This little script will take a document filename and generate a PNG file from each of its pages.
The document can be any supported type like PDF, XPS, etc.
The script works as a command line tool which expects the filename being supplied as a parameter. The generated image files (1 per page) are stored in the directory of the script:
import sys, fitz # import the bindings
fname = sys.argv[1] # get filename from command line
doc = fitz.open(fname) # open document
for page in doc: # iterate through the pages
pix = page.get_pixmap() # render page to an image
pix.save("page-%i.png" % page.number) # store image as a PNG
The script directory will now contain PNG image files named page-0.png, page-1.png, etc. Pictures have the dimension of their pages with width and height rounded to integers, e.g. 595 x 842 pixels for an A4 portrait sized page. They will have a resolution of 96 dpi in x and y dimension and have no transparency. You can change all that -- for how to do this, read the next sections.
How to Increase :index:`Image Resolution <pair: image; resolution>`
The image of a document page is represented by a :ref:`Pixmap`, and the simplest way to create a pixmap is via method :meth:`Page.get_pixmap`.
This method has many options to influence the result. The most important among them is the :ref:`Matrix`, which lets you :index:`zoom`, rotate, distort or mirror the outcome.
:meth:`Page.get_pixmap` by default will use the :ref:`Identity` matrix, which does nothing.
In the following, we apply a :index:`zoom factor <pair: resolution;zoom>` of 2 to each dimension, which will generate an image with a four times better resolution for us (and also about 4 times the size):
zoom_x = 2.0 # horizontal zoom zoom_y = 2.0 # vertical zoom mat = fitz.Matrix(zoom_x, zoom_y) # zoom factor 2 in each dimension pix = page.get_pixmap(matrix=mat) # use 'mat' instead of the identity matrix
Since version 1.19.2 there is a more direct way to set the resolution: Parameter "dpi" (dots per inch) can be used in place of "matrix". To create a 300 dpi image of a page specify pix = page.get_pixmap(dpi=300). Apart from notation brevity, this approach has the additional advantage that the dpi value is saved with the image file -- which does not happen automatically when using the Matrix notation.
How to Create :index:`Partial Pixmaps` (Clips)
You do not always need or want the full image of a page. This is the case e.g. when you display the image in a GUI and would like to fill the respective window with a zoomed part of the page.
Let's assume your GUI window has room to display a full document page, but you now want to fill this room with the bottom right quarter of your page, thus using a four times better resolution.
To achieve this, define a rectangle equal to the area you want to appear in the GUI and call it "clip". One way of constructing rectangles in PyMuPDF is by providing two diagonally opposite corners, which is what we are doing here.
mat = fitz.Matrix(2, 2) # zoom factor 2 in each direction rect = page.rect # the page rectangle mp = (rect.tl + rect.br) / 2 # its middle point, becomes top-left of clip clip = fitz.Rect(mp, rect.br) # the area we want pix = page.get_pixmap(matrix=mat, clip=clip)
In the above we construct clip by specifying two diagonally opposite points: the middle point mp of the page rectangle, and its bottom right, rect.br.
Please also read the previous section. This time we want to compute the zoom factor for a clip, such that its image best fits a given GUI window. This means, that the image's width or height (or both) will equal the window dimension. For the following code snippet you need to provide the WIDTH and HEIGHT of your GUI's window that should receive the page's clip rectangle.
# WIDTH: width of the GUI window
# HEIGHT: height of the GUI window
# clip: a subrectangle of the document page
# compare width/height ratios of image and window
if clip.width / clip.height < WIDTH / HEIGHT:
# clip is narrower: zoom to window HEIGHT
zoom = HEIGHT / clip.height
else: # clip is broader: zoom to window WIDTH
zoom = WIDTH / clip.width
mat = fitz.Matrix(zoom, zoom)
pix = page.get_pixmap(matrix=mat, clip=clip)
For the other way round, now assume you have the zoom factor and need to compute the fitting clip.
In this case we have zoom = HEIGHT/clip.height = WIDTH/clip.width, so we must set clip.height = HEIGHT/zoom and, clip.width = WIDTH/zoom. Choose the top-left point tl of the clip on the page to compute the right pixmap:
width = WIDTH / zoom height = HEIGHT / zoom clip = fitz.Rect(tl, tl.x + width, tl.y + height) # ensure we still are inside the page clip &= page.rect mat = fitz.Matrix(zoom, zoom) pix = fitz.Pixmap(matrix=mat, clip=clip)
Normally, the pixmap of a page also shows the page's annotations. Occasionally, this may not be desirable.
To suppress the annotation images on a rendered page, just specify annots=False in :meth:`Page.get_pixmap`.
You can also render annotations separately: they have their own :meth:`Annot.get_pixmap` method. The resulting pixmap has the same dimensions as the annotation rectangle.
.. index:: triple: extract;image;non-PDF pair: convert_to_pdf;examples
In contrast to the previous sections, this section deals with extracting images contained in documents, so they can be displayed as part of one or more pages.
If you want to recreate the original image in file form or as a memory area, you have basically two options:
Convert your document to a PDF, and then use one of the PDF-only extraction methods. This snippet will convert a document to PDF:
>>> pdfbytes = doc.convert_to_pdf() # this a bytes object >>> pdf = fitz.open("pdf", pdfbytes) # open it as a PDF document >>> # now use 'pdf' like any PDF documentUse :meth:`Page.get_text` with the "dict" parameter. This works for all document types. It will extract all text and images shown on the page, formatted as a Python dictionary. Every image will occur in an image block, containing meta information and the binary image data. For details of the dictionary's structure, see :ref:`TextPage`. The method works equally well for PDF files. This creates a list of all images shown on a page:
>>> d = page.get_text("dict") >>> blocks = d["blocks"] # the list of block dictionaries >>> imgblocks = [b for b in blocks if b["type"] == 1] >>> pprint(imgblocks[0]) {'bbox': (100.0, 135.8769989013672, 300.0, 364.1230163574219), 'bpc': 8, 'colorspace': 3, 'ext': 'jpeg', 'height': 501, 'image': b'\xff\xd8\xff\xe0\x00\x10JFIF\...', # CAUTION: LARGE! 'size': 80518, 'transform': (200.0, 0.0, -0.0, 228.2460174560547, 100.0, 135.8769989013672), 'type': 1, 'width': 439, 'xres': 96, 'yres': 96}
.. index:: triple: extract;image;PDF pair: extract_image;examples
Like any other "object" in a PDF, images are identified by a cross reference number (:data:`xref`, an integer). If you know this number, you have two ways to access the image's data:
- Create a :ref:`Pixmap` of the image with instruction pix = fitz.Pixmap(doc, xref). This method is very fast (single digit micro-seconds). The pixmap's properties (width, height, ...) will reflect the ones of the image. In this case there is no way to tell which image format the embedded original has.
- Extract the image with img = doc.extract_image(xref). This is a dictionary containing the binary image data as img["image"]. A number of meta data are also provided -- mostly the same as you would find in the pixmap of the image. The major difference is string img["ext"], which specifies the image format: apart from "png", strings like "jpeg", "bmp", "tiff", etc. can also occur. Use this string as the file extension if you want to store to disk. The execution speed of this method should be compared to the combined speed of the statements pix = fitz.Pixmap(doc, xref);pix.tobytes(). If the embedded image is in PNG format, the speed of :meth:`Document.extract_image` is about the same (and the binary image data are identical). Otherwise, this method is thousands of times faster, and the image data is much smaller.
The question remains: "How do I know those 'xref' numbers of images?". There are two answers to this:
- "Inspect the page objects:" Loop through the items of :meth:`Page.get_images`. It is a list of list, and its items look like [xref, smask, ...], containing the :data:`xref` of an image. This :data:`xref` can then be used with one of the above methods. Use this method for valid (undamaged) documents. Be wary however, that the same image may be referenced multiple times (by different pages), so you might want to provide a mechanism avoiding multiple extracts.
- "No need to know:" Loop through the list of all xrefs of the document and perform a :meth:`Document.extract_image` for each one. If the returned dictionary is empty, then continue -- this :data:`xref` is no image. Use this method if the PDF is damaged (unusable pages). Note that a PDF often contains "pseudo-images" ("stencil masks") with the special purpose of defining the transparency of some other image. You may want to provide logic to exclude those from extraction. Also have a look at the next section.
For both extraction approaches, there exist ready-to-use general purpose scripts:
extract-imga.py extracts images page by page:
and extract-imgb.py extracts images by xref table:
Some images in PDFs are accompanied by image masks. In their simplest form, masks represent alpha (transparency) bytes stored as separate images. In order to reconstruct the original of an image, which has a mask, it must be "enriched" with transparency bytes taken from its mask.
Whether an image does have such a mask can be recognized in one of two ways in PyMuPDF:
- An item of :meth:`Document.get_page_images` has the general format
(xref, smask, ...), where xref is the image's :data:`xref` and smask, if positive, then it is the :data:`xref` of a mask. - The (dictionary) results of :meth:`Document.extract_image` have a key "smask", which also contains any mask's :data:`xref` if positive.
If smask == 0 then the image encountered via :data:`xref` can be processed as it is.
To recover the original image using PyMuPDF, the procedure depicted as follows must be executed:
>>> pix1 = fitz.Pixmap(doc.extract_image(xref)["image"]) # (1) pixmap of image w/o alpha
>>> mask = fitz.Pixmap(doc.extract_image(smask)["image"]) # (2) mask pixmap
>>> pix = fitz.Pixmap(pix1, mask) # (3) copy of pix1, image mask addedStep (1) creates a pixmap of the basic image. Step (2) does the same with the image mask. Step (3) adds an alpha channel and fills it with transparency information.
The scripts extract-imga.py, and extract-imgb.py above also contain this logic.
.. index:: triple: picture;embed;PDF pair: show_pdf_page;examples pair: insert_image;examples pair: embfile_add;examples pair: add_file_annot;examples
We show here three scripts that take a list of (image and other) files and put them all in one PDF.
Method 1: Inserting Images as Pages
The first one converts each image to a PDF page with the same dimensions. The result will be a PDF with one page per image. It will only work for supported image file formats:
import os, fitz
import PySimpleGUI as psg # for showing a progress bar
doc = fitz.open() # PDF with the pictures
imgdir = "D:/2012_10_05" # where the pics are
imglist = os.listdir(imgdir) # list of them
imgcount = len(imglist) # pic count
for i, f in enumerate(imglist):
img = fitz.open(os.path.join(imgdir, f)) # open pic as document
rect = img[0].rect # pic dimension
pdfbytes = img.convert_to_pdf() # make a PDF stream
img.close() # no longer needed
imgPDF = fitz.open("pdf", pdfbytes) # open stream as PDF
page = doc.new_page(width = rect.width, # new page with ...
height = rect.height) # pic dimension
page.show_pdf_page(rect, imgPDF, 0) # image fills the page
psg.EasyProgressMeter("Import Images", # show our progress
i+1, imgcount)
doc.save("all-my-pics.pdf")
This will generate a PDF only marginally larger than the combined pictures' size. Some numbers on performance:
The above script needed about 1 minute on my machine for 149 pictures with a total size of 514 MB (and about the same resulting PDF size).
Look here for a more complete source code: it offers a directory selection dialog and skips unsupported files and non-file entries.
Note
We might have used :meth:`Page.insert_image` instead of :meth:`Page.show_pdf_page`, and the result would have been a similar looking file. However, depending on the image type, it may store images uncompressed. Therefore, the save option deflate = True must be used to achieve a reasonable file size, which hugely increases the runtime for large numbers of images. So this alternative cannot be recommended here.
Method 2: Embedding Files
The second script embeds arbitrary files -- not only images. The resulting PDF will have just one (empty) page, required for technical reasons. To later access the embedded files again, you would need a suitable PDF viewer that can display and / or extract embedded files:
import os, fitz
import PySimpleGUI as psg # for showing progress bar
doc = fitz.open() # PDF with the pictures
imgdir = "D:/2012_10_05" # where my files are
imglist = os.listdir(imgdir) # list of pictures
imgcount = len(imglist) # pic count
imglist.sort() # nicely sort them
for i, f in enumerate(imglist):
img = open(os.path.join(imgdir,f), "rb").read() # make pic stream
doc.embfile_add(img, f, filename=f, # and embed it
ufilename=f, desc=f)
psg.EasyProgressMeter("Embedding Files", # show our progress
i+1, imgcount)
page = doc.new_page() # at least 1 page is needed
doc.save("all-my-pics-embedded.pdf")
This is by far the fastest method, and it also produces the smallest possible output file size. The above pictures needed 20 seconds on my machine and yielded a PDF size of 510 MB. Look here for a more complete source code: it offers a directory selection dialog and skips non-file entries.
Method 3: Attaching Files
A third way to achieve this task is attaching files via page annotations see here for the complete source code.
This has a similar performance as the previous script and it also produces a similar file size. It will produce PDF pages which show a 'FileAttachment' icon for each attached file.
Note
Both, the embed and the attach methods can be used for arbitrary files -- not just images.
Note
We strongly recommend using the awesome package PySimpleGUI to display a progress meter for tasks that may run for an extended time span. It's pure Python, uses Tkinter (no additional GUI package) and requires just one more line of code!
.. index:: triple: vector;image;SVG pair: show_pdf_page;examples pair: insert_image;examples pair: embfile_add;examples
The usual way to create an image from a document page is :meth:`Page.get_pixmap`. A pixmap represents a raster image, so you must decide on its quality (i.e. resolution) at creation time. It cannot be changed later.
PyMuPDF also offers a way to create a vector image of a page in SVG format (scalable vector graphics, defined in XML syntax). SVG images remain precise across zooming levels (of course with the exception of any raster graphic elements embedded therein).
Instruction svg = page.get_svg_image(matrix=fitz.Identity) delivers a UTF-8 string svg which can be stored with extension ".svg".
.. index:: pair: save;examples pair: tobytes;examples pair: Photoshop;examples pair: Postscript;examples pair: JPEG;examples pair: PhotoImage;examples
Just as a feature among others, PyMuPDF's image conversion is easy. It may avoid using other graphics packages like PIL/Pillow in many cases.
Notwithstanding that interfacing with Pillow is almost trivial.
| Input Formats | Output Formats | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BMP | . | Windows Bitmap |
| JPEG | . | Joint Photographic Experts Group |
| JXR | . | JPEG Extended Range |
| JPX/JP2 | . | JPEG 2000 |
| GIF | . | Graphics Interchange Format |
| TIFF | . | Tagged Image File Format |
| PNG | PNG | Portable Network Graphics |
| PNM | PNM | Portable Anymap |
| PGM | PGM | Portable Graymap |
| PBM | PBM | Portable Bitmap |
| PPM | PPM | Portable Pixmap |
| PAM | PAM | Portable Arbitrary Map |
| . | PSD | Adobe Photoshop Document |
| . | PS | Adobe Postscript |
The general scheme is just the following two lines:
pix = fitz.Pixmap("input.xxx") # any supported input format
pix.save("output.yyy") # any supported output format
Remarks
- The input argument of fitz.Pixmap(arg) can be a file or a bytes / io.BytesIO object containing an image.
- Instead of an output file, you can also create a bytes object via pix.tobytes("yyy") and pass this around.
- As a matter of course, input and output formats must be compatible in terms of colorspace and transparency. The Pixmap class has batteries included if adjustments are needed.
Note
Convert JPEG to Photoshop:
pix = fitz.Pixmap("myfamily.jpg")
pix.save("myfamily.psd")
Note
Save to JPEG using PIL/Pillow:
pix = fitz.Pixmap(...)
pix.pil_save("output.jpg")
Note
Convert JPEG to Tkinter PhotoImage. Any RGB / no-alpha image works exactly the same. Conversion to one of the Portable Anymap formats (PPM, PGM, etc.) does the trick, because they are supported by all Tkinter versions:
import tkinter as tk
pix = fitz.Pixmap("input.jpg") # or any RGB / no-alpha image
tkimg = tk.PhotoImage(data=pix.tobytes("ppm"))
Note
Convert PNG with alpha to Tkinter PhotoImage. This requires removing the alpha bytes, before we can do the PPM conversion:
import tkinter as tk
pix = fitz.Pixmap("input.png") # may have an alpha channel
if pix.alpha: # we have an alpha channel!
pix = fitz.Pixmap(pix, 0) # remove it
tkimg = tk.PhotoImage(data=pix.tobytes("ppm"))
.. index:: pair: copy;examples
This shows how pixmaps can be used for purely graphical, non-document purposes. The script reads an image file and creates a new image which consist of 3 * 4 tiles of the original:
import fitz
src = fitz.Pixmap("img-7edges.png") # create pixmap from a picture
col = 3 # tiles per row
lin = 4 # tiles per column
tar_w = src.width * col # width of target
tar_h = src.height * lin # height of target
# create target pixmap
tar_pix = fitz.Pixmap(src.colorspace, (0, 0, tar_w, tar_h), src.alpha)
# now fill target with the tiles
for i in range(col):
for j in range(lin):
src.set_origin(src.width * i, src.height * j)
tar_pix.copy(src, src.irect) # copy input to new loc
tar_pix.save("tar.png")
This is the input picture:
Here is the output:
.. index:: pair: set_rect;examples pair: invert_irect;examples pair: copy;examples pair: save;examples
Here is another Pixmap example that creates Sierpinski's Carpet -- a fractal generalizing the Cantor Set to two dimensions. Given a square carpet, mark its 9 sub-suqares (3 times 3) and cut out the one in the center. Treat each of the remaining eight sub-squares in the same way, and continue ad infinitum. The end result is a set with area zero and fractal dimension 1.8928...
This script creates an approximate image of it as a PNG, by going down to one-pixel granularity. To increase the image precision, change the value of n (precision):
import fitz, time
if not list(map(int, fitz.VersionBind.split("."))) >= [1, 14, 8]:
raise SystemExit("need PyMuPDF v1.14.8 for this script")
n = 6 # depth (precision)
d = 3**n # edge length
t0 = time.perf_counter()
ir = (0, 0, d, d) # the pixmap rectangle
pm = fitz.Pixmap(fitz.csRGB, ir, False)
pm.set_rect(pm.irect, (255,255,0)) # fill it with some background color
color = (0, 0, 255) # color to fill the punch holes
# alternatively, define a 'fill' pixmap for the punch holes
# this could be anything, e.g. some photo image ...
fill = fitz.Pixmap(fitz.csRGB, ir, False) # same size as 'pm'
fill.set_rect(fill.irect, (0, 255, 255)) # put some color in
def punch(x, y, step):
"""Recursively "punch a hole" in the central square of a pixmap.
Arguments are top-left coords and the step width.
Some alternative punching methods are commented out.
"""
s = step // 3 # the new step
# iterate through the 9 sub-squares
# the central one will be filled with the color
for i in range(3):
for j in range(3):
if i != j or i != 1: # this is not the central cube
if s >= 3: # recursing needed?
punch(x+i*s, y+j*s, s) # recurse
else: # punching alternatives are:
pm.set_rect((x+s, y+s, x+2*s, y+2*s), color) # fill with a color
#pm.copy(fill, (x+s, y+s, x+2*s, y+2*s)) # copy from fill
#pm.invert_irect((x+s, y+s, x+2*s, y+2*s)) # invert colors
return
#==============================================================================
# main program
#==============================================================================
# now start punching holes into the pixmap
punch(0, 0, d)
t1 = time.perf_counter()
pm.save("sierpinski-punch.png")
t2 = time.perf_counter()
print ("%g sec to create / fill the pixmap" % round(t1-t0,3))
print ("%g sec to save the image" % round(t2-t1,3))
The result should look something like this:
This shows how to create a PNG file from a numpy array (several times faster than most other methods):
import numpy as np
import fitz
#==============================================================================
# create a fun-colored width * height PNG with fitz and numpy
#==============================================================================
height = 150
width = 100
bild = np.ndarray((height, width, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
for i in range(height):
for j in range(width):
# one pixel (some fun coloring)
bild[i, j] = [(i+j)%256, i%256, j%256]
samples = bytearray(bild.tostring()) # get plain pixel data from numpy array
pix = fitz.Pixmap(fitz.csRGB, width, height, samples, alpha=False)
pix.save("test.png")
There are two methods to add images to a PDF page: :meth:`Page.insert_image` and :meth:`Page.show_pdf_page`. Both methods have things in common, but there are also differences.
| Criterion | :meth:`Page.insert_image` | :meth:`Page.show_pdf_page` |
|---|---|---|
| displayable content | image file, image in memory, pixmap | PDF page |
| display resolution | image resolution | vectorized (except raster page content) |
| rotation | 0, 90, 180 or 270 degrees | any angle |
| clipping | no (full image only) | yes |
| keep aspect ratio | yes (default option) | yes (default option) |
| transparency (water marking) | depends on the image | depends on the page |
| location / placement | scaled to fit target rectangle | scaled to fit target rectangle |
| performance | automatic prevention of duplicates; | automatic prevention of duplicates; |
| multi-page image support | no | yes |
| ease of use | simple, intuitive; | simple, intuitive; usable for all document types (including images!) after conversion to PDF via :meth:`Document.convert_to_pdf` |
Basic code pattern for :meth:`Page.insert_image`. Exactly one of the parameters filename / stream / pixmap must be given, if not re-inserting an existing image:
page.insert_image(
rect, # where to place the image (rect-like)
filename=None, # image in a file
stream=None, # image in memory (bytes)
pixmap=None, # image from pixmap
mask=None, # specify alpha channel separately
rotate=0, # rotate (int, multiple of 90)
xref=0, # re-use existing image
oc=0, # control visibility via OCG / OCMD
keep_proportion=True, # keep aspect ratio
overlay=True, # put in foreground
)
Basic code pattern for :meth:`Page.show_pdf_page`. Source and target PDF must be different :ref:`Document` objects (but may be opened from the same file):
page.show_pdf_page(
rect, # where to place the image (rect-like)
src, # source PDF
pno=0, # page number in source PDF
clip=None, # only display this area (rect-like)
rotate=0, # rotate (float, any value)
oc=0, # control visibility via OCG / OCMD
keep_proportion=True, # keep aspect ratio
overlay=True, # put in foreground
)