[2.4.x] Increase the reliability of debug dumps

[jrockway]

Backport #8472. This adds more timeouts to debug dumps, guarantees time within the RPC deadline to send back bytes, performs multiple erroring operations without bailing out, and lets pachctl control the timeout.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #8488 (f7110e1) into 2.4.x (5229825) will decrease coverage by 0.15%.
The diff coverage is 2.56%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##            2.4.x    #8488      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   38.94%   38.79%   -0.16%     
==========================================
  Files         425      425              
  Lines      117494   117552      +58     
==========================================
- Hits        45761    45599     -162     
- Misses      62651    62810     +159     
- Partials     9082     9143      +61     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/server/debug/server/database_dump.go	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
src/server/debug/server/util.go	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
src/server/debug/server/server.go	5.48% <1.39%> (-0.46%)	⬇️
src/server/debug/cmds/cmds.go	42.01% <33.33%> (-0.09%)	⬇️
src/internal/storage/chunk/renewer.go	54.54% <0.00%> (-27.28%)	⬇️
src/internal/miscutil/work_deduper.go	90.00% <0.00%> (-10.00%)	⬇️
src/internal/storage/fileset/prefetcher.go	73.91% <0.00%> (-5.80%)	⬇️
src/internal/require/require.go	42.53% <0.00%> (-4.88%)	⬇️
src/internal/storage/fileset/dir_inserter.go	76.19% <0.00%> (-4.77%)	⬇️
src/internal/transactionenv/txncontext/context.go	80.85% <0.00%> (-4.26%)	⬇️
... and 38 more

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