locators.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright (C) 2012-2015 Vinay Sajip.
# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
#

import gzip
from io import BytesIO
import json
import logging
import os
import posixpath
import re
try:
    import threading
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    import dummy_threading as threading
import zlib

from . import DistlibException
from .compat import (urljoin, urlparse, urlunparse, url2pathname, pathname2url,
                     queue, quote, unescape, string_types, build_opener,
                     HTTPRedirectHandler as BaseRedirectHandler, text_type,
                     Request, HTTPError, URLError)
from .database import Distribution, DistributionPath, make_dist
from .metadata import Metadata, MetadataInvalidError
from .util import (cached_property, parse_credentials, ensure_slash,
                   split_filename, get_project_data, parse_requirement,
                   parse_name_and_version, ServerProxy, normalize_name)
from .version import get_scheme, UnsupportedVersionError
from .wheel import Wheel, is_compatible

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

HASHER_HASH = re.compile(r'^(\w+)=([a-f0-9]+)')
CHARSET = re.compile(r';\s*charset\s*=\s*(.*)\s*$', re.I)
HTML_CONTENT_TYPE = re.compile('text/html|application/x(ht)?ml')
DEFAULT_INDEX = 'https://pypi.org/pypi'

def get_all_distribution_names(url=None):
    """
    Return all distribution names known by an index.
    :param url: The URL of the index.
    :return: A list of all known distribution names.
    """
    if url is None:
        url = DEFAULT_INDEX
    client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)
    try:
        return client.list_packages()
    finally:
        client('close')()

class RedirectHandler(BaseRedirectHandler):
    """
    A class to work around a bug in some Python 3.2.x releases.
    """
    # There's a bug in the base version for some 3.2.x
    # (e.g. 3.2.2 on Ubuntu Oneiric). If a Location header
    # returns e.g. /abc, it bails because it says the scheme ''
    # is bogus, when actually it should use the request's
    # URL for the scheme. See Python issue #13696.
    def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
        # Some servers (incorrectly) return multiple Location headers
        # (so probably same goes for URI).  Use first header.
        newurl = None
        for key in ('location', 'uri'):
            if key in headers:
                newurl = headers[key]
                break
        if newurl is None:  # pragma: no cover
            return
        urlparts = urlparse(newurl)
        if urlparts.scheme == '':
            newurl = urljoin(req.get_full_url(), newurl)
            if hasattr(headers, 'replace_header'):
                headers.replace_header(key, newurl)
            else:
                headers[key] = newurl
        return BaseRedirectHandler.http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg,
                                                  headers)

    http_error_301 = http_error_303 = http_error_307 = http_error_302

class Locator(object):
    """
    A base class for locators - things that locate distributions.
    """
    source_extensions = ('.tar.gz', '.tar.bz2', '.tar', '.zip', '.tgz', '.tbz')
    binary_extensions = ('.egg', '.exe', '.whl')
    excluded_extensions = ('.pdf',)

    # A list of tags indicating which wheels you want to match. The default
    # value of None matches against the tags compatible with the running
    # Python. If you want to match other values, set wheel_tags on a locator
    # instance to a list of tuples (pyver, abi, arch) which you want to match.
    wheel_tags = None

    downloadable_extensions = source_extensions + ('.whl',)

    def __init__(self, scheme='default'):
        """
        Initialise an instance.
        :param scheme: Because locators look for most recent versions, they
                       need to know the version scheme to use. This specifies
                       the current PEP-recommended scheme - use ``'legacy'``
                       if you need to support existing distributions on PyPI.
        """
        self._cache = {}
        self.scheme = scheme
        # Because of bugs in some of the handlers on some of the platforms,
        # we use our own opener rather than just using urlopen.
        self.opener = build_opener(RedirectHandler())
        # If get_project() is called from locate(), the matcher instance
        # is set from the requirement passed to locate(). See issue #18 for
        # why this can be useful to know.
        self.matcher = None
        self.errors = queue.Queue()

    def get_errors(self):
        """
        Return any errors which have occurred.
        """
        result = []
        while not self.errors.empty():  # pragma: no cover
            try:
                e = self.errors.get(False)
                result.append(e)
            except self.errors.Empty:
                continue
            self.errors.task_done()
        return result

    def clear_errors(self):
        """
        Clear any errors which may have been logged.
        """
        # Just get the errors and throw them away
        self.get_errors()

    def clear_cache(self):
        self._cache.clear()

    def _get_scheme(self):
        return self._scheme

    def _set_scheme(self, value):
        self._scheme = value

    scheme = property(_get_scheme, _set_scheme)

    def _get_project(self, name):
        """
        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
        instances.

        This should be implemented in subclasses.

        If called from a locate() request, self.matcher will be set to a
        matcher for the requirement to satisfy, otherwise it will be None.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')

    def get_distribution_names(self):
        """
        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')

    def get_project(self, name):
        """
        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
        instances.

        This calls _get_project to do all the work, and just implements a caching layer on top.
        """
        if self._cache is None:  # pragma: no cover
            result = self._get_project(name)
        elif name in self._cache:
            result = self._cache[name]
        else:
            self.clear_errors()
            result = self._get_project(name)
            self._cache[name] = result
        return result

    def score_url(self, url):
        """
        Give an url a score which can be used to choose preferred URLs
        for a given project release.
        """
        t = urlparse(url)
        basename = posixpath.basename(t.path)
        compatible = True
        is_wheel = basename.endswith('.whl')
        is_downloadable = basename.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions)
        if is_wheel:
            compatible = is_compatible(Wheel(basename), self.wheel_tags)
        return (t.scheme == 'https', 'pypi.org' in t.netloc,
                is_downloadable, is_wheel, compatible, basename)

    def prefer_url(self, url1, url2):
        """
        Choose one of two URLs where both are candidates for distribution
        archives for the same version of a distribution (for example,
        .tar.gz vs. zip).

        The current implementation favours https:// URLs over http://, archives
        from PyPI over those from other locations, wheel compatibility (if a
        wheel) and then the archive name.
        """
        result = url2
        if url1:
            s1 = self.score_url(url1)
            s2 = self.score_url(url2)
            if s1 > s2:
                result = url1
            if result != url2:
                logger.debug('Not replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
            else:
                logger.debug('Replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
        return result

    def split_filename(self, filename, project_name):
        """
        Attempt to split a filename in project name, version and Python version.
        """
        return split_filename(filename, project_name)

    def convert_url_to_download_info(self, url, project_name):
        """
        See if a URL is a candidate for a download URL for a project (the URL
        has typically been scraped from an HTML page).

        If it is, a dictionary is returned with keys "name", "version",
        "filename" and "url"; otherwise, None is returned.
        """
        def same_project(name1, name2):
            return normalize_name(name1) == normalize_name(name2)

        result = None
        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
        if frag.lower().startswith('egg='):  # pragma: no cover
            logger.debug('%s: version hint in fragment: %r',
                         project_name, frag)
        m = HASHER_HASH.match(frag)
        if m:
            algo, digest = m.groups()
        else:
            algo, digest = None, None
        origpath = path
        if path and path[-1] == '/':  # pragma: no cover
            path = path[:-1]
        if path.endswith('.whl'):
            try:
                wheel = Wheel(path)
                if not is_compatible(wheel, self.wheel_tags):
                    logger.debug('Wheel not compatible: %s', path)
                else:
                    if project_name is None:
                        include = True
                    else:
                        include = same_project(wheel.name, project_name)
                    if include:
                        result = {
                            'name': wheel.name,
                            'version': wheel.version,
                            'filename': wheel.filename,
                            'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
                                               params, query, '')),
                            'python-version': ', '.join(
                                ['.'.join(list(v[2:])) for v in wheel.pyver]),
                        }
            except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
                logger.warning('invalid path for wheel: %s', path)
        elif not path.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions):  # pragma: no cover
            logger.debug('Not downloadable: %s', path)
        else:  # downloadable extension
            path = filename = posixpath.basename(path)
            for ext in self.downloadable_extensions:
                if path.endswith(ext):
                    path = path[:-len(ext)]
                    t = self.split_filename(path, project_name)
                    if not t:  # pragma: no cover
                        logger.debug('No match for project/version: %s', path)
                    else:
                        name, version, pyver = t
                        if not project_name or same_project(project_name, name):
                            result = {
                                'name': name,
                                'version': version,
                                'filename': filename,
                                'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
                                                   params, query, '')),
                                #'packagetype': 'sdist',
                            }
                            if pyver:  # pragma: no cover
                                result['python-version'] = pyver
                    break
        if result and algo:
            result['%s_digest' % algo] = digest
        return result

    def _get_digest(self, info):
        """
        Get a digest from a dictionary by looking at keys of the form
        'algo_digest'.

        Returns a 2-tuple (algo, digest) if found, else None. Currently
        looks only for SHA256, then MD5.
        """
        result = None
        for algo in ('sha256', 'md5'):
            key = '%s_digest' % algo
            if key in info:
                result = (algo, info[key])
                break
        return result

    def _update_version_data(self, result, info):
        """
        Update a result dictionary (the final result from _get_project) with a
        dictionary for a specific version, which typically holds information
        gleaned from a filename or URL for an archive for the distribution.
        """
        name = info.pop('name')
        version = info.pop('version')
        if version in result:
            dist = result[version]
            md = dist.metadata
        else:
            dist = make_dist(name, version, scheme=self.scheme)
            md = dist.metadata
        dist.digest = digest = self._get_digest(info)
        url = info['url']
        result['digests'][url] = digest
        if md.source_url != info['url']:
            md.source_url = self.prefer_url(md.source_url, url)
            result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
        dist.locator = self
        result[version] = dist

    def locate(self, requirement, prereleases=False):
        """
        Find the most recent distribution which matches the given
        requirement.

        :param requirement: A requirement of the form 'foo (1.0)' or perhaps
                            'foo (>= 1.0, < 2.0, != 1.3)'
        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions
                            to be located. Otherwise, pre-release versions
                            are not returned.
        :return: A :class:`Distribution` instance, or ``None`` if no such
                 distribution could be located.
        """
        result = None
        r = parse_requirement(requirement)
        if r is None:  # pragma: no cover
            raise DistlibException('Not a valid requirement: %r' % requirement)
        scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
        self.matcher = matcher = scheme.matcher(r.requirement)
        logger.debug('matcher: %s (%s)', matcher, type(matcher).__name__)
        versions = self.get_project(r.name)
        if len(versions) > 2:   # urls and digests keys are present
            # sometimes, versions are invalid
            slist = []
            vcls = matcher.version_class
            for k in versions:
                if k in ('urls', 'digests'):
                    continue
                try:
                    if not matcher.match(k):
                        logger.debug('%s did not match %r', matcher, k)
                    else:
                        if prereleases or not vcls(k).is_prerelease:
                            slist.append(k)
                        else:
                            logger.debug('skipping pre-release '
                                         'version %s of %s', k, matcher.name)
                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
                    logger.warning('error matching %s with %r', matcher, k)
                    pass # slist.append(k)
            if len(slist) > 1:
                slist = sorted(slist, key=scheme.key)
            if slist:
                logger.debug('sorted list: %s', slist)
                version = slist[-1]
                result = versions[version]
        if result:
            if r.extras:
                result.extras = r.extras
            result.download_urls = versions.get('urls', {}).get(version, set())
            d = {}
            sd = versions.get('digests', {})
            for url in result.download_urls:
                if url in sd:  # pragma: no cover
                    d[url] = sd[url]
            result.digests = d
        self.matcher = None
        return result


class PyPIRPCLocator(Locator):
    """
    This locator uses XML-RPC to locate distributions. It therefore
    cannot be used with simple mirrors (that only mirror file content).
    """
    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
        """
        Initialise an instance.

        :param url: The URL to use for XML-RPC.
        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor.
        """
        super(PyPIRPCLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.base_url = url
        self.client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)

    def get_distribution_names(self):
        """
        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
        """
        return set(self.client.list_packages())

    def _get_project(self, name):
        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
        versions = self.client.package_releases(name, True)
        for v in versions:
            urls = self.client.release_urls(name, v)
            data = self.client.release_data(name, v)
            metadata = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
            metadata.name = data['name']
            metadata.version = data['version']
            metadata.license = data.get('license')
            metadata.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
            metadata.summary = data.get('summary')
            dist = Distribution(metadata)
            if urls:
                info = urls[0]
                metadata.source_url = info['url']
                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
                dist.locator = self
                result[v] = dist
                for info in urls:
                    url = info['url']
                    digest = self._get_digest(info)
                    result['urls'].setdefault(v, set()).add(url)
                    result['digests'][url] = digest
        return result

class PyPIJSONLocator(Locator):
    """
    This locator uses PyPI's JSON interface. It's very limited in functionality
    and probably not worth using.
    """
    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
        super(PyPIJSONLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)

    def get_distribution_names(self):
        """
        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')

    def _get_project(self, name):
        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
        url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/json' % quote(name))
        try:
            resp = self.opener.open(url)
            data = resp.read().decode() # for now
            d = json.loads(data)
            md = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
            data = d['info']
            md.name = data['name']
            md.version = data['version']
            md.license = data.get('license')
            md.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
            md.summary = data.get('summary')
            dist = Distribution(md)
            dist.locator = self
            urls = d['urls']
            result[md.version] = dist
            for info in d['urls']:
                url = info['url']
                dist.download_urls.add(url)
                dist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
                result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
                result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
            # Now get other releases
            for version, infos in d['releases'].items():
                if version == md.version:
                    continue    # already done
                omd = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
                omd.name = md.name
                omd.version = version
                odist = Distribution(omd)
                odist.locator = self
                result[version] = odist
                for info in infos:
                    url = info['url']
                    odist.download_urls.add(url)
                    odist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
                    result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
#            for info in urls:
#                md.source_url = info['url']
#                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
#                dist.locator = self
#                for info in urls:
#                    url = info['url']
#                    result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
#                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
        except Exception as e:
            self.errors.put(text_type(e))
            logger.exception('JSON fetch failed: %s', e)
        return result


class Page(object):
    """
    This class represents a scraped HTML page.
    """
    # The following slightly hairy-looking regex just looks for the contents of
    # an anchor link, which has an attribute "href" either immediately preceded
    # or immediately followed by a "rel" attribute. The attribute values can be
    # declared with double quotes, single quotes or no quotes - which leads to
    # the length of the expression.
    _href = re.compile("""
(rel\\s*=\\s*(?:"(?P<rel1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel2>[^']*)'|(?P<rel3>[^>\\s\n]*))\\s+)?
href\\s*=\\s*(?:"(?P<url1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<url2>[^']*)'|(?P<url3>[^>\\s\n]*))
(\\s+rel\\s*=\\s*(?:"(?P<rel4>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel5>[^']*)'|(?P<rel6>[^>\\s\n]*)))?
""", re.I | re.S | re.X)
    _base = re.compile(r"""<base\s+href\s*=\s*['"]?([^'">]+)""", re.I | re.S)

    def __init__(self, data, url):
        """
        Initialise an instance with the Unicode page contents and the URL they
        came from.
        """
        self.data = data
        self.base_url = self.url = url
        m = self._base.search(self.data)
        if m:
            self.base_url = m.group(1)

    _clean_re = re.compile(r'[^a-z0-9$&+,/:;=?@.#%_\\|-]', re.I)

    @cached_property
    def links(self):
        """
        Return the URLs of all the links on a page together with information
        about their "rel" attribute, for determining which ones to treat as
        downloads and which ones to queue for further scraping.
        """
        def clean(url):
            "Tidy up an URL."
            scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
            return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, quote(path),
                               params, query, frag))

        result = set()
        for match in self._href.finditer(self.data):
            d = match.groupdict('')
            rel = (d['rel1'] or d['rel2'] or d['rel3'] or
                   d['rel4'] or d['rel5'] or d['rel6'])
            url = d['url1'] or d['url2'] or d['url3']
            url = urljoin(self.base_url, url)
            url = unescape(url)
            url = self._clean_re.sub(lambda m: '%%%2x' % ord(m.group(0)), url)
            result.add((url, rel))
        # We sort the result, hoping to bring the most recent versions
        # to the front
        result = sorted(result, key=lambda t: t[0], reverse=True)
        return result


class SimpleScrapingLocator(Locator):
    """
    A locator which scrapes HTML pages to locate downloads for a distribution.
    This runs multiple threads to do the I/O; performance is at least as good
    as pip's PackageFinder, which works in an analogous fashion.
    """

    # These are used to deal with various Content-Encoding schemes.
    decoders = {
        'deflate': zlib.decompress,
        'gzip': lambda b: gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=BytesIO(d)).read(),
        'none': lambda b: b,
    }

    def __init__(self, url, timeout=None, num_workers=10, **kwargs):
        """
        Initialise an instance.
        :param url: The root URL to use for scraping.
        :param timeout: The timeout, in seconds, to be applied to requests.
                        This defaults to ``None`` (no timeout specified).
        :param num_workers: The number of worker threads you want to do I/O,
                            This defaults to 10.
        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass.
        """
        super(SimpleScrapingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)
        self.timeout = timeout
        self._page_cache = {}
        self._seen = set()
        self._to_fetch = queue.Queue()
        self._bad_hosts = set()
        self.skip_externals = False
        self.num_workers = num_workers
        self._lock = threading.RLock()
        # See issue #45: we need to be resilient when the locator is used
        # in a thread, e.g. with concurrent.futures. We can't use self._lock
        # as it is for coordinating our internal threads - the ones created
        # in _prepare_threads.
        self._gplock = threading.RLock()
        self.platform_check = False  # See issue #112

    def _prepare_threads(self):
        """
        Threads are created only when get_project is called, and terminate
        before it returns. They are there primarily to parallelise I/O (i.e.
        fetching web pages).
        """
        self._threads = []
        for i in range(self.num_workers):
            t = threading.Thread(target=self._fetch)
            t.setDaemon(True)
            t.start()
            self._threads.append(t)

    def _wait_threads(self):
        """
        Tell all the threads to terminate (by sending a sentinel value) and
        wait for them to do so.
        """
        # Note that you need two loops, since you can't say which
        # thread will get each sentinel
        for t in self._threads:
            self._to_fetch.put(None)    # sentinel
        for t in self._threads:
            t.join()
        self._threads = []

    def _get_project(self, name):
        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
        with self._gplock:
            self.result = result
            self.project_name = name
            url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/' % quote(name))
            self._seen.clear()
            self._page_cache.clear()
            self._prepare_threads()
            try:
                logger.debug('Queueing %s', url)
                self._to_fetch.put(url)
                self._to_fetch.join()
            finally:
                self._wait_threads()
            del self.result
        return result

    platform_dependent = re.compile(r'\b(linux_(i\d86|x86_64|arm\w+)|'
                                    r'win(32|_amd64)|macosx_?\d+)\b', re.I)

    def _is_platform_dependent(self, url):
        """
        Does an URL refer to a platform-specific download?
        """
        return self.platform_dependent.search(url)

    def _process_download(self, url):
        """
        See if an URL is a suitable download for a project.

        If it is, register information in the result dictionary (for
        _get_project) about the specific version it's for.

        Note that the return value isn't actually used other than as a boolean
        value.
        """
        if self.platform_check and self._is_platform_dependent(url):
            info = None
        else:
            info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, self.project_name)
        logger.debug('process_download: %s -> %s', url, info)
        if info:
            with self._lock:    # needed because self.result is shared
                self._update_version_data(self.result, info)
        return info

    def _should_queue(self, link, referrer, rel):
        """
        Determine whether a link URL from a referring page and with a
        particular "rel" attribute should be queued for scraping.
        """
        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(link)
        if path.endswith(self.source_extensions + self.binary_extensions +
                         self.excluded_extensions):
            result = False
        elif self.skip_externals and not link.startswith(self.base_url):
            result = False
        elif not referrer.startswith(self.base_url):
            result = False
        elif rel not in ('homepage', 'download'):
            result = False
        elif scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
            result = False
        elif self._is_platform_dependent(link):
            result = False
        else:
            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
            if host.lower() == 'localhost':
                result = False
            else:
                result = True
        logger.debug('should_queue: %s (%s) from %s -> %s', link, rel,
                     referrer, result)
        return result

    def _fetch(self):
        """
        Get a URL to fetch from the work queue, get the HTML page, examine its
        links for download candidates and candidates for further scraping.

        This is a handy method to run in a thread.
        """
        while True:
            url = self._to_fetch.get()
            try:
                if url:
                    page = self.get_page(url)
                    if page is None:    # e.g. after an error
                        continue
                    for link, rel in page.links:
                        if link not in self._seen:
                            try:
                                self._seen.add(link)
                                if (not self._process_download(link) and
                                    self._should_queue(link, url, rel)):
                                    logger.debug('Queueing %s from %s', link, url)
                                    self._to_fetch.put(link)
                            except MetadataInvalidError:  # e.g. invalid versions
                                pass
            except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
                self.errors.put(text_type(e))
            finally:
                # always do this, to avoid hangs :-)
                self._to_fetch.task_done()
            if not url:
                #logger.debug('Sentinel seen, quitting.')
                break

    def get_page(self, url):
        """
        Get the HTML for an URL, possibly from an in-memory cache.

        XXX TODO Note: this cache is never actually cleared. It's assumed that
        the data won't get stale over the lifetime of a locator instance (not
        necessarily true for the default_locator).
        """
        # http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/EasyInstall#package-index-api
        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
        if scheme == 'file' and os.path.isdir(url2pathname(path)):
            url = urljoin(ensure_slash(url), 'index.html')

        if url in self._page_cache:
            result = self._page_cache[url]
            logger.debug('Returning %s from cache: %s', url, result)
        else:
            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
            result = None
            if host in self._bad_hosts:
                logger.debug('Skipping %s due to bad host %s', url, host)
            else:
                req = Request(url, headers={'Accept-encoding': 'identity'})
                try:
                    logger.debug('Fetching %s', url)
                    resp = self.opener.open(req, timeout=self.timeout)
                    logger.debug('Fetched %s', url)
                    headers = resp.info()
                    content_type = headers.get('Content-Type', '')
                    if HTML_CONTENT_TYPE.match(content_type):
                        final_url = resp.geturl()
                        data = resp.read()
                        encoding = headers.get('Content-Encoding')
                        if encoding:
                            decoder = self.decoders[encoding]   # fail if not found
                            data = decoder(data)
                        encoding = 'utf-8'
                        m = CHARSET.search(content_type)
                        if m:
                            encoding = m.group(1)
                        try:
                            data = data.decode(encoding)
                        except UnicodeError:  # pragma: no cover
                            data = data.decode('latin-1')    # fallback
                        result = Page(data, final_url)
                        self._page_cache[final_url] = result
                except HTTPError as e:
                    if e.code != 404:
                        logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
                except URLError as e:  # pragma: no cover
                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
                    with self._lock:
                        self._bad_hosts.add(host)
                except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
                finally:
                    self._page_cache[url] = result   # even if None (failure)
        return result

    _distname_re = re.compile('<a href=[^>]*>([^<]+)<')

    def get_distribution_names(self):
        """
        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
        """
        result = set()
        page = self.get_page(self.base_url)
        if not page:
            raise DistlibException('Unable to get %s' % self.base_url)
        for match in self._distname_re.finditer(page.data):
            result.add(match.group(1))
        return result

class DirectoryLocator(Locator):
    """
    This class locates distributions in a directory tree.
    """

    def __init__(self, path, **kwargs):
        """
        Initialise an instance.
        :param path: The root of the directory tree to search.
        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
                       except for:
                       * recursive - if True (the default), subdirectories are
                         recursed into. If False, only the top-level directory
                         is searched,
        """
        self.recursive = kwargs.pop('recursive', True)
        super(DirectoryLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        path = os.path.abspath(path)
        if not os.path.isdir(path):  # pragma: no cover
            raise DistlibException('Not a directory: %r' % path)
        self.base_dir = path

    def should_include(self, filename, parent):
        """
        Should a filename be considered as a candidate for a distribution
        archive? As well as the filename, the directory which contains it
        is provided, though not used by the current implementation.
        """
        return filename.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions)

    def _get_project(self, name):
        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
            for fn in files:
                if self.should_include(fn, root):
                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
                                      '', '', ''))
                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, name)
                    if info:
                        self._update_version_data(result, info)
            if not self.recursive:
                break
        return result

    def get_distribution_names(self):
        """
        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
        """
        result = set()
        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
            for fn in files:
                if self.should_include(fn, root):
                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
                                      '', '', ''))
                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, None)
                    if info:
                        result.add(info['name'])
            if not self.recursive:
                break
        return result

class JSONLocator(Locator):
    """
    This locator uses special extended metadata (not available on PyPI) and is
    the basis of performant dependency resolution in distlib. Other locators
    require archive downloads before dependencies can be determined! As you
    might imagine, that can be slow.
    """
    def get_distribution_names(self):
        """
        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')

    def _get_project(self, name):
        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
        data = get_project_data(name)
        if data:
            for info in data.get('files', []):
                if info['ptype'] != 'sdist' or info['pyversion'] != 'source':
                    continue
                # We don't store summary in project metadata as it makes
                # the data bigger for no benefit during dependency
                # resolution
                dist = make_dist(data['name'], info['version'],
                                 summary=data.get('summary',
                                                  'Placeholder for summary'),
                                 scheme=self.scheme)
                md = dist.metadata
                md.source_url = info['url']
                # TODO SHA256 digest
                if 'digest' in info and info['digest']:
                    dist.digest = ('md5', info['digest'])
                md.dependencies = info.get('requirements', {})
                dist.exports = info.get('exports', {})
                result[dist.version] = dist
                result['urls'].setdefault(dist.version, set()).add(info['url'])
        return result

class DistPathLocator(Locator):
    """
    This locator finds installed distributions in a path. It can be useful for
    adding to an :class:`AggregatingLocator`.
    """
    def __init__(self, distpath, **kwargs):
        """
        Initialise an instance.

        :param distpath: A :class:`DistributionPath` instance to search.
        """
        super(DistPathLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        assert isinstance(distpath, DistributionPath)
        self.distpath = distpath

    def _get_project(self, name):
        dist = self.distpath.get_distribution(name)
        if dist is None:
            result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
        else:
            result = {
                dist.version: dist,
                'urls': {dist.version: set([dist.source_url])},
                'digests': {dist.version: set([None])}
            }
        return result


class AggregatingLocator(Locator):
    """
    This class allows you to chain and/or merge a list of locators.
    """
    def __init__(self, *locators, **kwargs):
        """
        Initialise an instance.

        :param locators: The list of locators to search.
        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
                       except for:
                       * merge - if False (the default), the first successful
                         search from any of the locators is returned. If True,
                         the results from all locators are merged (this can be
                         slow).
        """
        self.merge = kwargs.pop('merge', False)
        self.locators = locators
        super(AggregatingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def clear_cache(self):
        super(AggregatingLocator, self).clear_cache()
        for locator in self.locators:
            locator.clear_cache()

    def _set_scheme(self, value):
        self._scheme = value
        for locator in self.locators:
            locator.scheme = value

    scheme = property(Locator.scheme.fget, _set_scheme)

    def _get_project(self, name):
        result = {}
        for locator in self.locators:
            d = locator.get_project(name)
            if d:
                if self.merge:
                    files = result.get('urls', {})
                    digests = result.get('digests', {})
                    # next line could overwrite result['urls'], result['digests']
                    result.update(d)
                    df = result.get('urls')
                    if files and df:
                        for k, v in files.items():
                            if k in df:
                                df[k] |= v
                            else:
                                df[k] = v
                    dd = result.get('digests')
                    if digests and dd:
                        dd.update(digests)
                else:
                    # See issue #18. If any dists are found and we're looking
                    # for specific constraints, we only return something if
                    # a match is found. For example, if a DirectoryLocator
                    # returns just foo (1.0) while we're looking for
                    # foo (>= 2.0), we'll pretend there was nothing there so
                    # that subsequent locators can be queried. Otherwise we
                    # would just return foo (1.0) which would then lead to a
                    # failure to find foo (>= 2.0), because other locators
                    # weren't searched. Note that this only matters when
                    # merge=False.
                    if self.matcher is None:
                        found = True
                    else:
                        found = False
                        for k in d:
                            if self.matcher.match(k):
                                found = True
                                break
                    if found:
                        result = d
                        break
        return result

    def get_distribution_names(self):
        """
        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
        """
        result = set()
        for locator in self.locators:
            try:
                result |= locator.get_distribution_names()
            except NotImplementedError:
                pass
        return result


# We use a legacy scheme simply because most of the dists on PyPI use legacy
# versions which don't conform to PEP 426 / PEP 440.
default_locator = AggregatingLocator(
                    JSONLocator(),
                    SimpleScrapingLocator('https://pypi.org/simple/',
                                          timeout=3.0),
                    scheme='legacy')

locate = default_locator.locate

NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>[\w-]+)\s*'
                             r'\(\s*(==\s*)?(?P<ver>[^)]+)\)$')

class DependencyFinder(object):
    """
    Locate dependencies for distributions.
    """

    def __init__(self, locator=None):
        """
        Initialise an instance, using the specified locator
        to locate distributions.
        """
        self.locator = locator or default_locator
        self.scheme = get_scheme(self.locator.scheme)

    def add_distribution(self, dist):
        """
        Add a distribution to the finder. This will update internal information
        about who provides what.
        :param dist: The distribution to add.
        """
        logger.debug('adding distribution %s', dist)
        name = dist.key
        self.dists_by_name[name] = dist
        self.dists[(name, dist.version)] = dist
        for p in dist.provides:
            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
            logger.debug('Add to provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
            self.provided.setdefault(name, set()).add((version, dist))

    def remove_distribution(self, dist):
        """
        Remove a distribution from the finder. This will update internal
        information about who provides what.
        :param dist: The distribution to remove.
        """
        logger.debug('removing distribution %s', dist)
        name = dist.key
        del self.dists_by_name[name]
        del self.dists[(name, dist.version)]
        for p in dist.provides:
            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
            logger.debug('Remove from provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
            s = self.provided[name]
            s.remove((version, dist))
            if not s:
                del self.provided[name]

    def get_matcher(self, reqt):
        """
        Get a version matcher for a requirement.
        :param reqt: The requirement
        :type reqt: str
        :return: A version matcher (an instance of
                 :class:`distlib.version.Matcher`).
        """
        try:
            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(reqt)
        except UnsupportedVersionError:  # pragma: no cover
            # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
            name = reqt.split()[0]
            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(name)
        return matcher

    def find_providers(self, reqt):
        """
        Find the distributions which can fulfill a requirement.

        :param reqt: The requirement.
         :type reqt: str
        :return: A set of distribution which can fulfill the requirement.
        """
        matcher = self.get_matcher(reqt)
        name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
        result = set()
        provided = self.provided
        if name in provided:
            for version, provider in provided[name]:
                try:
                    match = matcher.match(version)
                except UnsupportedVersionError:
                    match = False

                if match:
                    result.add(provider)
                    break
        return result

    def try_to_replace(self, provider, other, problems):
        """
        Attempt to replace one provider with another. This is typically used
        when resolving dependencies from multiple sources, e.g. A requires
        (B >= 1.0) while C requires (B >= 1.1).

        For successful replacement, ``provider`` must meet all the requirements
        which ``other`` fulfills.

        :param provider: The provider we are trying to replace with.
        :param other: The provider we're trying to replace.
        :param problems: If False is returned, this will contain what
                         problems prevented replacement. This is currently
                         a tuple of the literal string 'cantreplace',
                         ``provider``, ``other``  and the set of requirements
                         that ``provider`` couldn't fulfill.
        :return: True if we can replace ``other`` with ``provider``, else
                 False.
        """
        rlist = self.reqts[other]
        unmatched = set()
        for s in rlist:
            matcher = self.get_matcher(s)
            if not matcher.match(provider.version):
                unmatched.add(s)
        if unmatched:
            # can't replace other with provider
            problems.add(('cantreplace', provider, other,
                          frozenset(unmatched)))
            result = False
        else:
            # can replace other with provider
            self.remove_distribution(other)
            del self.reqts[other]
            for s in rlist:
                self.reqts.setdefault(provider, set()).add(s)
            self.add_distribution(provider)
            result = True
        return result

    def find(self, requirement, meta_extras=None, prereleases=False):
        """
        Find a distribution and all distributions it depends on.

        :param requirement: The requirement specifying the distribution to
                            find, or a Distribution instance.
        :param meta_extras: A list of meta extras such as :test:, :build: and
                            so on.
        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions to be
                            returned - otherwise, don't return prereleases
                            unless they're all that's available.

        Return a set of :class:`Distribution` instances and a set of
        problems.

        The distributions returned should be such that they have the
        :attr:`required` attribute set to ``True`` if they were
        from the ``requirement`` passed to ``find()``, and they have the
        :attr:`build_time_dependency` attribute set to ``True`` unless they
        are post-installation dependencies of the ``requirement``.

        The problems should be a tuple consisting of the string
        ``'unsatisfied'`` and the requirement which couldn't be satisfied
        by any distribution known to the locator.
        """

        self.provided = {}
        self.dists = {}
        self.dists_by_name = {}
        self.reqts = {}

        meta_extras = set(meta_extras or [])
        if ':*:' in meta_extras:
            meta_extras.remove(':*:')
            # :meta: and :run: are implicitly included
            meta_extras |= set([':test:', ':build:', ':dev:'])

        if isinstance(requirement, Distribution):
            dist = odist = requirement
            logger.debug('passed %s as requirement', odist)
        else:
            dist = odist = self.locator.locate(requirement,
                                               prereleases=prereleases)
            if dist is None:
                raise DistlibException('Unable to locate %r' % requirement)
            logger.debug('located %s', odist)
        dist.requested = True
        problems = set()
        todo = set([dist])
        install_dists = set([odist])
        while todo:
            dist = todo.pop()
            name = dist.key     # case-insensitive
            if name not in self.dists_by_name:
                self.add_distribution(dist)
            else:
                #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
                other = self.dists_by_name[name]
                if other != dist:
                    self.try_to_replace(dist, other, problems)

            ireqts = dist.run_requires | dist.meta_requires
            sreqts = dist.build_requires
            ereqts = set()
            if meta_extras and dist in install_dists:
                for key in ('test', 'build', 'dev'):
                    e = ':%s:' % key
                    if e in meta_extras:
                        ereqts |= getattr(dist, '%s_requires' % key)
            all_reqts = ireqts | sreqts | ereqts
            for r in all_reqts:
                providers = self.find_providers(r)
                if not providers:
                    logger.debug('No providers found for %r', r)
                    provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=prereleases)
                    # If no provider is found and we didn't consider
                    # prereleases, consider them now.
                    if provider is None and not prereleases:
                        provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=True)
                    if provider is None:
                        logger.debug('Cannot satisfy %r', r)
                        problems.add(('unsatisfied', r))
                    else:
                        n, v = provider.key, provider.version
                        if (n, v) not in self.dists:
                            todo.add(provider)
                        providers.add(provider)
                        if r in ireqts and dist in install_dists:
                            install_dists.add(provider)
                            logger.debug('Adding %s to install_dists',
                                         provider.name_and_version)
                for p in providers:
                    name = p.key
                    if name not in self.dists_by_name:
                        self.reqts.setdefault(p, set()).add(r)
                    else:
                        other = self.dists_by_name[name]
                        if other != p:
                            # see if other can be replaced by p
                            self.try_to_replace(p, other, problems)

        dists = set(self.dists.values())
        for dist in dists:
            dist.build_time_dependency = dist not in install_dists
            if dist.build_time_dependency:
                logger.debug('%s is a build-time dependency only.',
                             dist.name_and_version)
        logger.debug('find done for %s', odist)
        return dists, problems