connection.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * connection.c
 *		  Connection management functions for postgres_fdw
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 2012-2014, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *		  contrib/postgres_fdw/connection.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "postgres_fdw.h"

#include "access/xact.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"


/*
 * Connection cache hash table entry
 *
 * The lookup key in this hash table is the foreign server OID plus the user
 * mapping OID.  (We use just one connection per user per foreign server,
 * so that we can ensure all scans use the same snapshot during a query.)
 *
 * The "conn" pointer can be NULL if we don't currently have a live connection.
 * When we do have a connection, xact_depth tracks the current depth of
 * transactions and subtransactions open on the remote side.  We need to issue
 * commands at the same nesting depth on the remote as we're executing at
 * ourselves, so that rolling back a subtransaction will kill the right
 * queries and not the wrong ones.
 */
typedef struct ConnCacheKey
{
	Oid			serverid;		/* OID of foreign server */
	Oid			userid;			/* OID of local user whose mapping we use */
} ConnCacheKey;

typedef struct ConnCacheEntry
{
	ConnCacheKey key;			/* hash key (must be first) */
	PGconn	   *conn;			/* connection to foreign server, or NULL */
	int			xact_depth;		/* 0 = no xact open, 1 = main xact open, 2 =
								 * one level of subxact open, etc */
	bool		have_prep_stmt; /* have we prepared any stmts in this xact? */
	bool		have_error;		/* have any subxacts aborted in this xact? */
} ConnCacheEntry;

/*
 * Connection cache (initialized on first use)
 */
static HTAB *ConnectionHash = NULL;

/* for assigning cursor numbers and prepared statement numbers */
static unsigned int cursor_number = 0;
static unsigned int prep_stmt_number = 0;

/* tracks whether any work is needed in callback functions */
static bool xact_got_connection = false;

/* prototypes of private functions */
static PGconn *connect_pg_server(ForeignServer *server, UserMapping *user);
static void check_conn_params(const char **keywords, const char **values);
static void configure_remote_session(PGconn *conn);
static void do_sql_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql);
static void begin_remote_xact(ConnCacheEntry *entry);
static void pgfdw_xact_callback(XactEvent event, void *arg);
static void pgfdw_subxact_callback(SubXactEvent event,
					   SubTransactionId mySubid,
					   SubTransactionId parentSubid,
					   void *arg);


/*
 * Get a PGconn which can be used to execute queries on the remote PostgreSQL
 * server with the user's authorization.  A new connection is established
 * if we don't already have a suitable one, and a transaction is opened at
 * the right subtransaction nesting depth if we didn't do that already.
 *
 * will_prep_stmt must be true if caller intends to create any prepared
 * statements.	Since those don't go away automatically at transaction end
 * (not even on error), we need this flag to cue manual cleanup.
 *
 * XXX Note that caching connections theoretically requires a mechanism to
 * detect change of FDW objects to invalidate already established connections.
 * We could manage that by watching for invalidation events on the relevant
 * syscaches.  For the moment, though, it's not clear that this would really
 * be useful and not mere pedantry.  We could not flush any active connections
 * mid-transaction anyway.
 */
PGconn *
GetConnection(ForeignServer *server, UserMapping *user,
			  bool will_prep_stmt)
{
	bool		found;
	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
	ConnCacheKey key;

	/* First time through, initialize connection cache hashtable */
	if (ConnectionHash == NULL)
	{
		HASHCTL		ctl;

		MemSet(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
		ctl.keysize = sizeof(ConnCacheKey);
		ctl.entrysize = sizeof(ConnCacheEntry);
		ctl.hash = tag_hash;
		/* allocate ConnectionHash in the cache context */
		ctl.hcxt = CacheMemoryContext;
		ConnectionHash = hash_create("postgres_fdw connections", 8,
									 &ctl,
								   HASH_ELEM | HASH_FUNCTION | HASH_CONTEXT);

		/*
		 * Register some callback functions that manage connection cleanup.
		 * This should be done just once in each backend.
		 */
		RegisterXactCallback(pgfdw_xact_callback, NULL);
		RegisterSubXactCallback(pgfdw_subxact_callback, NULL);
	}

	/* Set flag that we did GetConnection during the current transaction */
	xact_got_connection = true;

	/* Create hash key for the entry.  Assume no pad bytes in key struct */
	key.serverid = server->serverid;
	key.userid = user->userid;

	/*
	 * Find or create cached entry for requested connection.
	 */
	entry = hash_search(ConnectionHash, &key, HASH_ENTER, &found);
	if (!found)
	{
		/* initialize new hashtable entry (key is already filled in) */
		entry->conn = NULL;
		entry->xact_depth = 0;
		entry->have_prep_stmt = false;
		entry->have_error = false;
	}

	/*
	 * We don't check the health of cached connection here, because it would
	 * require some overhead.  Broken connection will be detected when the
	 * connection is actually used.
	 */

	/*
	 * If cache entry doesn't have a connection, we have to establish a new
	 * connection.	(If connect_pg_server throws an error, the cache entry
	 * will be left in a valid empty state.)
	 */
	if (entry->conn == NULL)
	{
		entry->xact_depth = 0;	/* just to be sure */
		entry->have_prep_stmt = false;
		entry->have_error = false;
		entry->conn = connect_pg_server(server, user);
		elog(DEBUG3, "new postgres_fdw connection %p for server \"%s\"",
			 entry->conn, server->servername);
	}

	/*
	 * Start a new transaction or subtransaction if needed.
	 */
	begin_remote_xact(entry);

	/* Remember if caller will prepare statements */
	entry->have_prep_stmt |= will_prep_stmt;

	return entry->conn;
}

/*
 * Connect to remote server using specified server and user mapping properties.
 */
static PGconn *
connect_pg_server(ForeignServer *server, UserMapping *user)
{
	PGconn	   *volatile conn = NULL;

	/*
	 * Use PG_TRY block to ensure closing connection on error.
	 */
	PG_TRY();
	{
		const char **keywords;
		const char **values;
		int			n;

		/*
		 * Construct connection params from generic options of ForeignServer
		 * and UserMapping.  (Some of them might not be libpq options, in
		 * which case we'll just waste a few array slots.)  Add 3 extra slots
		 * for fallback_application_name, client_encoding, end marker.
		 */
		n = list_length(server->options) + list_length(user->options) + 3;
		keywords = (const char **) palloc(n * sizeof(char *));
		values = (const char **) palloc(n * sizeof(char *));

		n = 0;
		n += ExtractConnectionOptions(server->options,
									  keywords + n, values + n);
		n += ExtractConnectionOptions(user->options,
									  keywords + n, values + n);

		/* Use "postgres_fdw" as fallback_application_name. */
		keywords[n] = "fallback_application_name";
		values[n] = "postgres_fdw";
		n++;

		/* Set client_encoding so that libpq can convert encoding properly. */
		keywords[n] = "client_encoding";
		values[n] = GetDatabaseEncodingName();
		n++;

		keywords[n] = values[n] = NULL;

		/* verify connection parameters and make connection */
		check_conn_params(keywords, values);

		conn = PQconnectdbParams(keywords, values, false);
		if (!conn || PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK)
		{
			char	   *connmessage;
			int			msglen;

			/* libpq typically appends a newline, strip that */
			connmessage = pstrdup(PQerrorMessage(conn));
			msglen = strlen(connmessage);
			if (msglen > 0 && connmessage[msglen - 1] == '\n')
				connmessage[msglen - 1] = '\0';
			ereport(ERROR,
			   (errcode(ERRCODE_SQLCLIENT_UNABLE_TO_ESTABLISH_SQLCONNECTION),
				errmsg("could not connect to server \"%s\"",
					   server->servername),
				errdetail_internal("%s", connmessage)));
		}

		/*
		 * Check that non-superuser has used password to establish connection;
		 * otherwise, he's piggybacking on the postgres server's user
		 * identity. See also dblink_security_check() in contrib/dblink.
		 */
		if (!superuser() && !PQconnectionUsedPassword(conn))
			ereport(ERROR,
				  (errcode(ERRCODE_S_R_E_PROHIBITED_SQL_STATEMENT_ATTEMPTED),
				   errmsg("password is required"),
				   errdetail("Non-superuser cannot connect if the server does not request a password."),
				   errhint("Target server's authentication method must be changed.")));

		/* Prepare new session for use */
		configure_remote_session(conn);

		pfree(keywords);
		pfree(values);
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		/* Release PGconn data structure if we managed to create one */
		if (conn)
			PQfinish(conn);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	return conn;
}

/*
 * For non-superusers, insist that the connstr specify a password.	This
 * prevents a password from being picked up from .pgpass, a service file,
 * the environment, etc.  We don't want the postgres user's passwords
 * to be accessible to non-superusers.	(See also dblink_connstr_check in
 * contrib/dblink.)
 */
static void
check_conn_params(const char **keywords, const char **values)
{
	int			i;

	/* no check required if superuser */
	if (superuser())
		return;

	/* ok if params contain a non-empty password */
	for (i = 0; keywords[i] != NULL; i++)
	{
		if (strcmp(keywords[i], "password") == 0 && values[i][0] != '\0')
			return;
	}

	ereport(ERROR,
			(errcode(ERRCODE_S_R_E_PROHIBITED_SQL_STATEMENT_ATTEMPTED),
			 errmsg("password is required"),
			 errdetail("Non-superusers must provide a password in the user mapping.")));
}

/*
 * Issue SET commands to make sure remote session is configured properly.
 *
 * We do this just once at connection, assuming nothing will change the
 * values later.  Since we'll never send volatile function calls to the
 * remote, there shouldn't be any way to break this assumption from our end.
 * It's possible to think of ways to break it at the remote end, eg making
 * a foreign table point to a view that includes a set_config call ---
 * but once you admit the possibility of a malicious view definition,
 * there are any number of ways to break things.
 */
static void
configure_remote_session(PGconn *conn)
{
	int			remoteversion = PQserverVersion(conn);

	/* Force the search path to contain only pg_catalog (see deparse.c) */
	do_sql_command(conn, "SET search_path = pg_catalog");

	/*
	 * Set remote timezone; this is basically just cosmetic, since all
	 * transmitted and returned timestamptzs should specify a zone explicitly
	 * anyway.	However it makes the regression test outputs more predictable.
	 *
	 * We don't risk setting remote zone equal to ours, since the remote
	 * server might use a different timezone database.	Instead, use UTC
	 * (quoted, because very old servers are picky about case).
	 */
	do_sql_command(conn, "SET timezone = 'UTC'");

	/*
	 * Set values needed to ensure unambiguous data output from remote.  (This
	 * logic should match what pg_dump does.  See also set_transmission_modes
	 * in postgres_fdw.c.)
	 */
	do_sql_command(conn, "SET datestyle = ISO");
	if (remoteversion >= 80400)
		do_sql_command(conn, "SET intervalstyle = postgres");
	if (remoteversion >= 90000)
		do_sql_command(conn, "SET extra_float_digits = 3");
	else
		do_sql_command(conn, "SET extra_float_digits = 2");
}

/*
 * Convenience subroutine to issue a non-data-returning SQL command to remote
 */
static void
do_sql_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql)
{
	PGresult   *res;

	res = PQexec(conn, sql);
	if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
		pgfdw_report_error(ERROR, res, true, sql);
	PQclear(res);
}

/*
 * Start remote transaction or subtransaction, if needed.
 *
 * Note that we always use at least REPEATABLE READ in the remote session.
 * This is so that, if a query initiates multiple scans of the same or
 * different foreign tables, we will get snapshot-consistent results from
 * those scans.  A disadvantage is that we can't provide sane emulation of
 * READ COMMITTED behavior --- it would be nice if we had some other way to
 * control which remote queries share a snapshot.
 */
static void
begin_remote_xact(ConnCacheEntry *entry)
{
	int			curlevel = GetCurrentTransactionNestLevel();

	/* Start main transaction if we haven't yet */
	if (entry->xact_depth <= 0)
	{
		const char *sql;

		elog(DEBUG3, "starting remote transaction on connection %p",
			 entry->conn);

		if (IsolationIsSerializable())
			sql = "START TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE";
		else
			sql = "START TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ";
		do_sql_command(entry->conn, sql);
		entry->xact_depth = 1;
	}

	/*
	 * If we're in a subtransaction, stack up savepoints to match our level.
	 * This ensures we can rollback just the desired effects when a
	 * subtransaction aborts.
	 */
	while (entry->xact_depth < curlevel)
	{
		char		sql[64];

		snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "SAVEPOINT s%d", entry->xact_depth + 1);
		do_sql_command(entry->conn, sql);
		entry->xact_depth++;
	}
}

/*
 * Release connection reference count created by calling GetConnection.
 */
void
ReleaseConnection(PGconn *conn)
{
	/*
	 * Currently, we don't actually track connection references because all
	 * cleanup is managed on a transaction or subtransaction basis instead. So
	 * there's nothing to do here.
	 */
}

/*
 * Assign a "unique" number for a cursor.
 *
 * These really only need to be unique per connection within a transaction.
 * For the moment we ignore the per-connection point and assign them across
 * all connections in the transaction, but we ask for the connection to be
 * supplied in case we want to refine that.
 *
 * Note that even if wraparound happens in a very long transaction, actual
 * collisions are highly improbable; just be sure to use %u not %d to print.
 */
unsigned int
GetCursorNumber(PGconn *conn)
{
	return ++cursor_number;
}

/*
 * Assign a "unique" number for a prepared statement.
 *
 * This works much like GetCursorNumber, except that we never reset the counter
 * within a session.  That's because we can't be 100% sure we've gotten rid
 * of all prepared statements on all connections, and it's not really worth
 * increasing the risk of prepared-statement name collisions by resetting.
 */
unsigned int
GetPrepStmtNumber(PGconn *conn)
{
	return ++prep_stmt_number;
}

/*
 * Report an error we got from the remote server.
 *
 * elevel: error level to use (typically ERROR, but might be less)
 * res: PGresult containing the error
 * clear: if true, PQclear the result (otherwise caller will handle it)
 * sql: NULL, or text of remote command we tried to execute
 *
 * Note: callers that choose not to throw ERROR for a remote error are
 * responsible for making sure that the associated ConnCacheEntry gets
 * marked with have_error = true.
 */
void
pgfdw_report_error(int elevel, PGresult *res, bool clear, const char *sql)
{
	/* If requested, PGresult must be released before leaving this function. */
	PG_TRY();
	{
		char	   *diag_sqlstate = PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE);
		char	   *message_primary = PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY);
		char	   *message_detail = PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_DETAIL);
		char	   *message_hint = PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_HINT);
		char	   *message_context = PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_CONTEXT);
		int			sqlstate;

		if (diag_sqlstate)
			sqlstate = MAKE_SQLSTATE(diag_sqlstate[0],
									 diag_sqlstate[1],
									 diag_sqlstate[2],
									 diag_sqlstate[3],
									 diag_sqlstate[4]);
		else
			sqlstate = ERRCODE_CONNECTION_FAILURE;

		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode(sqlstate),
				 message_primary ? errmsg_internal("%s", message_primary) :
				 errmsg("unknown error"),
			   message_detail ? errdetail_internal("%s", message_detail) : 0,
				 message_hint ? errhint("%s", message_hint) : 0,
				 message_context ? errcontext("%s", message_context) : 0,
				 sql ? errcontext("Remote SQL command: %s", sql) : 0));
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		if (clear)
			PQclear(res);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();
	if (clear)
		PQclear(res);
}

/*
 * pgfdw_xact_callback --- cleanup at main-transaction end.
 */
static void
pgfdw_xact_callback(XactEvent event, void *arg)
{
	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
	ConnCacheEntry *entry;

	/* Quick exit if no connections were touched in this transaction. */
	if (!xact_got_connection)
		return;

	/*
	 * Scan all connection cache entries to find open remote transactions, and
	 * close them.
	 */
	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
	{
		PGresult   *res;

		/* We only care about connections with open remote transactions */
		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth == 0)
			continue;

		elog(DEBUG3, "closing remote transaction on connection %p",
			 entry->conn);

		switch (event)
		{
			case XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT:
				/* Commit all remote transactions during pre-commit */
				do_sql_command(entry->conn, "COMMIT TRANSACTION");

				/*
				 * If there were any errors in subtransactions, and we made
				 * prepared statements, do a DEALLOCATE ALL to make sure we
				 * get rid of all prepared statements.	This is annoying and
				 * not terribly bulletproof, but it's probably not worth
				 * trying harder.
				 *
				 * DEALLOCATE ALL only exists in 8.3 and later, so this
				 * constrains how old a server postgres_fdw can communicate
				 * with.  We intentionally ignore errors in the DEALLOCATE, so
				 * that we can hobble along to some extent with older servers
				 * (leaking prepared statements as we go; but we don't really
				 * support update operations pre-8.3 anyway).
				 */
				if (entry->have_prep_stmt && entry->have_error)
				{
					res = PQexec(entry->conn, "DEALLOCATE ALL");
					PQclear(res);
				}
				entry->have_prep_stmt = false;
				entry->have_error = false;
				break;
			case XACT_EVENT_PRE_PREPARE:

				/*
				 * We disallow remote transactions that modified anything,
				 * since it's not really reasonable to hold them open until
				 * the prepared transaction is committed.  For the moment,
				 * throw error unconditionally; later we might allow read-only
				 * cases.  Note that the error will cause us to come right
				 * back here with event == XACT_EVENT_ABORT, so we'll clean up
				 * the connection state at that point.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
						 errmsg("cannot prepare a transaction that modified remote tables")));
				break;
			case XACT_EVENT_COMMIT:
			case XACT_EVENT_PREPARE:
				/* Should not get here -- pre-commit should have handled it */
				elog(ERROR, "missed cleaning up connection during pre-commit");
				break;
			case XACT_EVENT_ABORT:
				/* Assume we might have lost track of prepared statements */
				entry->have_error = true;
				/* If we're aborting, abort all remote transactions too */
				res = PQexec(entry->conn, "ABORT TRANSACTION");
				/* Note: can't throw ERROR, it would be infinite loop */
				if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
					pgfdw_report_error(WARNING, res, true,
									   "ABORT TRANSACTION");
				else
				{
					PQclear(res);
					/* As above, make sure we've cleared any prepared stmts */
					if (entry->have_prep_stmt && entry->have_error)
					{
						res = PQexec(entry->conn, "DEALLOCATE ALL");
						PQclear(res);
					}
					entry->have_prep_stmt = false;
					entry->have_error = false;
				}
				break;
		}

		/* Reset state to show we're out of a transaction */
		entry->xact_depth = 0;

		/*
		 * If the connection isn't in a good idle state, discard it to
		 * recover. Next GetConnection will open a new connection.
		 */
		if (PQstatus(entry->conn) != CONNECTION_OK ||
			PQtransactionStatus(entry->conn) != PQTRANS_IDLE)
		{
			elog(DEBUG3, "discarding connection %p", entry->conn);
			PQfinish(entry->conn);
			entry->conn = NULL;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Regardless of the event type, we can now mark ourselves as out of the
	 * transaction.  (Note: if we are here during PRE_COMMIT or PRE_PREPARE,
	 * this saves a useless scan of the hashtable during COMMIT or PREPARE.)
	 */
	xact_got_connection = false;

	/* Also reset cursor numbering for next transaction */
	cursor_number = 0;
}

/*
 * pgfdw_subxact_callback --- cleanup at subtransaction end.
 */
static void
pgfdw_subxact_callback(SubXactEvent event, SubTransactionId mySubid,
					   SubTransactionId parentSubid, void *arg)
{
	HASH_SEQ_STATUS scan;
	ConnCacheEntry *entry;
	int			curlevel;

	/* Nothing to do at subxact start, nor after commit. */
	if (!(event == SUBXACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT_SUB ||
		  event == SUBXACT_EVENT_ABORT_SUB))
		return;

	/* Quick exit if no connections were touched in this transaction. */
	if (!xact_got_connection)
		return;

	/*
	 * Scan all connection cache entries to find open remote subtransactions
	 * of the current level, and close them.
	 */
	curlevel = GetCurrentTransactionNestLevel();
	hash_seq_init(&scan, ConnectionHash);
	while ((entry = (ConnCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&scan)))
	{
		PGresult   *res;
		char		sql[100];

		/*
		 * We only care about connections with open remote subtransactions of
		 * the current level.
		 */
		if (entry->conn == NULL || entry->xact_depth < curlevel)
			continue;

		if (entry->xact_depth > curlevel)
			elog(ERROR, "missed cleaning up remote subtransaction at level %d",
				 entry->xact_depth);

		if (event == SUBXACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT_SUB)
		{
			/* Commit all remote subtransactions during pre-commit */
			snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql), "RELEASE SAVEPOINT s%d", curlevel);
			do_sql_command(entry->conn, sql);
		}
		else
		{
			/* Assume we might have lost track of prepared statements */
			entry->have_error = true;
			/* Rollback all remote subtransactions during abort */
			snprintf(sql, sizeof(sql),
					 "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s%d; RELEASE SAVEPOINT s%d",
					 curlevel, curlevel);
			res = PQexec(entry->conn, sql);
			if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
				pgfdw_report_error(WARNING, res, true, sql);
			else
				PQclear(res);
		}

		/* OK, we're outta that level of subtransaction */
		entry->xact_depth--;
	}
}