fix: Error on some invalid clip inputs

[stinodego]

Ref #11385
Ref #14413

Before

import polars as pl

s = pl.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=pl.UInt32)
result = s.clip(-1, 5)
print(result)

shape: (4,)
Series: '' [u32]
[
        null
        null
        null
        null
]

After

polars.exceptions.ComputeError: conversion from `i32` to `u32` failed in column 'literal' for 1 out of 1 values: [-1]