Add support for lowering OpenQASM 3 arithmetic/math expressions to MLIR

[taalexander]

Adds support for:

• addition (*, *=) for integers and floats
• subtraction (*, *=) for integers and floats
• multiplication (*, *=) for integers and floats
• division (*, *=) for integers and floats
• modulo (*, *=) for integers and floats
• power (**) for integers and floats
• cos() for floats
• sin() for floats
• tan() for floats
• atan() for floats
• exp() for floats
• ln() for floats
• sqrt() for floats

[github-actions]

clang-tidy made some suggestions

[SooluThomas]

LGTM