Refactor global pylint checks

[marvinpfoertner]

In a Nutshell

This PR refactors the global pylint check run on in ProbNum's CI.

Detailed Description

• upgrade the pylint version to 2.16.*
• fix all pylint messages in randprocs (except in randprocs.markov)
• fix all pylint messages in utils
• fix all pylint messages in _config.py
• enable all messages in global linting pass but exclude the packages, which still need disabled messages
• force parameters, return types, yield types and exceptions to be documented in function docstrings

Related Issues

None

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #788 (8dc9a63) into main (6c69825) will increase coverage by 0.00%.
The diff coverage is 62.50%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #788   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   91.20%   91.20%           
=======================================
  Files         215      215           
  Lines        8058     8062    +4     
  Branches     1021     1021           
=======================================
+ Hits         7349     7353    +4     
  Misses        482      482           
  Partials      227      227           

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/probnum/linops/_arithmetic_fallbacks.py	86.84% <0.00%> (ø)
src/probnum/randprocs/kernels/_arithmetic.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
...probnum/randprocs/kernels/_arithmetic_fallbacks.py	82.05% <0.00%> (ø)
src/probnum/utils/argutils.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/probnum/utils/linalg/_cholesky_updates.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/probnum/randprocs/kernels/_kernel.py	93.82% <75.00%> (ø)
src/probnum/linops/_linear_operator.py	86.99% <80.00%> (ø)
src/probnum/_config.py	92.00% <100.00%> (+0.33%)	⬆️
src/probnum/conftest.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/probnum/functions/_function.py	96.61% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 6 more

[JonathanWenger]

Looks good! I'm all for simplifying the CI.