docker: switch to debian

[calebdoxsey]

Summary

Fix the docker debug image by switching to debian instead of alpine.

Related issues

Fixes #3914

Checklist

• reference any related issues
• updated unit tests
• add appropriate tag (improvement / bug / etc)
• ready for review

[coveralls]

Coverage: 63.316%. Remained the same when pulling d759f07 on cdoxsey/fix-debug into 7a405ab on main.

[backport-actions-token]

The backport to 0-20-0 failed:

The process '/usr/bin/git' failed with exit code 1

To backport manually, run these commands in your terminal:

# Fetch latest updates from GitHub
git fetch
# Create a new working tree
git worktree add .worktrees/backport-0-20-0 0-20-0
# Navigate to the new working tree
cd .worktrees/backport-0-20-0
# Create a new branch
git switch --create backport-3938-to-0-20-0
# Cherry-pick the merged commit of this pull request and resolve the conflicts
git cherry-pick --mainline 1 424b743b11646aff26bdf08cc5182e08aecb85d5
# Push it to GitHub
git push --set-upstream origin backport-3938-to-0-20-0
# Go back to the original working tree
cd ../..
# Delete the working tree
git worktree remove .worktrees/backport-0-20-0

Then, create a pull request where the base branch is 0-20-0 and the compare/head branch is backport-3938-to-0-20-0.