Return the underlying error if we can't locate the pulumi SDK (#16160)

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# Description

When locating the pulumi SDK fails with an error other than
MODULE_NOT_FOUND, return the underlying error instead of our default
error message asking to run `pulumi install`. This is helpful when
there's a typo in package.json and it can't be parsed.

Fixes #4973

## Checklist

- [x] I have run `make tidy` to update any new dependencies
- [x] I have run `make lint` to verify my code passes the lint check
  - [x] I have formatted my code using `gofumpt`

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- [ ] I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my
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- [ ] I have run `make changelog` and committed the
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changelog/pending/20240510--sdk-nodejs--return-the-underlying-error-if-we-cant-locate-the-pulumi-sdk.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+changes:
+- type: fix
+  scope: sdk/nodejs
+  description: Return the underlying error if we can't locate the pulumi SDK

sdk/nodejs/cmd/pulumi-language-nodejs/main.go

@@ -151,7 +151,16 @@ func main() {
 
 // locateModule resolves a node module name to a file path that can be loaded
 func locateModule(ctx context.Context, mod, programDir, nodeBin string) (string, error) {
-	args := []string{"-e", fmt.Sprintf("console.log(require.resolve('%s'));", mod)}
+	args := []string{"-e", fmt.Sprintf(`try {
+		console.log(require.resolve('%s'));
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (error.code === 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND') {
+			console.error("It looks like the Pulumi SDK has not been installed. Have you run pulumi install?")
+		} else {
+			console.error(error.message);
+		}
+		process.exit(1);
+	}`, mod)}
 
 	tracingSpan, _ := opentracing.StartSpanFromContext(ctx,
 		"locateModule",
@@ -166,6 +175,9 @@ func locateModule(ctx context.Context, mod, programDir, nodeBin string) (string,
 	cmd.Dir = programDir
 	out, err := cmd.Output()
 	if err != nil {
+		if ee, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+			return "", errors.New(string(ee.Stderr))
+		}
 		return "", err
 	}
 	return strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), nil
@@ -581,8 +593,7 @@ func (host *nodeLanguageHost) Run(ctx context.Context, req *pulumirpc.RunRequest
 
 	runPath, err = locateModule(ctx, runPath, programDirectory, nodeBin)
 	if err != nil {
-		cmdutil.ExitError(
-			"It looks like the Pulumi SDK has not been installed. Have you run pulumi install?")
+		cmdutil.ExitError(err.Error())
 	}
 
 	// Channel producing the final response we want to issue to our caller. Will get the result of