Dynamic Expresso

Dynamic Expresso is an expression interpreter for simple C# statements. Dynamic Expresso embeds its own parsing logic, and really interprets C# statements by converting it to .NET delegates that can be invoked as any standard delegate. It doesn't generate assembly but it creates dynamic expressions/delegates on the fly.

Using Dynamic Expresso developers can create scriptable applications and execute .NET code without compilation. Statements are written using a subset of C# language specifications. Global variables or parameters can be injected and used inside expressions.

Here an example of what you can do:

var interpreter = new Interpreter();
var result = interpreter.Eval("8 / 2 + 2");

or

var interpreter = new Interpreter()
                .SetVariable("service", new ServiceExample());

string expression = "x > 4 ? service.OneMethod() : service.AnotherMethod()";

Lambda parsedExpression = interpreter.Parse(expression, 
                        new Parameter("x", typeof(int)));

parsedExpression.Invoke(5);

Live demo

Dynamic Expresso live demo: http://dynamic-expresso.azurewebsites.net/

Quick start

Dynamic Expresso is available on NuGet. You can install the package using:

PM> Install-Package DynamicExpresso.Core

Source code and symbols (.pdb files) for debugging are available on Symbol Source.

Features

Expressions can be written using a subset of C# syntax (see Syntax section for more information)
Support for variables and parameters
Can generate .NET delegate from expressions
Full suite of unit tests
Good performance compared to other similar projects
Partial support for generic, params array and extension methods
Small footprint, generated expressions are managed classes, can be unloaded and can be executed in a single appdomain
Easy to use and deploy, it is all contained in a single assembly without other external dependencies
100 % managed code written in C# 4.0
Open source (MIT license)

Return value

You can parse and execute void expression (without a return value) or you can return any valid .NET type. When parsing an expression you can specify the expected expression return type. For example you can write:

var target = new Interpreter();

double result = target.Eval<double>("Math.Pow(x, y) + 5",
										new Parameter("x", typeof(double), 10),
										new Parameter("y", typeof(double), 2));

The built-in parser can also understand the return type of any given expression so you can check if the expression returns what you expect.

Variables

Variables can be used inside your expressions using the Interpreter.SetVariable method:

var target = new Interpreter()
                .SetVariable("myVar", 23);

Assert.AreEqual(23, target.Eval("myVar"));

Variables can be primitive types or custom complex types (classes, structures, delegates, arrays, collections, ...).

Custom functions can be passed with delegate variables using Interpreter.SetFunction method:

Func<double, double, double> pow = (x, y) => Math.Pow(x, y);
var target = new Interpreter()
			.SetFunction("pow", pow);

Assert.AreEqual(9.0, target.Eval("pow(3, 2)"));

Custom Expression can be passed by using Interpreter.SetExpression method.

Parameters

Parsed expressions can accept a variable number of parameters:

var interpreter = new Interpreter();

var parameters = new[] {
				new Parameter("x", 23),
				new Parameter("y", 7)
				};

Assert.AreEqual(30, interpreter.Eval("x + y", parameters));

Parameters can be primitive value types or custom complex types. You can parse an expression once and invoke it multiple times with different values:

var target = new Interpreter();

var parameters = new[] {
                new Parameter("x", typeof(int)),
                new Parameter("y", typeof(int))
                };

var myFunc = target.Parse("x + y", parameters);

Assert.AreEqual(30, myFunc.Invoke(23, 7));
Assert.AreEqual(30, myFunc.Invoke(32, -2));

Built-in types and custom types

Currently the predefined types available in any expression are:

Object object 
Boolean bool 
Char char
String string
SByte Byte byte
Int16 UInt16 Int32 int UInt32 Int64 long UInt64 
Single Double double Decimal decimal 
DateTime TimeSpan
Guid
Math Convert

You can easily reference any custom .NET type by using Interpreter.Reference method:

var target = new Interpreter()
				.Reference(typeof(Uri));

Assert.AreEqual(typeof(Uri), target.Eval("typeof(Uri)"));
Assert.AreEqual(Uri.UriSchemeHttp, target.Eval("Uri.UriSchemeHttp"));

Generate dynamic delegates

You can use the Interpreter.Parse<TDelegate> method to directly parse an expression into a .NET delegate type that can be normally invoked. In the example below I generate a Func<Customer, bool> delegate that can be used in a LINQ where expression.

class Customer
{
	public string Name { get; set; }
	public int Age { get; set; }
	public char Gender { get; set; }
}

[TestMethod]
public void Linq_Where()
{
	var customers = new List<Customer> { 
							new Customer() { Name = "David", Age = 31, Gender = 'M' },
							new Customer() { Name = "Mary", Age = 29, Gender = 'F' },
							new Customer() { Name = "Jack", Age = 2, Gender = 'M' },
							new Customer() { Name = "Marta", Age = 1, Gender = 'F' },
							new Customer() { Name = "Moses", Age = 120, Gender = 'M' },
							};

	string whereExpression = "customer.Age > 18 && customer.Gender == 'F'";

	var interpreter = new Interpreter();
	Func<Customer, bool> dynamicWhere = interpreter.Parse<Func<Customer, bool>>(whereExpression, "customer");

	Assert.AreEqual(1, customers.Where(dynamicWhere).Count());
}

This is the preferred way to parse an expression that you known at compile time what parameters can accept and what value must return.

Syntax and operators

Statements can be written using a subset of the C# syntax. Here you can find a list of the supported expressions:

Operators

Category	Operators
Primary	`x.y f(x) a[x] new typeof`
Unary	`+ - ! (T)x`
Multiplicative	`* / %`
Additive	`+ -`
Relational and type testing	`< > <= >= is as`
Equality	`== !=`
Conditional AND	`&&`
Conditional OR	`\|\|`
Conditional	`?:`

Literals

Category	Operators
Constants	`true false null`
Numeric	`f m`
String/char	`"" ''`

The following character escape sequences are supported inside string or char literals:

\' - single quote, needed for character literals
\" - double quote, needed for string literals
\\ - backslash
\0 - Unicode character 0
\a - Alert (character 7)
\b - Backspace (character 8)
\f - Form feed (character 12)
\n - New line (character 10)
\r - Carriage return (character 13)
\t - Horizontal tab (character 9)
\v - Vertical quote (character 11)

Type's members invocation

Any standard .NET method, field, property or constructor can be invoked.

var x = new MyTestService();
var target = new Interpreter().SetVariable("x", x);

Assert.AreEqual(x.HelloWorld(), target.Eval("x.HelloWorld()"));
Assert.AreEqual(x.AProperty, target.Eval("x.AProperty"));
Assert.AreEqual(x.AField, target.Eval("x.AField"));

var target = new Interpreter();
Assert.AreEqual(new DateTime(2015, 1, 24), target.Eval("new DateTime(2015, 1, 24)"));

Dynamic Expresso also supports:

Extension methods

var x = new int[] { 10, 30, 4 }; var target = new Interpreter() .Reference(typeof(System.Linq.Enumerable)) .SetVariable("x", x); Assert.AreEqual(x.Count(), target.Eval("x.Count()"));
Indexer methods (like array[0])
Generics, only partially supported (only implicit, you cannot invoke an explicit generic method)
Params array (see C# params keyword)

Limitations

Not every C# syntaxes are supported. Here some examples of NOT supported features:

Multiline expressions
for/foreach/while/do operators
Array/list/dictionary initialization
Explicit generic invocation (like method<type>(arg))
Lambda/delegate declaration (delegate and lamda are only supported as variables or parameters or as a return type of the expression)

Performance and multithreading

The Interpreter class can be used by multiple threads but without modify it. In essence only Parse and Eval methods are thread safe. Other methods (SetVariable, Reference, ...) must be called in an initialization phase. Lambda and Parameter classes are completely thread safe.

If you need to run the same expression multiple times with different parameters I suggest to parse it one time and then invoke the parsed expression multiple times.

Security

If you allow an end user to write expression you must consider some security implications.

Parsed expressions can access only the .NET types that you have referenced using the Interpreter.Reference method or types that you pass as a variable or parameter. You must pay attention of what types you expose. In any case generated delegates are executed as any other delegate and standard security .NET rules can be applied (for more info see Security in the .NET Framework).

Usage scenarios

Here are some possible usage scenarios of Dynamic Expresso:

Programmable applications

I have used Dynamic Expresso to allow an user to interact with a console like interface. See live demo: http://dynamic-expresso.azurewebsites.net/ or source code on github
Allow the user to inject customizable rules and logic without recompiling

In a tool used to collect Performance Counter data I have used Dynamic Expresso to filter and transform the output data. In this way the user can insert custom filter or transform logic. For an example see Counter Catch.
Evaluate dynamic functions or commands
LINQ dynamic query

Future roadmap

See github open issues and milestones.

Help and support

If you need help you can try one of the following:

FAQ wiki page
Post your questions on stackoverflow.com using dynamic-expresso tag
github official repository

Credits

This project is based on two old works:

"Converting String expressions to Funcs with FunctionFactory by Matthew Abbott" (http://www.fidelitydesign.net/?p=333)
DynamicQuery - Dynamic LINQ - Visual Studio 2008 sample:
- http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/bb894665.aspx
- http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/archive/2008/01/07/dynamic-linq-part-1-using-the-linq-dynamic-query-library.aspx

Other resources or similar projects

Below you can find a list of some similar projects that I have evaluated or that can be interesting to study. For one reason or another none of these projects exactly fit my needs so I decided to write my own interpreter.

Roslyn Project - Compiler as a service - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/roslyn.aspx
- When Roslyn will be available this project can probably directly use the Roslyn compiler/interpreter.
Mono.CSharp - C# Compiler Service and Runtime Evaulator - http://docs.go-mono.com/index.aspx?link=N%3AMono.CSharp
NCalc - Mathematical Expressions Evaluator for .NET - http://ncalc.codeplex.com/
C sharp Eval http://kamimucode.com/Home.aspx/C-sharp-Eval/1
- Interesting but a little complex and no more updated
CSharp Eval http://csharp-eval.com/
C# Expression Evaluator http://csharpeval.codeplex.com/
Jint - Javascript interpreter for .NET - http://jint.codeplex.com/
Jurassic - Javascript compiler for .NET - http://jurassic.codeplex.com/
Javascrpt.net - javascript V8 engine - http://javascriptdotnet.codeplex.com/
CS-Script - http://www.csscript.net/
IronJS, IronRuby, IronPython
paxScript.NET http://eco148-88394.innterhost.net/paxscriptnet/

Release notes

0.9.1

FIX: Invoke object methods on interface types (#13)
0.9.0
- Expression return type is automatically converted if needed (#9)
- Eval typed expression (#8)
- Implicit conversion support (#7)
- Nullable types support (#5)
- Extension methods support (#2)
- Allow to specify a default interpreter's configuration (#12)
- Params array support (#6)
- Enumerable extensions support (#3)
0.8.1

FIX: API hangs on bad formula (#1)
0.8.0

Small api improvements (Invoke() without parameters)
0.7.0

Support for escape sequences inside string or character literals (es. \t)
0.6.0

First official beta release

License

MIT License

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 46 Commits
.nuget		.nuget
deploy/NugetPackager		deploy/NugetPackager
docs		docs
sample/DynamicExpressoWebShell		sample/DynamicExpressoWebShell
src		src
test/DynamicExpresso.UnitTest		test/DynamicExpresso.UnitTest
.gitattributes		.gitattributes
.gitignore		.gitignore
DynamicExpresso.sln		DynamicExpresso.sln
DynamicExpressoWebShell.sln		DynamicExpressoWebShell.sln
README.md		README.md

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