSummaryStatistics other) {
         count += other.count;
         simpleSum += other.simpleSum;
         sumWithCompensation(other.sum);
-        sumWithCompensation(other.sumCompensation);
+
+        //Negating this value because low-order bits are in negated form
+        sumWithCompensation(-other.sumCompensation);
         min = Math.min(min, other.min);
         max = Math.max(max, other.max);
     }
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ public final long getCount() {
      */
     public final double getSum() {
         // Better error bounds to add both terms as the final sum
-        double tmp =  sum + sumCompensation;
+        double tmp =  sum - sumCompensation;
         if (Double.isNaN(tmp) && Double.isInfinite(simpleSum))
             // If the compensated sum is spuriously NaN from
             // accumulating one or more same-signed infinite values,

src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/stream/Collectors.java

@@ -734,7 +734,8 @@ public static<T,A,R,RR> Collector<T,A,RR> collectingAndThen(Collector<T,A,R> dow
                             a[2] += val;},
                 (a, b) -> { sumWithCompensation(a, b[0]);
                             a[2] += b[2];
-                            return sumWithCompensation(a, b[1]); },
+                            //Negating this value because low-order bits are in negated form
+                            return sumWithCompensation(a, -b[1]); },
                 a -> computeFinalSum(a),
                 CH_NOID);
     }
@@ -765,8 +766,8 @@ static double[] sumWithCompensation(double[] intermediateSum, double value) {
      * correctly-signed infinity stored in the simple sum.
      */
     static double computeFinalSum(double[] summands) {
-        // Better error bounds to add both terms as the final sum
-        double tmp = summands[0] + summands[1];
+        // Final sum with better error bounds subtract second summand as it is negated
+        double tmp = summands[0] - summands[1];
         double simpleSum = summands[summands.length - 1];
         if (Double.isNaN(tmp) && Double.isInfinite(simpleSum))
             return simpleSum;
@@ -840,13 +841,19 @@ static double computeFinalSum(double[] summands) {
         /*
          * In the arrays allocated for the collect operation, index 0
          * holds the high-order bits of the running sum, index 1 holds
-         * the low-order bits of the sum computed via compensated
+         * the negated low-order bits of the sum computed via compensated
          * summation, and index 2 holds the number of values seen.
          */
         return new CollectorImpl<>(
                 () -> new double[4],
                 (a, t) -> { double val = mapper.applyAsDouble(t); sumWithCompensation(a, val); a[2]++; a[3]+= val;},
-                (a, b) -> { sumWithCompensation(a, b[0]); sumWithCompensation(a, b[1]); a[2] += b[2]; a[3] += b[3]; return a; },
+                (a, b) -> {
+                    sumWithCompensation(a, b[0]);
+                    //Negating this value because low-order bits are in negated form
+                    sumWithCompensation(a, -b[1]);
+                    a[2] += b[2]; a[3] += b[3];
+                    return a;
+                    },
                 a -> (a[2] == 0) ? 0.0d : (computeFinalSum(a) / a[2]),
                 CH_NOID);
     }

src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/stream/DoublePipeline.java

@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ public final double sum() {
         /*
          * In the arrays allocated for the collect operation, index 0
          * holds the high-order bits of the running sum, index 1 holds
-         * the low-order bits of the sum computed via compensated
+         * the negated low-order bits of the sum computed via compensated
          * summation, and index 2 holds the simple sum used to compute
          * the proper result if the stream contains infinite values of
          * the same sign.
@@ -454,7 +454,8 @@ public final double sum() {
                                },
                                (ll, rr) -> {
                                    Collectors.sumWithCompensation(ll, rr[0]);
-                                   Collectors.sumWithCompensation(ll, rr[1]);
+                                   //Negating this value because low-order bits are in negated form
+                                   Collectors.sumWithCompensation(ll, -rr[1]);
                                    ll[2] += rr[2];
                                });
 
@@ -497,7 +498,8 @@ public final OptionalDouble average() {
                                },
                                (ll, rr) -> {
                                    Collectors.sumWithCompensation(ll, rr[0]);
-                                   Collectors.sumWithCompensation(ll, rr[1]);
+                                   //Negating this value because low-order bits are in negated form
+                                   Collectors.sumWithCompensation(ll, -rr[1]);
                                    ll[2] += rr[2];
                                    ll[3] += rr[3];
                                });

test/jdk/java/util/DoubleStreamSums/CompensatedSums.java

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * @test
+ * @bug 8214761
+ * @run testng CompensatedSums
+ * @summary
+ */
+
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+import java.util.function.ObjDoubleConsumer;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.DoubleStream;
+
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import org.testng.Assert;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+public class CompensatedSums {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompensatedSums() {
+        double naive = 0;
+        double jdkSequentialStreamError = 0;
+        double goodSequentialStreamError = 0;
+        double jdkParallelStreamError = 0;
+        double goodParallelStreamError = 0;
+        double badParallelStreamError = 0;
+
+        for (int loop = 0; loop < 100; loop++) {
+            // sequence of random numbers of varying magnitudes, both positive and negative
+            double[] rand = new Random().doubles(1_000_000)
+                    .map(Math::log)
+                    .map(x -> (Double.doubleToLongBits(x) % 2 == 0) ? x : -x)
+                    .toArray();
+
+            // base case: standard Kahan summation
+            double[] sum = new double[2];
+            for (int i=0; i < rand.length; i++) {
+                sumWithCompensation(sum, rand[i]);
+            }
+
+            // All error is the squared difference of the standard Kahan Sum vs JDK Stream sum implementation
+            // Older less accurate implementations included here as the baseline.
+
+            // squared error of naive sum by reduction - should be large
+            naive += Math.pow(DoubleStream.of(rand).reduce((x, y) -> x+y).getAsDouble() - sum[0], 2);
+
+            // squared error of sequential sum - should be 0
+            jdkSequentialStreamError += Math.pow(DoubleStream.of(rand).sum() - sum[0], 2);
+
+            goodSequentialStreamError += Math.pow(computeFinalSum(DoubleStream.of(rand).collect(doubleSupplier,objDoubleConsumer,goodCollectorConsumer)) - sum[0], 2);
+
+            // squared error of parallel sum from the JDK
+            jdkParallelStreamError += Math.pow(DoubleStream.of(rand).parallel().sum() - sum[0], 2);
+
+            // squared error of parallel sum
+            goodParallelStreamError += Math.pow(computeFinalSum(DoubleStream.of(rand).parallel().collect(doubleSupplier,objDoubleConsumer,goodCollectorConsumer)) - sum[0], 2);
+
+            // the bad parallel stream
+            badParallelStreamError += Math.pow(computeFinalSum(DoubleStream.of(rand).parallel().collect(doubleSupplier,objDoubleConsumer,badCollectorConsumer)) - sum[0], 2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(goodSequentialStreamError, 0.0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(goodSequentialStreamError, jdkSequentialStreamError);
+
+        Assert.assertTrue(jdkParallelStreamError <= goodParallelStreamError);
+        Assert.assertTrue(badParallelStreamError > goodParallelStreamError);
+
+        Assert.assertTrue(naive > jdkSequentialStreamError);
+        Assert.assertTrue(naive > jdkParallelStreamError);
+
+    }
+
+    // from OpenJDK8 Collectors, unmodified
+    static double[] sumWithCompensation(double[] intermediateSum, double value) {
+        double tmp = value - intermediateSum[1];
+        double sum = intermediateSum[0];
+        double velvel = sum + tmp; // Little wolf of rounding error
+        intermediateSum[1] = (velvel - sum) - tmp;
+        intermediateSum[0] = velvel;
+        return intermediateSum;
+    }
+
+    // from OpenJDK8 Collectors, unmodified
+    static double computeFinalSum(double[] summands) {
+        double tmp = summands[0] + summands[1];
+        double simpleSum = summands[summands.length - 1];
+        if (Double.isNaN(tmp) && Double.isInfinite(simpleSum))
+            return simpleSum;
+        else
+            return tmp;
+    }
+
+    //Suppliers and consumers for Double Stream summation collection.
+    static Supplier<double[]> doubleSupplier = () -> new double[3];
+    static ObjDoubleConsumer<double[]> objDoubleConsumer = (double[] ll, double d) -> {
+                                                             sumWithCompensation(ll, d);
+                                                             ll[2] += d;
+                                                           };
+    static BiConsumer<double[], double[]> badCollectorConsumer =
+            (ll, rr) -> {
+                sumWithCompensation(ll, rr[0]);
+                sumWithCompensation(ll, rr[1]);
+                ll[2] += rr[2];
+            };
+
+    static BiConsumer<double[], double[]> goodCollectorConsumer =
+            (ll, rr) -> {
+                sumWithCompensation(ll, rr[0]);
+                sumWithCompensation(ll, -rr[1]);
+                ll[2] += rr[2];
+            };
+
+}

test/jdk/java/util/DoubleSummaryStatistics/NegativeCompensation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * @test
+ * @bug 8214761
+ * @summary When combining two DoubleSummaryStatistics, the compensation
+ *          has to be subtracted.
+ */
+
+import java.util.DoubleSummaryStatistics;
+
+public class NegativeCompensation {
+    static final double VAL = 1.000000001;
+    static final int LOG_ITER = 21;
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        DoubleSummaryStatistics stat0 = new DoubleSummaryStatistics();
+        DoubleSummaryStatistics stat1 = new DoubleSummaryStatistics();
+        DoubleSummaryStatistics stat2 = new DoubleSummaryStatistics();
+
+        stat1.accept(VAL);
+        stat1.accept(VAL);
+        stat2.accept(VAL);
+        stat2.accept(VAL);
+        stat2.accept(VAL);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < LOG_ITER; ++i) {
+            stat1.combine(stat2);
+            stat2.combine(stat1);
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("count: " + stat2.getCount());
+        for (long i = 0, iend = stat2.getCount(); i < iend; ++i) {
+            stat0.accept(VAL);
+        }
+
+        double res = 0;
+        for(long i = 0, iend = stat2.getCount(); i < iend; ++i) {
+            res += VAL;
+        }
+
+        double absErrN = Math.abs(res - stat2.getSum());
+        double absErr = Math.abs(stat0.getSum() - stat2.getSum());
+        System.out.println("serial sum: " + stat0.getSum());
+        System.out.println("combined sum: " + stat2.getSum());
+        System.out.println("abs error: " + absErr);
+        if (absErr == 0.0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Absolute error is too big: " + absErr);
+        }
+    }
+}