ENH: Enable indexing with nullable Boolean (#31591)

doc/source/user_guide/boolean.rst

@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ Nullable Boolean data type
 Indexing with NA values
 -----------------------
 
-pandas does not allow indexing with NA values. Attempting to do so
-will raise a ``ValueError``.
+pandas allows indexing with ``NA`` values in a boolean array, which are treated as ``False``.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.0.2
 
 .. ipython:: python
    :okexcept:
@@ -30,12 +31,11 @@ will raise a ``ValueError``.
    mask = pd.array([True, False, pd.NA], dtype="boolean")
    s[mask]
 
-The missing values will need to be explicitly filled with True or False prior
-to using the array as a mask.
+If you would prefer to keep the ``NA`` values you can manually fill them with ``fillna(True)``.
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
-   s[mask.fillna(False)]
+   s[mask.fillna(True)]
 
 .. _boolean.kleene:
 

doc/source/user_guide/indexing.rst

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ of multi-axis indexing.
       slices, **both** the start and the stop are included, when present in the
       index! See :ref:`Slicing with labels <indexing.slicing_with_labels>`
       and :ref:`Endpoints are inclusive <advanced.endpoints_are_inclusive>`.)
-    * A boolean array
+    * A boolean array (any ``NA`` values will be treated as ``False``).
     * A ``callable`` function with one argument (the calling Series or DataFrame) and
       that returns valid output for indexing (one of the above).
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ of multi-axis indexing.
     * An integer e.g. ``5``.
     * A list or array of integers ``[4, 3, 0]``.
     * A slice object with ints ``1:7``.
-    * A boolean array.
+    * A boolean array (any ``NA`` values will be treated as ``False``).
     * A ``callable`` function with one argument (the calling Series or DataFrame) and
       that returns valid output for indexing (one of the above).
 
@@ -374,6 +374,14 @@ For getting values with a boolean array:
    df1.loc['a'] > 0
    df1.loc[:, df1.loc['a'] > 0]
 
+NA values in a boolean array propogate as ``False``:
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.0.2
+
+   mask = pd.array([True, False, True, False, pd.NA, False], dtype="boolean")
+   mask
+   df1[mask]
+
 For getting a value explicitly:
 
 .. ipython:: python

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.0.2.rst

@@ -26,6 +26,33 @@ Fixed regressions
 
 .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+Indexing with Nullable Boolean Arrays
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Previously indexing with a nullable Boolean array containing ``NA`` would raise a ``ValueError``, however this is now permitted with ``NA`` being treated as ``False``. (:issue:`31503`)
+
+.. ipython:: python
+
+    s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    mask = pd.array([True, True, False, None], dtype="boolean")
+    s
+    mask
+
+*pandas 1.0.0-1.0.1*
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> s[mask]
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    ValueError: cannot mask with array containing NA / NaN values
+
+*pandas 1.0.2*
+
+.. ipython:: python
+
+    s[mask]
+
 .. _whatsnew_102.bug_fixes:
 
 Bug fixes
@@ -45,8 +72,6 @@ Bug fixes
 - Using ``pd.NA`` with :meth:`DataFrame.to_json` now correctly outputs a null value instead of an empty object (:issue:`31615`)
 - Fixed bug in parquet roundtrip with nullable unsigned integer dtypes (:issue:`31896`).
 
-
-
 **Experimental dtypes**
 
 - Fix bug in :meth:`DataFrame.convert_dtypes` for columns that were already using the ``"string"`` dtype (:issue:`31731`).

pandas/core/arrays/datetimelike.py

@@ -520,7 +520,9 @@ def __getitem__(self, key):
         if com.is_bool_indexer(key):
             # first convert to boolean, because check_array_indexer doesn't
             # allow object dtype
-            key = np.asarray(key, dtype=bool)
+            if is_object_dtype(key):
+                key = np.asarray(key, dtype=bool)
+
             key = check_array_indexer(self, key)
             if key.all():
                 key = slice(0, None, None)

pandas/core/common.py

@@ -118,24 +118,19 @@ def is_bool_indexer(key: Any) -> bool:
     check_array_indexer : Check that `key` is a valid array to index,
         and convert to an ndarray.
     """
-    na_msg = "cannot mask with array containing NA / NaN values"
     if isinstance(key, (ABCSeries, np.ndarray, ABCIndex)) or (
         is_array_like(key) and is_extension_array_dtype(key.dtype)
     ):
         if key.dtype == np.object_:
             key = np.asarray(values_from_object(key))
 
             if not lib.is_bool_array(key):
+                na_msg = "Cannot mask with non-boolean array containing NA / NaN values"
                 if isna(key).any():
                     raise ValueError(na_msg)
                 return False
             return True
         elif is_bool_dtype(key.dtype):
-            # an ndarray with bool-dtype by definition has no missing values.
-            # So we only need to check for NAs in ExtensionArrays
-            if is_extension_array_dtype(key.dtype):
-                if np.any(key.isna()):
-                    raise ValueError(na_msg)
             return True
     elif isinstance(key, list):
         try:

pandas/core/indexers.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
     is_array_like,
     is_bool_dtype,
+    is_extension_array_dtype,
     is_integer_dtype,
     is_list_like,
 )
@@ -366,14 +367,11 @@ def check_array_indexer(array: AnyArrayLike, indexer: Any) -> Any:
     ...
     IndexError: Boolean index has wrong length: 3 instead of 2.
 
-    A ValueError is raised when the mask cannot be converted to
-    a bool-dtype ndarray.
+    NA values in a boolean array are treated as False.
 
     >>> mask = pd.array([True, pd.NA])
     >>> pd.api.indexers.check_array_indexer(arr, mask)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ...
-    ValueError: Cannot mask with a boolean indexer containing NA values
+    array([ True, False])
 
     A numpy boolean mask will get passed through (if the length is correct):
 
@@ -425,10 +423,10 @@ def check_array_indexer(array: AnyArrayLike, indexer: Any) -> Any:
 
     dtype = indexer.dtype
     if is_bool_dtype(dtype):
-        try:
+        if is_extension_array_dtype(dtype):
+            indexer = indexer.to_numpy(dtype=bool, na_value=False)
+        else:
             indexer = np.asarray(indexer, dtype=bool)
-        except ValueError:
-            raise ValueError("Cannot mask with a boolean indexer containing NA values")
 
         # GH26658
         if len(indexer) != len(array):

pandas/core/indexing.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     is_iterator,
     is_list_like,
     is_numeric_dtype,
+    is_object_dtype,
     is_scalar,
     is_sequence,
 )
@@ -2189,10 +2190,12 @@ def check_bool_indexer(index: Index, key) -> np.ndarray:
                 "the indexed object do not match)."
             )
         result = result.astype(bool)._values
-    else:
-        # key might be sparse / object-dtype bool, check_array_indexer needs bool array
+    elif is_object_dtype(key):
+        # key might be object-dtype bool, check_array_indexer needs bool array
         result = np.asarray(result, dtype=bool)
         result = check_array_indexer(index, result)
+    else:
+        result = check_array_indexer(index, result)
 
     return result
 

pandas/tests/arrays/categorical/test_indexing.py

@@ -240,14 +240,17 @@ def test_mask_with_boolean(index):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("index", [True, False])
-def test_mask_with_boolean_raises(index):
+def test_mask_with_boolean_na_treated_as_false(index):
+    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/31503
     s = Series(range(3))
     idx = Categorical([True, False, None])
     if index:
         idx = CategoricalIndex(idx)
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="NA / NaN"):
-        s[idx]
+    result = s[idx]
+    expected = s[idx.fillna(False)]
+
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture

pandas/tests/extension/base/getitem.py

@@ -158,21 +158,23 @@ def test_getitem_boolean_array_mask(self, data):
         result = pd.Series(data)[mask]
         self.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
 
-    def test_getitem_boolean_array_mask_raises(self, data):
+    def test_getitem_boolean_na_treated_as_false(self, data):
+        # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/31503
         mask = pd.array(np.zeros(data.shape, dtype="bool"), dtype="boolean")
         mask[:2] = pd.NA
+        mask[2:4] = True
 
-        msg = (
-            "Cannot mask with a boolean indexer containing NA values|"
-            "cannot mask with array containing NA / NaN values"
-        )
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
-            data[mask]
+        result = data[mask]
+        expected = data[mask.fillna(False)]
+
+        self.assert_extension_array_equal(result, expected)
 
         s = pd.Series(data)
 
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            s[mask]
+        result = s[mask]
+        expected = s[mask.fillna(False)]
+
+        self.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "idx",

pandas/tests/extension/base/setitem.py

@@ -98,8 +98,9 @@ def test_setitem_iloc_scalar_multiple_homogoneous(self, data):
         [
             np.array([True, True, True, False, False]),
             pd.array([True, True, True, False, False], dtype="boolean"),
+            pd.array([True, True, True, pd.NA, pd.NA], dtype="boolean"),
         ],
-        ids=["numpy-array", "boolean-array"],
+        ids=["numpy-array", "boolean-array", "boolean-array-na"],
     )
     def test_setitem_mask(self, data, mask, box_in_series):
         arr = data[:5].copy()
@@ -124,20 +125,17 @@ def test_setitem_mask_raises(self, data, box_in_series):
         with pytest.raises(IndexError, match="wrong length"):
             data[mask] = data[0]
 
-    def test_setitem_mask_boolean_array_raises(self, data, box_in_series):
-        # missing values in mask
+    def test_setitem_mask_boolean_array_with_na(self, data, box_in_series):
         mask = pd.array(np.zeros(data.shape, dtype="bool"), dtype="boolean")
-        mask[:2] = pd.NA
+        mask[:3] = True
+        mask[3:5] = pd.NA
 
         if box_in_series:
             data = pd.Series(data)
 
-        msg = (
-            "Cannot mask with a boolean indexer containing NA values|"
-            "cannot mask with array containing NA / NaN values"
-        )
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
-            data[mask] = data[0]
+        data[mask] = data[0]
+
+        assert (data[:3] == data[0]).all()
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "idx",

pandas/tests/extension/test_numpy.py

@@ -415,10 +415,6 @@ def test_setitem_mask(self, data, mask, box_in_series):
     def test_setitem_mask_raises(self, data, box_in_series):
         super().test_setitem_mask_raises(data, box_in_series)
 
-    @skip_nested
-    def test_setitem_mask_boolean_array_raises(self, data, box_in_series):
-        super().test_setitem_mask_boolean_array_raises(data, box_in_series)
-
     @skip_nested
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "idx",

pandas/tests/indexing/test_check_indexer.py

@@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ def test_valid_input(indexer, expected):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "indexer", [[True, False, None], pd.array([True, False, None], dtype="boolean")],
 )
-def test_bool_raise_missing_values(indexer):
-    array = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+def test_boolean_na_returns_indexer(indexer):
+    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/31503
+    arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
 
-    msg = "Cannot mask with a boolean indexer containing NA values"
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
-        check_array_indexer(array, indexer)
+    result = check_array_indexer(arr, indexer)
+    expected = np.array([True, False, False], dtype=bool)
+
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(

pandas/tests/indexing/test_na_indexing.py

@@ -62,18 +62,29 @@ def test_series_mask_boolean(values, dtype, mask, box_mask, frame):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("frame", [True, False])
-def test_indexing_with_na_raises(frame):
+def test_na_treated_as_false(frame):
+    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/31503
     s = pd.Series([1, 2, 3], name="name")
 
     if frame:
         s = s.to_frame()
+
     mask = pd.array([True, False, None], dtype="boolean")
-    match = "cannot mask with array containing NA / NaN values"
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=match):
-        s[mask]
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=match):
-        s.loc[mask]
+    result = s[mask]
+    expected = s[mask.fillna(False)]
+
+    result_loc = s.loc[mask]
+    expected_loc = s.loc[mask.fillna(False)]
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=match):
-        s.iloc[mask]
+    result_iloc = s.iloc[mask]
+    expected_iloc = s.iloc[mask.fillna(False)]
+
+    if frame:
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(result_loc, expected_loc)
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(result_iloc, expected_iloc)
+    else:
+        tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+        tm.assert_series_equal(result_loc, expected_loc)
+        tm.assert_series_equal(result_iloc, expected_iloc)

pandas/tests/series/indexing/test_boolean.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def test_getitem_boolean_object(string_series):
 
     # nans raise exception
     omask[5:10] = np.nan
-    msg = "cannot mask with array containing NA / NaN values"
+    msg = "Cannot mask with non-boolean array containing NA / NaN values"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
         s[omask]
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):