rsassa-pss not supported with openssl ts -verify #7904

brndrdck · 2018-12-14T20:41:11Z

With openssl 1.1.1 rsassa-pss is supported. During my tests I could successfully verify certificates or certificate chains where this algorithm was used.
Unfortunately the verification of a timestamp that was signed using rsassa-pss failed. After a look at the source code I noticed, that it is not supported in "openssl ts -verify". The functions as well as the error messages are missing.
Is it possible to add the corresponding code in one of the next sub releases?

d34d10cc · 2018-12-18T23:27:54Z

I am currently looking into this; seems to be a valid point.

d34d10cc · 2018-12-19T17:09:20Z

Could you clarify exactly what your issue with timestamp verification is, because I've just successfully verified a TS response signed with a rsassa-pss cert (which was in turn signed by a root rsassa-pss CA cert)?

brndrdck · 2018-12-20T17:26:46Z

Thanks for your support. I am just struggling to get some test data. Unfortunately it is not easy. Please be patient, I’ll do my very best. I’ll reply as soon as I have the files. Von: Quantomicus <notifications@github.com> Gesendet: Mittwoch, 19. Dezember 2018 18:10 An: openssl/openssl <openssl@noreply.github.com> Cc: brndrdck <bernd.rudack@witten-schnee.de>; Author <author@noreply.github.com> Betreff: Re: [openssl/openssl] rsassa-pss not supported with openssl ts -verify (#7904) Could you clarify exactly what your issue with timestamp verification is, because I've just successfully verified a TS response signed with a rsassa-pss cert (which was in turn signed by a root rsassa-pss CA cert)? — You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub <#7904 (comment)> , or mute the thread <https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ArwlxYD0AOPGop-RhazhNxiPWki_7G2bks5u6nLZgaJpZM4ZUPJ6> . <https://github.com/notifications/beacon/ArwlxZGb2O9p5Rl2l7LOMeFst6uIrkvTks5u6nLZgaJpZM4ZUPJ6.gif>

brndrdck · 2018-12-28T14:52:46Z

Hi Quantomicus, sorry for the delay. I fortunately got more information from D-Trust TSA. They sent me a bunch of test files. The attached tar archive contains 3 directories: OK: * a bunch of time stamp requests with nonce/no_nonce cert chain includes in response / cert Chain not included in response * certificate chain * root ca certificate * script verify.sh The data file and the requests (.tsq) are the same as in the directory “NOT_OK” (see below) The TSA is a test CA of the University of Graz. They use sha256 with rsa encryption. Verification of certificate chain as well as verification of the time stamps work properly. dtr_certs: Here you will find the certificates of the productive TSA of D-Trust (www.d-trust.net <http://www.d-trust.net> ). Unfortunately I cannot provide an example of the timestamp and the problem with rsassa-pss but the certificate chain verification works (verify.sh) NOT_OK: * a bunch of time stamp requests with nonce/no_nonce cert chain includes in response / cert Chain not included in response * certificate chain * root ca certificate * script verify.sh Running verify.sh you will notice 2 issues: 1. certificate chain verification does not work completely. You can verify the sub CA but not the leaf certificate. The certificates should be similar to those in dtr_certs. I tried to compare the certs manually but I didn’t’ find any hint 2. running openssl ts -verify the problem with the padding occurred. It is the same error message (just the line with PKCS1) as in the production CA.

…

--> Verifying example_no-nonce_no-chain.tsr - now with tsq Using configuration from /home/rudack/openssl-OpenSSL_1_1_1a/apps/openssl.cnf Verification: FAILED 140139889276736:error:0407008A:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:invalid padding:crypto/rsa/rsa_pk1.c:68: 140139889276736:error:04067072:rsa routines:rsa_ossl_public_decrypt:padding check failed:crypto/rsa/rsa_ossl.c:582: 140139889276736:error:21071069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_signatureVerify:signature failure:crypto/pkcs7/pk7_doit.c:1037: 140139889276736:error:2F06A06D:time stamp routines:TS_RESP_verify_signature:signature failure:crypto/ts/ts_rsp_verify.c:143: It would be great if you could find the reason for the issues. Von: Quantomicus <notifications@github.com> Gesendet: Mittwoch, 19. Dezember 2018 18:10 An: openssl/openssl <openssl@noreply.github.com> Cc: brndrdck <bernd.rudack@witten-schnee.de>; Author <author@noreply.github.com> Betreff: Re: [openssl/openssl] rsassa-pss not supported with openssl ts -verify (#7904) Could you clarify exactly what your issue with timestamp verification is, because I've just successfully verified a TS response signed with a rsassa-pss cert (which was in turn signed by a root rsassa-pss CA cert)? — You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub <#7904 (comment)> , or mute the thread <https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/ArwlxYD0AOPGop-RhazhNxiPWki_7G2bks5u6nLZgaJpZM4ZUPJ6> . <https://github.com/notifications/beacon/ArwlxZGb2O9p5Rl2l7LOMeFst6uIrkvTks5u6nLZgaJpZM4ZUPJ6.gif>

d34d10cc · 2018-12-28T17:21:55Z

Thank you for your detailed reply, I'll look into it as soon as I can. Although, as I understand from your reply, you wanted to attach an archive to it, but I found nothing attached (GitHub doesn't have file upload functionality, AFAIK, you might want to use an external file host and reply with the link).

Unless I misunderstood you and you are talking (and quoted the email you received) about the archive you were sent? It would be much easier to debug if the test files were publicly available here, though.

brndrdck · 2018-12-29T09:09:20Z

I hope that the upload worked now.
rsassa.zip

d34d10cc · 2018-12-29T15:20:49Z

It did work, thank you. I'll look into this ASAP

brndrdck · 2019-01-09T10:45:36Z

Hi Quantomicus,
do you have any ideas what is going wrong? If you need more information please let me know.

brndrdck · 2019-01-09T12:30:57Z

BTW.: Certificate (chain) can be verified on W7

cucho · 2019-01-29T15:13:22Z

I have the same issue as @brndrdck. Please find in openssl-issue-7904.zip the following files to reproduce the error:

cert.pem: The issuer signing certificate.
token-rsaencryption.der: The timestamp token with rsaEncryption.
token-rsassapss.der: The timestamp token with rsassaPss.

Both timestamp tokens are signed by the same certificate, but they timestamp different hashes.

Here is a diff of the asn1parse of both tokens (interesting part is in line 72).

The token with rsaEncryption is verified:

$ openssl ts -verify -partial_chain -in token-rsaencryption.der -token_in \
> -digest bcbfcee484a9b243bafad6b8a43e0ddc1bf091837463e7c717495395eefbc2a6 \
> -CAfile cert.pem -untrusted cert.pem
Verification: OK
Using configuration from C:/Program Files/Git/mingw64/ssl/openssl.cnf

The token with rsassaPss fails to verify:

$ openssl ts -verify -partial_chain -in token-rsassapss.der -token_in \
> -digest 00017f0b41ce9649602a0218cd02ed0b0a3d93130329451cc782b7dfda79ce71 \
> -CAfile cert.pem -untrusted cert.pem
Verification: FAILED
Using configuration from C:/Program Files/Git/mingw64/ssl/openssl.cnf 
14548:error:0407008A:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:invalid padding:../openssl-1.1.1a/crypto/rsa/rsa_pk1.c:67:
14548:error:04067072:rsa routines:rsa_ossl_public_decrypt:padding check failed:../openssl-1.1.1a/crypto/rsa/rsa_ossl.c:582:
14548:error:21071069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_signatureVerify:signature failure:../openssl-1.1.1a/crypto/pkcs7/pk7_doit.c:1037:
14548:error:2F06A06D:time stamp routines:TS_RESP_verify_signature:signature failure:../openssl-1.1.1a/crypto/ts/ts_rsp_verify.c:143:

Note: I am using OpenSSL v1.1.1a bundled with Git for Windows.

starcmed · 2019-02-15T10:38:59Z

Hello, I think the cause is the signer's certificate.

The sample data show me the following:

The public key in the signer's certificate has the type EVP_PKEY_RSA. When verifying, the key is used without further comparison. But according to the SignerInfo in the timestamp, the signature was encrypted using EVP_PKEY_RSA_PSS.

(Unfortunately, I do not know if the timestamp creator makes a mistake here or if the verification should detect this case.)

Anyway, I have developed a helper solution that in this case uses a temporary public key with the type according to SignerInfo.

For this I have developed a new function

EVP_PKEY * X509_PUBKEY_for_alg (X509_PUBKEY * pubkey, X509_ALGOR * alg)

and stored in "crypto\x509\x_pubkey.c". (It is a copy of an already existing function with slight changes for my purposes. The error processing (X509err (...)) still needs to be adjusted.)

I use the new function in "crypto\ pkcs7\pk7_doit.c" in the function "int PKCS7_signatureVerify (...)".

As you can see, I have no experience with the source and structure of the library. But I hope that the analysis is not entirely wrong and the proposed changes help someone else.

Here are both functions (openssl 1.1.1):

(crypto\x509\x_pubkey.c)

EVP_PKEY *X509_PUBKEY_for_alg(X509_PUBKEY *pubkey, X509_ALGOR *alg)
{
    EVP_PKEY *pkey = EVP_PKEY_new();

    if (pkey == NULL) {
        X509err(X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_DECODE, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!EVP_PKEY_set_type(pkey, OBJ_obj2nid(alg->algorithm))) {
        X509err(X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_DECODE, X509_R_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM);
        goto error;
    }

    if (pkey->ameth->pub_decode) {
        /*
         * Treat any failure of pub_decode as a decode error. In
         * future we could have different return codes for decode
         * errors and fatal errors such as malloc failure.
         */
        if (!pkey->ameth->pub_decode(pkey, pubkey)) {
            X509err(X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_DECODE, X509_R_PUBLIC_KEY_DECODE_ERROR);
            goto error;
        }
    } else {
        X509err(X509_F_X509_PUBKEY_DECODE, X509_R_METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED);
        goto error;
    }

    return pkey;

 error:
    EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
    return NULL;
}

(crypto\pkcs7\pk7_doit.c)

int PKCS7_signatureVerify(BIO *bio, PKCS7 *p7, PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO *si,
                          X509 *x509)
{
    ASN1_OCTET_STRING *os;
    EVP_MD_CTX *mdc_tmp, *mdc;
    int ret = 0, i;
    int md_type;
    STACK_OF(X509_ATTRIBUTE) *sk;
    BIO *btmp;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey_signer;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey;

    mdc_tmp = EVP_MD_CTX_new();
    if (mdc_tmp == NULL) {
        PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
        goto err;
    }

    if (!PKCS7_type_is_signed(p7) && !PKCS7_type_is_signedAndEnveloped(p7)) {
        PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY, PKCS7_R_WRONG_PKCS7_TYPE);
        goto err;
    }

    md_type = OBJ_obj2nid(si->digest_alg->algorithm);

    btmp = bio;
    for (;;) {
        if ((btmp == NULL) ||
            ((btmp = BIO_find_type(btmp, BIO_TYPE_MD)) == NULL)) {
            PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY,
                     PKCS7_R_UNABLE_TO_FIND_MESSAGE_DIGEST);
            goto err;
        }
        BIO_get_md_ctx(btmp, &mdc);
        if (mdc == NULL) {
            PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
            goto err;
        }
        if (EVP_MD_CTX_type(mdc) == md_type)
            break;
        /*
         * Workaround for some broken clients that put the signature OID
         * instead of the digest OID in digest_alg->algorithm
         */
        if (EVP_MD_pkey_type(EVP_MD_CTX_md(mdc)) == md_type)
            break;
        btmp = BIO_next(btmp);
    }

    /*
     * mdc is the digest ctx that we want, unless there are attributes, in
     * which case the digest is the signed attributes
     */
    if (!EVP_MD_CTX_copy_ex(mdc_tmp, mdc))
        goto err;

    sk = si->auth_attr;
    if ((sk != NULL) && (sk_X509_ATTRIBUTE_num(sk) != 0)) {
        unsigned char md_dat[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE], *abuf = NULL;
        unsigned int md_len;
        int alen;
        ASN1_OCTET_STRING *message_digest;

        if (!EVP_DigestFinal_ex(mdc_tmp, md_dat, &md_len))
            goto err;
        message_digest = PKCS7_digest_from_attributes(sk);
        if (!message_digest) {
            PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY,
                     PKCS7_R_UNABLE_TO_FIND_MESSAGE_DIGEST);
            goto err;
        }
        if ((message_digest->length != (int)md_len) ||
            (memcmp(message_digest->data, md_dat, md_len))) {
            PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY, PKCS7_R_DIGEST_FAILURE);
            ret = -1;
            goto err;
        }

        if (!EVP_VerifyInit_ex(mdc_tmp, EVP_get_digestbynid(md_type), NULL))
            goto err;

        alen = ASN1_item_i2d((ASN1_VALUE *)sk, &abuf,
                             ASN1_ITEM_rptr(PKCS7_ATTR_VERIFY));
        if (alen <= 0) {
            PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY, ERR_R_ASN1_LIB);
            ret = -1;
            goto err;
        }
        if (!EVP_VerifyUpdate(mdc_tmp, abuf, alen))
            goto err;

        OPENSSL_free(abuf);
    }

    os = si->enc_digest;
    pkey_signer = X509_get0_pubkey(x509);
    if (!pkey_signer) {
        ret = -1;
        goto err;
    }
    int pkey_type_signer = EVP_PKEY_base_id(pkey_signer);    
    int pkey_type_si = OBJ_obj2nid(si->digest_enc_alg->algorithm);
    if (pkey_type_signer == pkey_type_si) {
        pkey = pkey_signer;
    } else {      
        X509_PUBKEY * pubkey = X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(x509);
        if ( !pubkey ) {
          ret = -1;
          goto err;
        }
        pkey = X509_PUBKEY_for_alg(pubkey, si->digest_enc_alg);
        if ( !pkey ) {
          ret = -1;
          goto err;
        }
    }

    i = EVP_VerifyFinal(mdc_tmp, os->data, os->length, pkey);
    if (i <= 0) {
        PKCS7err(PKCS7_F_PKCS7_SIGNATUREVERIFY, PKCS7_R_SIGNATURE_FAILURE);
        ret = -1;
        goto err;
    }
    ret = 1;
 err:
    EVP_MD_CTX_free(mdc_tmp);
    if (pkey != pkey_signer) EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
    return ret;
}

pavel-kokolemin · 2019-02-19T11:06:51Z

I also have similar problem:

$ openssl smime -verify -in pkcs7_rsa_pss.txt -inform pem -noverify > /dev/null
Verification failure
139823960600640:error:0407008A:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:invalid padding:../crypto/rsa/rsa_pk1.c:67:
139823960600640:error:04067072:rsa routines:rsa_ossl_public_decrypt:padding check failed:../crypto/rsa/rsa_ossl.c:573:
139823960600640:error:21071069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_signatureVerify:signature failure:../crypto/pkcs7/pk7_doit.c:1037:
139823960600640:error:21075069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_verify:signature failure:../crypto/pkcs7/pk7_smime.c:353:

Version with @starcmed's fix works correctly (@starcmed, thank you!):

$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<...> <...>/apps/openssl smime -verify -in pkcs7_rsa_pss.txt -inform pem -noverify > /dev/null
Verification successful

    0:d=0  hl=4 l=2444 cons: SEQUENCE          
    4:d=1  hl=2 l=   9 prim: OBJECT            :pkcs7-signedData
   15:d=1  hl=4 l=2429 cons: cont [ 0 ]        
   19:d=2  hl=4 l=2425 cons: SEQUENCE          
   23:d=3  hl=2 l=   1 prim: INTEGER           :03
   26:d=3  hl=2 l=  13 cons: SET               
   28:d=4  hl=2 l=  11 cons: SEQUENCE          
   30:d=5  hl=2 l=   9 prim: OBJECT            :sha256
   41:d=3  hl=4 l= 272 cons: SEQUENCE          
   45:d=4  hl=2 l=   6 prim: OBJECT            :2.<skip>
   53:d=4  hl=4 l= 260 cons: cont [ 0 ]        
   57:d=5  hl=4 l= 256 prim: OCTET STRING      [HEX DUMP]:3081F<skip>
  317:d=3  hl=4 l=1609 cons: cont [ 0 ]        
  321:d=4  hl=4 l=1605 cons: SEQUENCE          
  325:d=5  hl=4 l=1017 cons: SEQUENCE          
  329:d=6  hl=2 l=   3 cons: cont [ 0 ]        
  331:d=7  hl=2 l=   1 prim: INTEGER           :02
  334:d=6  hl=2 l=   8 prim: INTEGER           :20A4E5B7FA811CFF
  344:d=6  hl=2 l=  65 cons: SEQUENCE          
  346:d=7  hl=2 l=   9 prim: OBJECT            :rsassaPss
<skip>

csware · 2019-11-20T21:07:12Z

More and more people having this issue. Could you please look into this issue?

levitte · 2019-11-20T21:18:04Z

To begin with, which openssl version are you all referring to?

csware · 2019-11-21T08:07:13Z

To begin with, which openssl version are you all referring to?

In my case:

$ openssl version
OpenSSL 1.1.1d  10 Sep 2019
$ cat /etc/debian_version
10.2

starcmed · 2019-11-21T10:12:19Z

In my case: 'openssl-1.1.1b'

I attached some test files to this message.

In this test, I use a timestamp generated by an official TSA:

openssl ts -verify -queryfile test.tsq -in test.tsr -CAfile certs.txt

As can be seen, the verification does not work:

Verification: FAILED
4228:error:0407008A:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:invalid padding:crypto\rsa\rsa_pk1.c:67:
4228:error:04067072:rsa routines:rsa_ossl_public_decrypt:padding check failed:crypto\rsa\rsa_ossl.c:588:
4228:error:21071069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_signatureVerify:signature failure:crypto\pkcs7\pk7_doit.c:1041:
4228:error:2F06A06D:time stamp routines:TS_RESP_verify_signature:signature failure:crypto\ts\ts_rsp_verify.c:143:

Tests.zip

fbett · 2021-01-25T22:01:03Z

I can confirm the issue of @starcmed in comment 557014714
using the same qualified timestamp service (dgnservice) and "OpenSSL 1.1.1d"

fbett · 2021-01-26T12:09:11Z

The problem also exists in the current master (b897b35):

00715D9E8A7F0000:error:0200008A:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:invalid padding:crypto/rsa/rsa_pk1.c:75:
00715D9E8A7F0000:error:02000072:rsa routines:rsa_ossl_public_decrypt:padding check failed:crypto/rsa/rsa_ossl.c:607:
00715D9E8A7F0000:error:1C800004:Provider routines:rsa_verify:reason(4):providers/implementations/signature/rsa.c:652:
00715D9E8A7F0000:error:10800069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_signatureVerify:signature failure:crypto/pkcs7/pk7_doit.c:1182:
00715D9E8A7F0000:error:1780006D:time stamp routines:TS_RESP_verify_signature:signature failure:crypto/ts/ts_rsp_verify.c:140:`

dirkx-gavirate-2021 · 2021-06-29T11:23:05Z

Cause is indeed RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1 called in rsa_ossl.c not containing support for PSS.

A possible/quick work around is switching to CMS_verify() which supports PSS.

TaaviE · 2024-03-19T15:43:41Z

I was just trying to validate S/MIME signatures that use RSA-PSS and I'm really surprised that OpenSSL 3.0.10 does not make it available through openssl smime -verify .

Verification failure
40A74B1EE47F0000:error:0200008A:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:invalid padding:../crypto/rsa/rsa_pk1.c:79:
40A74B1EE47F0000:error:02000072:rsa routines:rsa_ossl_public_decrypt:padding check failed:../crypto/rsa/rsa_ossl.c:697:
40A74B1EE47F0000:error:1C880004:Provider routines:rsa_verify:RSA lib:../providers/implementations/signature/rsa_sig.c:774:
40A74B1EE47F0000:error:10800069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_signatureVerify:signature failure:../crypto/pkcs7/pk7_doit.c:1137:
40A74B1EE47F0000:error:10800069:PKCS7 routines:PKCS7_verify:signature failure:../crypto/pkcs7/pk7_smime.c:363:

brndrdck closed this as completed Dec 29, 2018

brndrdck reopened this Dec 29, 2018

t8m added triaged: feature The issue/pr requests/adds a feature branch: 1.1.1 Merge to OpenSSL_1_1_1-stable branch branch: master Merge to master branch help wanted labels Jan 26, 2021

t8m removed the branch: 1.1.1 Merge to OpenSSL_1_1_1-stable branch label Jul 23, 2021

t8m added this to the Post 3.0.0 milestone Jul 23, 2021

ljaenicke mentioned this issue Jun 7, 2022

Extend CMS to support CAdES beyond Baseline-B #18491

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rsassa-pss not supported with openssl ts -verify #7904

rsassa-pss not supported with openssl ts -verify #7904

brndrdck commented Dec 14, 2018

d34d10cc commented Dec 18, 2018

d34d10cc commented Dec 19, 2018

brndrdck commented Dec 20, 2018 via email

brndrdck commented Dec 28, 2018 via email

d34d10cc commented Dec 28, 2018

brndrdck commented Dec 29, 2018

d34d10cc commented Dec 29, 2018

brndrdck commented Jan 9, 2019

brndrdck commented Jan 9, 2019

cucho commented Jan 29, 2019 •

edited

starcmed commented Feb 15, 2019 •

edited by mattcaswell

pavel-kokolemin commented Feb 19, 2019 •

edited

csware commented Nov 20, 2019

levitte commented Nov 20, 2019

csware commented Nov 21, 2019

starcmed commented Nov 21, 2019

fbett commented Jan 25, 2021

fbett commented Jan 26, 2021 •

edited

dirkx-gavirate-2021 commented Jun 29, 2021

TaaviE commented Mar 19, 2024

rsassa-pss not supported with openssl ts -verify #7904

rsassa-pss not supported with openssl ts -verify #7904

Comments

brndrdck commented Dec 14, 2018

d34d10cc commented Dec 18, 2018

d34d10cc commented Dec 19, 2018

brndrdck commented Dec 20, 2018 via email

brndrdck commented Dec 28, 2018 via email

d34d10cc commented Dec 28, 2018

brndrdck commented Dec 29, 2018

d34d10cc commented Dec 29, 2018

brndrdck commented Jan 9, 2019

brndrdck commented Jan 9, 2019

cucho commented Jan 29, 2019 • edited

starcmed commented Feb 15, 2019 • edited by mattcaswell

pavel-kokolemin commented Feb 19, 2019 • edited

csware commented Nov 20, 2019

levitte commented Nov 20, 2019

csware commented Nov 21, 2019

starcmed commented Nov 21, 2019

fbett commented Jan 25, 2021

fbett commented Jan 26, 2021 • edited

dirkx-gavirate-2021 commented Jun 29, 2021

TaaviE commented Mar 19, 2024

cucho commented Jan 29, 2019 •

edited

starcmed commented Feb 15, 2019 •

edited by mattcaswell

pavel-kokolemin commented Feb 19, 2019 •

edited

fbett commented Jan 26, 2021 •

edited