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overloading.xml
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overloading.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- $Revision$ -->
<sect1 xml:id="language.oop5.overloading" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
<title>Overloading</title>
<para>
Overloading in PHP provides means to dynamically
<quote>create</quote> properties and methods.
These dynamic entities are processed via magic methods
one can establish in a class for various action types.
</para>
<para>
The overloading methods are invoked when interacting with
properties or methods that have not been declared or are not
<link linkend="language.oop5.visibility">visible</link> in
the current scope. The rest of this section will use the terms
<quote>inaccessible properties</quote> and <quote>inaccessible
methods</quote> to refer to this combination of declaration
and visibility.
</para>
<para>
All overloading methods must be defined as <literal>public</literal>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
None of the arguments of these magic methods can be
<link linkend="functions.arguments.by-reference">passed by
reference</link>.
</para>
</note>
<note>
<para>
PHP's interpretation of <quote>overloading</quote> is
different than most object-oriented languages. Overloading
traditionally provides the ability to have multiple methods
with the same name but different quantities and types of
arguments.
</para>
</note>
<sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.overloading.members">
<title>Property overloading</title>
<methodsynopsis xml:id="object.set">
<modifier>public</modifier> <type>void</type><methodname>__set</methodname>
<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>name</parameter></methodparam>
<methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>value</parameter></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
<methodsynopsis xml:id="object.get">
<modifier>public</modifier> <type>mixed</type><methodname>__get</methodname>
<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>name</parameter></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
<methodsynopsis xml:id="object.isset">
<modifier>public</modifier> <type>bool</type><methodname>__isset</methodname>
<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>name</parameter></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
<methodsynopsis xml:id="object.unset">
<modifier>public</modifier> <type>void</type><methodname>__unset</methodname>
<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>name</parameter></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
<para>
<link linkend="object.set">__set()</link> is run when writing data to
inaccessible (protected or private) or non-existing properties.
</para>
<para>
<link linkend="object.get">__get()</link> is utilized for reading data from
inaccessible (protected or private) or non-existing properties.
</para>
<para>
<link linkend="object.isset">__isset()</link> is triggered by calling
<function>isset</function> or <function>empty</function>
on inaccessible (protected or private) or non-existing properties.
</para>
<para>
<link linkend="object.unset">__unset()</link> is invoked when
<function>unset</function> is used on inaccessible (protected or private)
or non-existing properties.
</para>
<para>
The <varname>$name</varname> argument is the name of the
property being interacted with. The <link linkend="object.set">__set()</link>
method's <varname>$value</varname> argument specifies the
value the <varname>$name</varname>'ed property should be set
to.
</para>
<para>
Property overloading only works in object context. These magic
methods will not be triggered in static context. Therefore
these methods should not be declared
<link linkend="language.oop5.static">static</link>.
A warning is issued if one of the magic overloading
methods is declared <literal>static</literal>.
</para>
<note>
<para>
The return value of <link linkend="object.set">__set()</link> is ignored
because of the way PHP processes the assignment operator.
Similarly, <link linkend="object.get">__get()</link> is never called when
chaining assignments together like this:
<literal><![CDATA[ $a = $obj->b = 8; ]]></literal>
</para>
</note>
<example>
<title>
Overloading properties via the <link linkend="object.get">__get()</link>,
<link linkend="object.set">__set()</link>, <link linkend="object.isset">__isset()</link>
and <link linkend="object.unset">__unset()</link> methods
</title>
<programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
class PropertyTest
{
/** Location for overloaded data. */
private $data = array();
/** Overloading not used on declared properties. */
public $declared = 1;
/** Overloading only used on this when accessed outside the class. */
private $hidden = 2;
public function __set($name, $value)
{
echo "Setting '$name' to '$value'\n";
$this->data[$name] = $value;
}
public function __get($name)
{
echo "Getting '$name'\n";
if (array_key_exists($name, $this->data)) {
return $this->data[$name];
}
$trace = debug_backtrace();
trigger_error(
'Undefined property via __get(): ' . $name .
' in ' . $trace[0]['file'] .
' on line ' . $trace[0]['line'],
E_USER_NOTICE);
return null;
}
public function __isset($name)
{
echo "Is '$name' set?\n";
return isset($this->data[$name]);
}
public function __unset($name)
{
echo "Unsetting '$name'\n";
unset($this->data[$name]);
}
/** Not a magic method, just here for example. */
public function getHidden()
{
return $this->hidden;
}
}
echo "<pre>\n";
$obj = new PropertyTest;
$obj->a = 1;
echo $obj->a . "\n\n";
var_dump(isset($obj->a));
unset($obj->a);
var_dump(isset($obj->a));
echo "\n";
echo $obj->declared . "\n\n";
echo "Let's experiment with the private property named 'hidden':\n";
echo "Privates are visible inside the class, so __get() not used...\n";
echo $obj->getHidden() . "\n";
echo "Privates not visible outside of class, so __get() is used...\n";
echo $obj->hidden . "\n";
?>
]]>
</programlisting>
&example.outputs;
<screen role="php">
<![CDATA[
Setting 'a' to '1'
Getting 'a'
1
Is 'a' set?
bool(true)
Unsetting 'a'
Is 'a' set?
bool(false)
1
Let's experiment with the private property named 'hidden':
Privates are visible inside the class, so __get() not used...
2
Privates not visible outside of class, so __get() is used...
Getting 'hidden'
Notice: Undefined property via __get(): hidden in <file> on line 70 in <file> on line 29
]]>
</screen>
</example>
</sect2>
<sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.overloading.methods">
<title>Method overloading</title>
<methodsynopsis xml:id="object.call">
<modifier>public</modifier> <type>mixed</type><methodname>__call</methodname>
<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>name</parameter></methodparam>
<methodparam><type>array</type><parameter>arguments</parameter></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
<methodsynopsis xml:id="object.callstatic">
<modifier>public static</modifier> <type>mixed</type><methodname>__callStatic</methodname>
<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>name</parameter></methodparam>
<methodparam><type>array</type><parameter>arguments</parameter></methodparam>
</methodsynopsis>
<para>
<link linkend="object.call">__call()</link> is triggered when invoking
inaccessible methods in an object context.
</para>
<para>
<link linkend="object.callstatic">__callStatic()</link> is triggered when invoking
inaccessible methods in a static context.
</para>
<para>
The <varname>$name</varname> argument is the name of the
method being called. The <varname>$arguments</varname>
argument is an enumerated array containing the parameters
passed to the <varname>$name</varname>'ed method.
</para>
<example>
<title>
Overloading methods via the <link linkend="object.call">__call()</link>
and <link linkend="object.callstatic">__callStatic()</link> methods
</title>
<programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
class MethodTest
{
public function __call($name, $arguments)
{
// Note: value of $name is case sensitive.
echo "Calling object method '$name' "
. implode(', ', $arguments). "\n";
}
public static function __callStatic($name, $arguments)
{
// Note: value of $name is case sensitive.
echo "Calling static method '$name' "
. implode(', ', $arguments). "\n";
}
}
$obj = new MethodTest;
$obj->runTest('in object context');
MethodTest::runTest('in static context');
?>
]]>
</programlisting>
&example.outputs;
<screen role="php">
<![CDATA[
Calling object method 'runTest' in object context
Calling static method 'runTest' in static context
]]>
</screen>
</example>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
Local variables:
mode: sgml
sgml-omittag:t
sgml-shorttag:t
sgml-minimize-attributes:nil
sgml-always-quote-attributes:t
sgml-indent-step:1
sgml-indent-data:t
indent-tabs-mode:nil
sgml-parent-document:nil
sgml-default-dtd-file:"~/.phpdoc/manual.ced"
sgml-exposed-tags:nil
sgml-local-catalogs:nil
sgml-local-ecat-files:nil
End:
vim600: syn=xml fen fdm=syntax fdl=2 si
vim: et tw=78 syn=sgml
vi: ts=1 sw=1
-->