Explore a list of scientific studies on water transit time distributions (TTD) in real-world systems. The list currently includes 93 applications to 59 distinct sites, from 79 papers published between 2007 and 2023. A study is included if it is based on tracer data and if it makes use of post-2006 approaches to estimate TTDs or TTD metrics.
This repository was put together for the review paper: Benettin, P., Rodriguez, N. B., Sprenger, M., Kim, M., Klaus, J., Harman, C. J., et al. (2022). Transit time estimation in catchments: Recent developments and future directions. Water Resources Research, 58, e2022WR033096. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR033096
The list can be displayed through:
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A table with all the studies (below or interactive)
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A table with all the study sites (below or interactive)
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A map of the sites (interactive)
Some additional basic analyses can be run through the R Markdown script
data_analysis.Rmd.
Please feel free to suggest additional studies that may have been left
out by mistake. You can directly send a table entry formatted as in the
tables data/table_papers.csv and data/table_sites.csv.
| study | year | site | system | tracer | TTD approach | estimated age metric |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borriero et al. (2023) | 2023 | Selke, Meisdorf | Catchment | 18O | SAS | full distribution, median age, young water fraction |
| Gou et al. (2023) | 2023 | Hemuqiao | Catchment | 18O | SAS | full distribution, young water fraction |
| Gou et al. (2023b) | 2023 | Hemuqiao | Catchment | 18O | SAS | full distribution, young water fraction |
| Wang et al. (2023) | 2023 | Neckar | Catchment | 18O, 3H | SAS | full distribution |
| Yu et al. (2023) | 2023 | Douglas County Experimental Fields, Tiles A-B-C | Catchment | Cl, NO3, 15N | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Çallı et al. (2023) | 2023 | Schneealpe karst | Catchment | 18O | SAS | Young water fraction |
| Asadollahi et al. (2022) | 2022 | EPFL campus | Soil column | 18O, 2H | multiple approaches | full distribution, mean age |
| Grandi and Bertuzzo (2022) | 2022 | Plynlimon, Upper Hafren | Catchment | Cl, DOC | SAS | full distribution |
| Grandi and Bertuzzo (2022) | 2022 | Plynlimon, Hafren | Catchment | Cl, DOC | SAS | full distribution |
| Meira Neto et al. (2022) | 2022 | miniLEO, Landscape Evolution Observatory, Biosphere 2 | Mini Hillslope | 18O, 2H, Cl | multiple approaches | full distribution |
| Kim et al. (2022) | 2022 | LEO hillslopes (East, West), Landscape Evolution Observatory, Biosphere 2 | Hillslope | 2H, Cl, Br | direct measurement | full distribution |
| Mayer-Anhalt et al. (2022) | 2022 | Quebrada Grande | Catchment | 18O, 2H | multiple approaches | marginal distribution, mean age |
| Nguyen et al. (2022) | 2022 | Selke, Silberhütte | Catchment | NO3 | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Nguyen et al. (2022) | 2022 | Selke, Meisdorf | Catchment | NO3 | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Nguyen et al. (2022) | 2022 | Selke, Hausneindorf | Catchment | NO3 | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Lapides et al. (2022) | 2022 | Dry Creek | Catchment | 2H | SAS | full distribution, median age, marginal age distribution |
| Sprenger et al. (2022) | 2022 | Can Vila | Catchment | 18O | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Riazi et al. (2022) | 2022 | Duck River | Catchment | EC | SAS | full distribution |
| Jutebring Sterte (2021) | 2021 | Krycklan | Catchment | 18O | particle tracking | mean age |
| Neill et al. (2021) | 2021 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 2H, lc-excess | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Lee Stevenson et al. (2021) | 2021 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | marginal distribution, mean age |
| Gillefalk et al. (2021) | 2021 | Steglitz Urban Ecohydrological Observatory | Catchment | 18O, 2H | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Hrachowitz et al. (2021) | 2021 | Wuestebach | Catchment | 18O | SAS | full distribution, young water fraction |
| Rodriguez et al. (2021) | 2021 | Weierbach | Catchment | 2H, 3H | SAS | full distribution, mean, median, percentiles, water fractions |
| Smith et al. (2021) | 2021 | Demnitzer Millcreek | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Yang et al. (2021) | 2021 | Schäfertal | Catchment | 18O, 2H | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Zhang et al. (2021) | 2021 | Chenqi | Catchment | 2H | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Kaandorp et al. (2021) | 2021 | Springendalse Beek | Catchment | Cl, NO3, 3H | particle tracking | full distribution, marginal, water fractions |
| Nguyen et al. (2021) | 2021 | Selke, Silberhütte | Catchment | NO3 | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Kuppel et al. (2020) | 2020 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 2H, lc-excess | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Asadollahi et al. (2020) | 2020 | EPFL campus | Soil column | FBAs | multiple approaches | full distribution, mean age |
| Rodriguez et al. (2020) | 2020 | EPFL campus | Soil column | FBAs | SAS | full distribution, marginal distribution |
| Asadollahi et al. (2020) | 2020 | Neuherberg | Soil column | 18O, 2H | multiple approaches | full distribution, mean age |
| Benettin et al. (2020) | 2020 | Kervidy-Naizin | Catchment | Cl | SAS | full distribution, young water fractions |
| Birkel et al. (2020) | 2020 | Howard River | Catchment | 2H, DOC | well/partially-mixed compartments | median age |
| Correa et al. (2020) | 2020 | San Lorencito river | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Smith et al. (2020a) | 2020 | Bruntland Burn | Soil profile | 18O, 2H, lc-excess | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Smith et al. (2020b) | 2020 | Demnitzer Millcreek | Soil profile | 18O, 2H, lc-excess | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, mean age |
| Zhang et al. (2020) | 2020 | Chenqi | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, young water fraction |
| Buzacott et al. (2020) | 2020 | Corin | Catchment | 18O, 2H | SAS | full distribution, mean |
| Knapp et al. (2019) | 2019 | Plynlimon, Upper Hafren | Catchment | 18O, 2H, Cl | Ensemble hydrograph separation | New water Fraction, marginal age distribution |
| Cain et al. (2019) | 2019 | HJ Andrews WS 10 | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, mean age |
| Douinot et al. (2019) | 2019 | Lake Stechlin | Soil profile | Cl | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Knapp et al. (2019) | 2019 | Plynlimon, Hafren | Catchment | 18O, 2H, Cl | Ensemble hydrograph separation | New water Fraction, marginal age distribution |
| Piovano et al. (2019) | 2019 | Granger Basin | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Rodriguez and Klaus (2019) | 2019 | Weierbach | Catchment | 2H | SAS | median age |
| Smith et al. (2019) | 2019 | Svartberget | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Visser et al. (2019) | 2019 | Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory, P301 | Catchment | 18O, 3H, 22Na, 35S | SAS | full distribution, marginal distribution |
| Knapp et al. (2019) | 2019 | Plynlimon, Tanllwyth | Catchment | 18O, 2H, Cl | Ensemble hydrograph separation | New water Fraction, marginal age distribution |
| Zhang et al. (2019) | 2019 | Chenqi | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | marginal distribution, mean age |
| Kuppel et al. (2018) | 2018 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 2H, lc-excess | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Rodriguez et al. (2018) | 2018 | HJ Andrews WS 10 | Catchment | 18O | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, mean, median, water fractions |
| Remondi et al. (2018) | 2018 | Plynlimon, Hafren | Catchment | Cl | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, young water fraction |
| Piovano et al. (2018) | 2018 | Plastic-1 | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | marginal distribution, mean age |
| Sprenger et al. (2018) | 2018 | Bruntland Burn | Soil profile | 2H | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, median age |
| Brinkmann et al. (2018) | 2018 | Lägeren | Soil profile | 18O, 2H | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, mean age |
| Ala-aho et al. (2017) | 2017 | Krycklan | Catchment | 18O | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, median age |
| Ala-aho et al. (2017) | 2017 | Bogus Creek | Catchment | 18O | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, median age |
| Ala-aho et al. (2017) | 2017 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 18O | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, median age |
| Benettin et al. (2017) | 2017 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 2H | SAS | full distribution, median age |
| Wilusz et al. (2017) | 2017 | Plynlimon, Hafren | Catchment | Cl | SAS | full distribution |
| Pangle et al. (2017) | 2017 | miniLEO, Landscape Evolution Observatory, Biosphere 2 | Mini Hillslope | Cl | virtual flux tracking | full distribution |
| Lutz et al. (2017) | 2017 | Alteckendorf | Catchment | S-metolachlor, acetochlor | SAS | full distribution (computed but not reported) |
| Wilusz et al. (2017) | 2017 | Plynlimon, Tanllwyth | Catchment | Cl | SAS | full distribution |
| van Huijgevoort et al. (2016) | 2016 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, median age |
| Birkel and Soulsby (2016) | 2016 | Caño Seco | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | marginal distribution, mean age |
| Kim et al. (2016) | 2016 | miniLEO, Landscape Evolution Observatory, Biosphere 2 | Mini Hillslope | Cl, 2H | multiple approaches | full distribution, median age |
| Sprenger et al. (2016) | 2016 | Attert | Soil profile | 2H | virtual flux tracking | full distribution, median age |
| Sprenger et al. (2016) | 2016 | Kaiserstuhl | Soil profile | 2H | virtual flux tracking | median age |
| Soulsby et al. (2015b) | 2015 | Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Queloz et al. (2015) | 2015 | EPFL campus | Soil column | FBAs | SAS | full distribution, mean age |
| Benettin et al. (2015a) | 2015 | Plynlimon, Upper Hafren | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, marginal distribution, mean age |
| Benettin et al. (2015b) | 2015 | Hubbard Brook | Catchment | 2H, Si, Na | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, median age |
| Birkel et al. (2015) | 2015 | Girnock Burn | Catchment | 18O | virtual flux tracking | mean age |
| Klaus et al. (2015) | 2015 | HJ Andrews WS 10 | Catchment | 18O | particle tracking | mean age, snapshots of age distribution |
| van der Velde et al. (2015) | 2015 | Gårdsjön G1 | Catchment | 18O | SAS | full distribution |
| Harman (2015) | 2015 | Plynlimon, Hafren | Catchment | Cl | SAS | full distribution |
| Hrachowitz et al. (2015) | 2015 | Kerbernez | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, marginal distribution, median age |
| Hrachowitz et al. (2015) | 2015 | Kerrien | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, marginal distribution, median age |
| Soulsby et al. (2015a) | 2015 | Burn of Bennie | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | marginal distribution, mean age |
| Sprenger et al. (2015) | 2015 | Hartheim | Soil profile | 2H | virtual flux tracking | median age |
| Sprenger et al. (2015) | 2015 | Eichstetten | Soil profile | 2H | virtual flux tracking | median age |
| van der Velde et al. (2015) | 2015 | Marshall Gulch | Catchment | 2H | SAS | full distribution |
| Benettin et al. (2013) | 2013 | Hupsel Brook | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, mean age |
| Bertuzzo et al. (2013) | 2013 | Aabach–Mönchsaltorf | Catchment | Atrazine | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution |
| Davies et al. (2013) | 2013 | Gårdsjön G1 | Catchment | 18O | particle tracking | full distribution |
| Hrachowitz et al. (2013) | 2013 | Allt Coire nan Con | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, marginal distribution |
| Hrachowitz et al. (2013) | 2013 | Loch Ard Burn 11 | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, marginal distribution |
| Hrachowitz et al. (2013) | 2013 | Allt a’Mharcaidh | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | full distribution, marginal distribution |
| McMillan et al. (2012) | 2012 | Loch Ard Burn 10 | Catchment | Cl | well/partially-mixed compartments | marginal distribution, mean age |
| van der Velde et al. (2010) | 2010 | Hupsel Brook | Catchment | Cl, NO3 | particle tracking | full distribution |
| Dunn et al. (2010) | 2010 | Baldardo Burn | Catchment | 2H | virtual flux tracking | full distribution |
| McGuire et al. (2007) | 2007 | HJ Andrews WS 10 | Hillslope | Br | well/partially-mixed compartments | snapshots of age dsitributions |
| site | system | size km2 | country | latitude | longitude | climate | studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aabach–Mönchsaltorf | Catchment | 4.6000e+01 | CH | 47.31000 | 8.720000 | Dfb | Bertuzzo et al. (2013) |
| Allt Coire nan Con | Catchment | 8.0000e+00 | UK | 56.75800 | -5.613000 | Cfb | Hrachowitz et al. (2013) |
| Allt a’Mharcaidh | Catchment | 9.6000e+00 | UK | 57.11600 | -3.848000 | Cfb | Hrachowitz et al. (2013) |
| Alteckendorf | Catchment | 4.7000e-01 | FR | 48.78800 | 7.590000 | Cfb | Lutz et al. (2017) |
| Attert | Soil profile | NA | LU | 49.77100 | 5.970000 | Cfb | Sprenger et al. (2016) |
| Baldardo Burn | Catchment | 2.0000e+00 | UK | 56.65860 | -2.822700 | Cfb | Dunn et al. (2010) |
| Bogus Creek | Catchment | 6.0000e-01 | US | 43.70000 | -116.167000 | BSk | Ala-aho et al. (2017) |
| Bruntland Burn | Catchment | 3.2000e+00 | UK | 57.04334 | -3.122680 | Cfc |
Neill et
al. (2021) Lee Stevenson et al. (2021) Kuppel et al. (2020) Kuppel et al. (2018) Ala-aho et al. (2017) Benettin et al. (2017) van Huijgevoort et al. (2016) Soulsby et al. (2015b) |
| Bruntland Burn | Soil profile | NA | UK | 57.04334 | -3.122680 | Cfc |
Smith
et
al. (2020a) Sprenger et al. (2018) |
| Burn of Bennie | Catchment | 7.9000e+00 | UK | 57.05900 | -2.467000 | Cfb | Soulsby et al. (2015a) |
| Can Vila | Catchment | 5.6000e-01 | ES | 42.19270 | 1.820350 | Cfb | Sprenger et al. (2022) |
| Caño Seco | Catchment | 3.0000e+01 | CR | 8.73700 | -82.946000 | Af | Birkel and Soulsby (2016) |
| Chenqi | Catchment | 1.2500e+00 | CN | 26.26400 | 105.772000 | Cwa |
Zhang
et
al. (2021) Zhang et al. (2020) Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Corin | Catchment | 1.4700e+02 | AU | -35.66000 | 148.840000 | Cfb | Buzacott et al. (2020) |
| Demnitzer Millcreek | Catchment | 6.6000e+01 | DE | 52.35420 | 14.192620 | Dfb | Smith et al. (2021) |
| Demnitzer Millcreek | Soil profile | NA | DE | 52.35420 | 14.192620 | Dfb | Smith et al. (2020b) |
| Douglas County Experimental Fields, Tiles A-B-C | Catchment | 1.8000e-02 | US | 39.71667 | -88.233333 | Dfa | Yu et al. (2023) |
| Dry Creek | Catchment | 3.5000e+00 | US | 39.57540 | -123.464200 | Csb | Lapides et al. (2022) |
| Duck River | Catchment | 3.6900e+02 | AU | -40.86700 | 145.117900 | Cfb | Riazi et al. (2022) |
| EPFL campus | Soil column | 1.0000e-06 | CH | 46.52139 | 6.567382 | Cfb |
Asadollahi
et
al. (2022) Asadollahi et al. (2020) Rodriguez et al. (2020) Queloz et al. (2015) |
| Eichstetten | Soil profile | NA | DE | 48.08000 | 7.700000 | Cfb | Sprenger et al. (2015) |
| Girnock Burn | Catchment | 3.0000e+01 | UK | 57.04700 | -3.115000 | Cfc | Birkel et al. (2015) |
| Granger Basin | Catchment | 7.8000e+00 | CA | 60.53300 | -135.183000 | ET | Piovano et al. (2019) |
| Gårdsjön G1 | Catchment | 6.3000e-03 | SE | 58.05300 | 12.016000 | Dfb |
van der
Velde et
al. (2015) Davies et al. (2013) |
| HJ Andrews WS 10 | Catchment | 9.6000e-01 | US | 44.21690 | -122.261000 | Csb |
Cain et
al. (2019) Rodriguez et al. (2018) Klaus et al. (2015) |
| HJ Andrews WS 10 | Hillslope | 1.7000e-03 | US | 44.21690 | -122.261000 | Csb | McGuire et al. (2007) |
| Hartheim | Soil profile | NA | DE | 47.93000 | 7.600000 | Cfb | Sprenger et al. (2015) |
| Hemuqiao | Catchment | 1.3500e+00 | CN | 30.45114 | 119.462564 | Cfa |
Gou
et
al. (2023) Gou et al. (2023b) |
| Howard River | Catchment | 1.2600e+02 | AU | -12.46250 | 131.083600 | Aw | Birkel et al. (2020) |
| Hubbard Brook | Catchment | 4.2000e-01 | US | 43.95858 | -71.720800 | Dfb | Benettin et al. (2015b) |
| Hupsel Brook | Catchment | 6.5000e+00 | NL | 52.06400 | 6.629000 | Cfb |
Benettin et
al. (2013) van der Velde et al. (2010) |
| Kaiserstuhl | Soil profile | NA | DE | 48.05200 | 7.639000 | Cfb | Sprenger et al. (2016) |
| Kerbernez | Catchment | 1.2000e-01 | FR | 47.94330 | -4.123380 | Cfb | Hrachowitz et al. (2015) |
| Kerrien | Catchment | 1.1000e-01 | FR | 47.94390 | -4.120810 | Cfb | Hrachowitz et al. (2015) |
| Kervidy-Naizin | Catchment | 5.0000e+00 | FR | 48.00620 | -2.831430 | Cfb | Benettin et al. (2020) |
| Krycklan | Catchment | 5.0000e-01 | SE | 64.23000 | 19.760000 | Dfc |
Jutebring
Sterte
(2021) Ala-aho et al. (2017) |
| LEO hillslopes (East, West), Landscape Evolution Observatory, Biosphere 2 | Hillslope | 3.3000e-04 | US | 32.57884 | -110.851150 | NA | Kim et al. (2022) |
| Lake Stechlin | Soil profile | NA | DE | 53.13333 | 13.033330 | Dfb | Douinot et al. (2019) |
| Loch Ard Burn 10 | Catchment | 9.0000e-01 | UK | 56.15641 | -4.468901 | Cfb | McMillan et al. (2012) |
| Loch Ard Burn 11 | Catchment | 1.4000e+00 | UK | 56.15655 | -4.464869 | Cfb | Hrachowitz et al. (2013) |
| Lägeren | Soil profile | NA | CH | 47.47833 | 8.364390 | Dfb | Brinkmann et al. (2018) |
| Marshall Gulch | Catchment | 1.5300e+00 | US | 32.40000 | -110.767000 | BSk | van der Velde et al. (2015) |
| Neckar | Catchment | 1.3041e+04 | DE | 49.44788 | 9.005956 | Dfb | Wang et al. (2023) |
| Neuherberg | Soil column | 1.0000e-06 | DE | 48.22200 | 11.595000 | Dfb | Asadollahi et al. (2020) |
| Plastic-1 | Catchment | 2.3000e-01 | CA | 45.18300 | -78.833000 | Dfb | Piovano et al. (2018) |
| Plynlimon, Hafren | Catchment | 3.5000e+00 | UK | 52.47500 | -3.705000 | Cfb |
Grandi
and Bertuzzo
(2022) Knapp et al. (2019) Remondi et al. (2018) Wilusz et al. (2017) Harman (2015) |
| Plynlimon, Tanllwyth | Catchment | 9.0000e-01 | UK | 52.47400 | -3.709000 | Cfb |
Knapp
et
al. (2019) Wilusz et al. (2017) |
| Plynlimon, Upper Hafren | Catchment | 1.2000e+00 | UK | 52.49050 | -3.730400 | Cfb |
Grandi
and Bertuzzo
(2022) Knapp et al. (2019) Benettin et al. (2015a) |
| Quebrada Grande | Catchment | 3.9000e+00 | CR | 10.09410 | -84.061700 | Cfb | Mayer-Anhalt et al. (2022) |
| San Lorencito river | Catchment | 3.2000e+00 | CR | 10.22000 | -84.587000 | Am | Correa et al. (2020) |
| Schneealpe karst | Catchment | 2.3000e+01 | AT | 47.70574 | 15.592736 | Dfc | Çallı et al. (2023) |
| Schäfertal | Catchment | 1.4400e+00 | DE | 51.65450 | 11.049750 | Dfb | Yang et al. (2021) |
| Selke, Hausneindorf | Catchment | 4.5700e+02 | DE | 51.84000 | 11.262000 | Dfb | Nguyen et al. (2022) |
| Selke, Meisdorf | Catchment | 1.7900e+02 | DE | 51.70000 | 11.285000 | Dfb |
Borriero
et
al. (2023) Nguyen et al. (2022) |
| Selke, Silberhütte | Catchment | 1.0000e+02 | DE | 51.62400 | 11.078000 | Dfb |
Nguyen et
al. (2022) Nguyen et al. (2021) |
| Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory, P301 | Catchment | 1.0000e+00 | US | 37.05500 | -119.205000 | Csb | Visser et al. (2019) |
| Springendalse Beek | Catchment | 4.0000e+00 | NL | 52.43361 | 6.914180 | Cfb | Kaandorp et al. (2021) |
| Steglitz Urban Ecohydrological Observatory | Catchment | 7.8000e-03 | DE | 52.45723 | 13.315827 | Dfb | Gillefalk et al. (2021) |
| Svartberget | Catchment | 4.9000e-01 | SW | 64.23333 | 19.766670 | Dfc | Smith et al. (2019) |
| Weierbach | Catchment | 4.2000e-01 | LU | 49.82800 | 5.796000 | Cfb |
Rodriguez
et
al. (2021) Rodriguez and Klaus (2019) |
| Wuestebach | Catchment | 3.9000e-01 | DE | 50.50400 | 6.334000 | Dfb | Hrachowitz et al. (2021) |
| miniLEO, Landscape Evolution Observatory, Biosphere 2 | Mini Hillslope | 1.0000e-06 | US | 32.57884 | -110.851150 | NA |
Meira
Neto et
al. (2022) Pangle et al. (2017) Kim et al. (2016) |