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index.html
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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="assets/images/iitm_logo.png">
<meta charset='UTF-8'><meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width initial-scale=1'>
<link href='https://fonts.loli.net/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,700italic,700,400&subset=latin,latin-ext' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /><style type='text/css'>html {overflow-x: initial !important;}:root { --bg-color:#ffffff; --text-color:#333333; --select-text-bg-color:#B5D6FC; --select-text-font-color:auto; --monospace:"Lucida Console",Consolas,"Courier",monospace; --title-bar-height:20px; }
.mac-os-11 { --title-bar-height:28px; }
html { font-size: 14px; background-color: var(--bg-color); color: var(--text-color); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
body { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto; inset: 0px; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.42857; overflow-x: hidden; background: inherit; tab-size: 4; }
iframe { margin: auto; }
a.url { word-break: break-all; }
a:active, a:hover { outline: 0px; }
.in-text-selection, ::selection { text-shadow: none; background: var(--select-text-bg-color); color: var(--select-text-font-color); }
#write { margin: 0px auto; height: auto; width: inherit; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; white-space: normal; overflow-x: visible; padding-top: 36px; }
#write.first-line-indent p { text-indent: 2em; }
#write.first-line-indent li p, #write.first-line-indent p * { text-indent: 0px; }
#write.first-line-indent li { margin-left: 2em; }
.for-image #write { padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; }
body.typora-export { padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 30px; }
.typora-export .footnote-line, .typora-export li, .typora-export p { white-space: pre-wrap; }
.typora-export .task-list-item input { pointer-events: none; }
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
body.typora-export { padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; }
#write { padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; }
.CodeMirror-sizer { margin-left: 0px !important; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { display: none !important; }
}
#write li > figure:last-child { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
#write ol, #write ul { position: relative; }
img { max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; image-orientation: from-image; }
button, input, select, textarea { color: inherit; font: inherit; }
input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"] { line-height: normal; padding: 0px; }
*, ::after, ::before { box-sizing: border-box; }
#write h1, #write h2, #write h3, #write h4, #write h5, #write h6, #write p, #write pre { width: inherit; }
#write h1, #write h2, #write h3, #write h4, #write h5, #write h6, #write p { position: relative; }
p { line-height: inherit; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { break-after: avoid-page; break-inside: avoid; orphans: 4; }
p { orphans: 4; }
h1 { font-size: 2rem; }
h2 { font-size: 1.8rem; }
h3 { font-size: 1.6rem; }
h4 { font-size: 1.4rem; }
h5 { font-size: 1.2rem; }
h6 { font-size: 1rem; }
.md-math-block, .md-rawblock, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p { margin-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.hidden { display: none; }
.md-blockmeta { color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-weight: 700; font-style: italic; }
a { cursor: pointer; }
sup.md-footnote { padding: 2px 4px; background-color: rgba(238, 238, 238, 0.7); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); border-radius: 4px; cursor: pointer; }
sup.md-footnote a, sup.md-footnote a:hover { color: inherit; text-transform: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }
#write input[type="checkbox"] { cursor: pointer; width: inherit; height: inherit; }
figure { overflow-x: auto; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: calc(100% + 16px); padding: 0px; }
figure > table { margin: 0px; }
tr { break-inside: avoid; break-after: auto; }
thead { display: table-header-group; }
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 100%; overflow: auto; break-inside: auto; text-align: left; }
table.md-table td { min-width: 32px; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { border-right: 0px; background-color: inherit; }
.CodeMirror-linenumber { user-select: none; }
.CodeMirror { text-align: left; }
.CodeMirror-placeholder { opacity: 0.3; }
.CodeMirror pre { padding: 0px 4px; }
.CodeMirror-lines { padding: 0px; }
div.hr:focus { cursor: none; }
#write pre { white-space: pre-wrap; }
#write.fences-no-line-wrapping pre { white-space: pre; }
#write pre.ty-contain-cm { white-space: normal; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { margin-right: 4px; }
.md-fences { font-size: 0.9rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; overflow: visible; white-space: pre; background: inherit; position: relative !important; }
.md-fences-adv-panel { width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; overflow-x: auto; }
#write .md-fences.mock-cm { white-space: pre-wrap; }
.md-fences.md-fences-with-lineno { padding-left: 0px; }
#write.fences-no-line-wrapping .md-fences.mock-cm { white-space: pre; overflow-x: auto; }
.md-fences.mock-cm.md-fences-with-lineno { padding-left: 8px; }
.CodeMirror-line, twitterwidget { break-inside: avoid; }
.footnotes { opacity: 0.8; font-size: 0.9rem; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; }
.footnotes + .footnotes { margin-top: 0px; }
.md-reset { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: 0px 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; float: none; position: static; width: auto; height: auto; white-space: nowrap; cursor: inherit; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: normal; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box; direction: ltr; }
li div { padding-top: 0px; }
blockquote { margin: 1rem 0px; }
li .mathjax-block, li p { margin: 0.5rem 0px; }
li blockquote { margin: 1rem 0px; }
li { margin: 0px; position: relative; }
blockquote > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
blockquote > :first-child, li > :first-child { margin-top: 0px; }
.footnotes-area { color: rgb(136, 136, 136); margin-top: 0.714rem; padding-bottom: 0.143rem; white-space: normal; }
#write .footnote-line { white-space: pre-wrap; }
@media print {
body, html { border: 1px solid transparent; height: 99%; break-after: avoid; break-before: avoid; font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; }
#write { margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; border-color: transparent !important; }
.typora-export * { -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; }
.typora-export #write { break-after: avoid; }
.typora-export #write::after { height: 0px; }
.is-mac table { break-inside: avoid; }
.typora-export-show-outline .typora-export-sidebar { display: none; }
}
.footnote-line { margin-top: 0.714em; font-size: 0.7em; }
a img, img a { cursor: pointer; }
pre.md-meta-block { font-size: 0.8rem; min-height: 0.8rem; white-space: pre-wrap; background: rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; overflow-x: hidden; }
p > .md-image:only-child:not(.md-img-error) img, p > img:only-child { display: block; margin: auto; }
#write.first-line-indent p > .md-image:only-child:not(.md-img-error) img { left: -2em; position: relative; }
p > .md-image:only-child { display: inline-block; width: 100%; }
#write .MathJax_Display { margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; }
.md-math-block { width: 100%; }
.md-math-block:not(:empty)::after { display: none; }
.MathJax_ref { fill: currentcolor; }
[contenteditable="true"]:active, [contenteditable="true"]:focus, [contenteditable="false"]:active, [contenteditable="false"]:focus { outline: 0px; box-shadow: none; }
.md-task-list-item { position: relative; list-style-type: none; }
.task-list-item.md-task-list-item { padding-left: 0px; }
.md-task-list-item > input { position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1.2em; margin-top: calc(1em - 10px); border: none; }
.math { font-size: 1rem; }
.md-toc { min-height: 3.58rem; position: relative; font-size: 0.9rem; border-radius: 10px; }
.md-toc-content { position: relative; margin-left: 0px; }
.md-toc-content::after, .md-toc::after { display: none; }
.md-toc-item { display: block; color: rgb(65, 131, 196); }
.md-toc-item a { text-decoration: none; }
.md-toc-inner:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.md-toc-inner { display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; }
.md-toc-h1 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 0px; font-weight: 700; }
.md-toc-h2 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 2em; }
.md-toc-h3 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 4em; }
.md-toc-h4 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 6em; }
.md-toc-h5 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 8em; }
.md-toc-h6 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 10em; }
@media screen and (max-width: 48em) {
.md-toc-h3 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 3.5em; }
.md-toc-h4 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 5em; }
.md-toc-h5 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 6.5em; }
.md-toc-h6 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 8em; }
}
a.md-toc-inner { font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; }
.footnote-line a:not(.reversefootnote) { color: inherit; }
.md-attr { display: none; }
.md-fn-count::after { content: "."; }
code, pre, samp, tt { font-family: var(--monospace); }
kbd { margin: 0px 0.1em; padding: 0.1em 0.6em; font-size: 0.8em; color: rgb(36, 39, 41); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(173, 179, 185); border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: rgba(12, 13, 14, 0.2) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 0px 2px inset; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: middle; }
.md-comment { color: rgb(162, 127, 3); opacity: 0.6; font-family: var(--monospace); }
code { text-align: left; vertical-align: initial; }
a.md-print-anchor { white-space: pre !important; border-width: initial !important; border-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; display: inline-block !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important; right: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; background: 0px 0px !important; text-decoration: initial !important; text-shadow: initial !important; }
.os-windows.monocolor-emoji .md-emoji { font-family: "Segoe UI Symbol", sans-serif; }
.md-diagram-panel > svg { max-width: 100%; }
[lang="flow"] svg, [lang="mermaid"] svg { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
[lang="mermaid"] .node text { font-size: 1rem; }
table tr th { border-bottom: 0px; }
video { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 0px auto; }
iframe { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; border: none; }
.highlight td, .highlight tr { border: 0px; }
mark { background: rgb(255, 255, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.md-html-inline .md-plain, .md-html-inline strong, mark .md-inline-math, mark strong { color: inherit; }
.md-expand mark .md-meta { opacity: 0.3 !important; }
mark .md-meta { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
@media print {
.typora-export h1, .typora-export h2, .typora-export h3, .typora-export h4, .typora-export h5, .typora-export h6 { break-inside: avoid; }
}
.md-diagram-panel .messageText { stroke: none !important; }
.md-diagram-panel .start-state { fill: var(--node-fill); }
.md-diagram-panel .edgeLabel rect { opacity: 1 !important; }
.md-fences.md-fences-math { font-size: 1em; }
.md-fences-advanced:not(.md-focus) { padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; border: 0px; }
.md-fences-advanced:not(.md-focus) { background: inherit; }
.typora-export-show-outline .typora-export-content { max-width: 1440px; margin: auto; display: flex; flex-direction: row; }
.typora-export-sidebar { width: 300px; font-size: 0.8rem; margin-top: 80px; margin-right: 18px; }
.typora-export-show-outline #write { --webkit-flex:2; flex: 2 1 0%; }
.typora-export-sidebar .outline-content { position: fixed; top: 0px; max-height: 100%; overflow: hidden auto; padding-bottom: 30px; padding-top: 60px; width: 300px; }
@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
.typora-export-sidebar, .typora-export-sidebar .outline-content { width: 240px; }
}
@media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
.typora-export-sidebar { display: none; }
}
.outline-content li, .outline-content ul { margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; list-style: none; }
.outline-content ul { margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; }
.outline-content strong { font-weight: 400; }
.outline-expander { width: 1rem; height: 1.42857rem; position: relative; display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; cursor: pointer; padding-left: 4px; }
.outline-expander::before { content: ""; position: relative; font-family: Ionicons; display: inline-block; font-size: 8px; vertical-align: middle; }
.outline-item { padding-top: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; cursor: pointer; }
.outline-expander:hover::before { content: ""; }
.outline-h1 > .outline-item { padding-left: 0px; }
.outline-h2 > .outline-item { padding-left: 1em; }
.outline-h3 > .outline-item { padding-left: 2em; }
.outline-h4 > .outline-item { padding-left: 3em; }
.outline-h5 > .outline-item { padding-left: 4em; }
.outline-h6 > .outline-item { padding-left: 5em; }
.outline-label { cursor: pointer; display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; text-decoration: none; color: inherit; }
.outline-label:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.outline-item:hover { border-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); background-color: var(--item-hover-bg-color); }
.outline-item:hover { margin-left: -28px; margin-right: -28px; border-left: 28px solid transparent; border-right: 28px solid transparent; }
.outline-item-single .outline-expander::before, .outline-item-single .outline-expander:hover::before { display: none; }
.outline-item-open > .outline-item > .outline-expander::before { content: ""; }
.outline-children { display: none; }
.info-panel-tab-wrapper { display: none; }
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.typora-export .outline-item { padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; }
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.typora-export .outline-expander:hover::before, .typora-export .outline-item-open > .outline-item > .outline-expander::before { content: "−"; }
.typora-export-collapse-outline .outline-children { display: none; }
.typora-export-collapse-outline .outline-item-open > .outline-children, .typora-export-no-collapse-outline .outline-children { display: block; }
.typora-export-no-collapse-outline .outline-expander::before { content: "" !important; }
.typora-export-show-outline .outline-item-active > .outline-item .outline-label { font-weight: 700; }
.md-inline-math-container mjx-container { zoom: 0.95; }
:root {
--side-bar-bg-color: #fafafa;
--control-text-color: #777;
}
@include-when-export url(https://fonts.loli.net/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,700italic,700,400&subset=latin,latin-ext);
/* open-sans-regular - latin-ext_latin */
/* open-sans-italic - latin-ext_latin */
/* open-sans-700 - latin-ext_latin */
/* open-sans-700italic - latin-ext_latin */
html {
font-size: 16px;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}
body {
font-family: "Open Sans","Clear Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, 'Segoe UI Emoji', sans-serif;
color: rgb(51, 51, 51);
line-height: 1.6;
}
#write {
max-width: 860px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 30px;
padding-bottom: 100px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1400px) {
#write {
max-width: 1024px;
}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1800px) {
#write {
max-width: 1200px;
}
}
#write > ul:first-child,
#write > ol:first-child{
margin-top: 30px;
}
a {
color: #4183C4;
}
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6 {
position: relative;
margin-top: 1rem;
margin-bottom: 1rem;
font-weight: bold;
line-height: 1.4;
cursor: text;
}
h1:hover a.anchor,
h2:hover a.anchor,
h3:hover a.anchor,
h4:hover a.anchor,
h5:hover a.anchor,
h6:hover a.anchor {
text-decoration: none;
}
h1 tt,
h1 code {
font-size: inherit;
}
h2 tt,
h2 code {
font-size: inherit;
}
h3 tt,
h3 code {
font-size: inherit;
}
h4 tt,
h4 code {
font-size: inherit;
}
h5 tt,
h5 code {
font-size: inherit;
}
h6 tt,
h6 code {
font-size: inherit;
}
h1 {
font-size: 2.25em;
line-height: 1.2;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.75em;
line-height: 1.225;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
/*@media print {
.typora-export h1,
.typora-export h2 {
border-bottom: none;
padding-bottom: initial;
}
.typora-export h1::after,
.typora-export h2::after {
content: "";
display: block;
height: 100px;
margin-top: -96px;
border-top: 1px solid #eee;
}
}*/
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<div id='write' class=''><p><img src="assets/images/logo.png" width=30% /></p><h1 id='programming-in-python'><span>Programming in Python</span></h1><p><span>This is an online textbook on Python and is a companion resource to the course </span><code>Programming in Python</code><span> offered as a part of the Online Degree Program, IIT-Madras. For more details about the course, check out our </span><a href='https://www.onlinedegree.iitm.ac.in/course_pages/BSCCS1002.html'><span>website</span></a><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>Note to students</span></strong><span>: This book is meant to be used as a reference. You may find content that has not been covered in the video lectures. Likewise, there may be some content that is present in the lectures which is not covered here. Additional content appearing in this book will not be considered for grading. In summary, please refer to chapters that you feel are relevant for the course. But you are under no obligation to read the entire book cover to cover. Interested students are always welcome to read the entire thing!</span></p><div class='md-toc' mdtype='toc'><p class="md-toc-content" role="list"><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h1" data-ref="n2"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#programming-in-python">Programming in Python</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n9"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-0-warm-up">Chapter-0: Warm-up</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n12"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-1-introduction-to-python">Chapter-1: Introduction to Python</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n82"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-2-conditionals">Chapter-2: Conditionals</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n124"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-3-loops">Chapter-3: Loops</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n180"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-4-functions">Chapter-4: Functions</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n225"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-5-lists-and-tuples">Chapter-5: Lists and Tuples</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n298"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-6-dictionaries-and-sets">Chapter-6: Dictionaries and Sets</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n361"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-7-file-handling">Chapter-7: File Handling</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n545"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#chapter-8-object-oriented-programming">Chapter-8: Object Oriented Programming</a></span></p></div><video controls="" loop="" autoplay="" muted="">
<source src="assets/videos/intro.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-0-warm-up'><span>Chapter-0: Warm-up</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-0/lesson-0.html"><span>Lesson-0</span></a></p><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-1-introduction-to-python'><span>Chapter-1: Introduction to Python</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-1/lesson-1.1.html"><span>Lesson-1.1</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Python shell | Replit Console </span></li><li><span>Prompts | Output</span></li><li><span>Emojis</span></li><li><span>Literals and Variables</span></li><li><span>Basic Data types | type()</span></li><li><span>Comments</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-1/lesson-1.2.html"><span>Lesson-1.2</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Operators</span></li><li><span>Convention</span></li><li><span>Expressions</span></li><li><span>Type of Expressions</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-1/lesson-1.3.html"><span>Lesson-1.3</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Arithmetic Expressions</span></li><li><span>Boolean Expressions</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-1/lesson-1.4.html"><span>Lesson-1.4</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Replit Editor</span></li><li><span>Errors | Debugging</span></li><li><span>Exceptions</span></li><li><span>Wrong Code Snippets </span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-1/lesson-1.5.html"><span>Lesson-1.5</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Strings</span></p><ul><li><span>Quotes</span></li><li><span>Length</span></li><li><span>Operations</span></li><li><span>Escape Characters</span></li><li><span>Substrings</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-1/lesson-1.6.html"><span>Lesson-1.6</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Strings</span></p><ul><li><span>Indexing</span></li><li><span>Slicing</span></li><li><span>Immutability</span></li><li><span>Methods</span></li></ul></li></ul><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-2-conditionals'><span>Chapter-2: Conditionals</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-2/lesson-2.1.html"><span>Lesson-2.1</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Variables | Assignment operator | Dynamic Typing</span></li><li><span>Referencing versus Defining | Keywords and Naming Rules</span></li><li><span>Reusing Variables | Multiple Assignment | Deleting Variables</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-2/lesson-2.2.html"><span>Lesson-2.2</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Input</span></li><li><span>Type Conversion | Built-in Functions</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-2/lesson-2.3.html"><span>Lesson-2.3</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Conditional Statements</span></p><ul><li><code>if</code></li><li><code>if-else</code><span> </span></li><li><code>if-elif-else</code></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Nested Conditional Statements</span></p></li><li><p><span>Defining Variables inside </span><code>if</code></p></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-2/lesson-2.4.html"><span>Lesson-2.4</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>System libraries</span></p><ul><li><code>calendar</code></li><li><code>time</code></li><li><code>this</code></li></ul></li></ul><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-3-loops'><span>Chapter-3: Loops</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-3/lesson-3.1.html"><span>Lesson-3.1</span></a></p><ul><li><code>while</code><span> loop</span></li><li><code>break</code><span>, </span><code>continue</code></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-3/lesson-3.2.html"><span>Lesson-3.2</span></a></p><ul><li><code>for</code><span> loop</span></li><li><code>range()</code><span> </span></li><li><span>Iterating through Strings</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-3/lesson-3.3.html"><span>Lesson-3.3</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Nested loops</span></p></li><li><p><code>while</code><span> versus </span><code>for</code></p></li><li><p><code>print</code></p><ul><li><code>end</code><span> </span></li><li><code>sep</code></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-3/lesson-3.4.html"><span>Lesson-3.4</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Formatted printing</span></p><ul><li><span>f-strings</span></li><li><code>format()</code></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Format Specifiers</span></p></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-3/lesson-3.5.html"><span>Lesson-3.5</span></a></p><p><span>System libraries</span></p><ul><li><code>math</code></li><li><code>random</code></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-3/lesson-3.6.html"><span>Lesson-3.6</span></a></p><p><span>Mathematics and Programming</span></p><ul><li><span>Limits</span></li><li><span>Recurrence relations</span></li><li><span>Rational approximation</span></li></ul><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-4-functions'><span>Chapter-4: Functions</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-4/lesson-4.1.html"><span>Lesson-4.1</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Introduction</span></li><li><span>Examples</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-4/lesson-4.2.html"><span>Lesson-4.2</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Arguments</span></p><ul><li><span>Positional Arguments</span></li><li><span>Keyword Arguments</span></li><li><span>Default Arguments</span></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Call by Value</span></p></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-4/lesson-4.3.html"><span>Lesson-4.3</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Scope</span></p><ul><li><span>Local</span></li><li><span>Global</span></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Namespaces</span></p><ul><li><span>locals</span></li><li><span>globals</span></li></ul></li><li><p><span>Scope and Namespaces</span></p></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-4/lesson-4.4.html"><span>Lesson-4.4</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Recursion</span></li><li><span>Caution in Recursion</span></li></ul><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-5-lists-and-tuples'><span>Chapter-5: Lists and Tuples</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-5/lesson-5.1.html"><span>Lesson-5.1</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Lists</span></p><ul><li><span>Introduction</span></li><li><span>Iterating through Lists</span></li><li><span>Growing a List</span></li><li><span>Operations on Lists</span></li><li><span>Useful Functions</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-5/lesson-5.2.html"><span>Lesson-5.2</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Lists</span></p><ul><li><span>Mutability</span></li><li><span>Call by Reference</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-5/lesson-5.3.html"><span>Lesson-5.3</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Lists</span></p><ul><li><span>Simulating an IPL Innings</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-5/lesson-5.4.html"><span>Lesson-5.4</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Lists</span></p><ul><li><p><span>List Methods</span></p></li><li><p><span>Stack and Queue</span></p></li><li><p><span>Strings and Lists</span></p><ul><li><code>split</code></li><li><code>join</code></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-5/lesson-5.5.html"><span>Lesson-5.5</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Lists</span></p><ul><li><span>Nested Lists</span></li><li><span>Matrices</span></li><li><span>Shallow and Deep Copy</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-5/lesson-5.6.html"><span>Lesson-5.6</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Tuples</span></p><ul><li><span>Introduction</span></li><li><span>More on Tuples</span></li><li><span>Lists and Tuples</span></li><li><span>Packing and Unpacking</span></li></ul></li></ul><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-6-dictionaries-and-sets'><span>Chapter-6: Dictionaries and Sets</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-6/lesson-6.1.html"><span>Lesson-6.1</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Dictionaries </span></p><ul><li><span>Introduction</span></li><li><span>Examples</span></li><li><span>Iterating over Dictionaries</span></li><li><span>Growing a Dictionary</span></li><li><span>Mutability</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-6/lesson-6.2.html"><span>Lesson-6.2</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Text Processing</span></p><ul><li><span>Number of Sentences</span></li><li><span>Number of Words</span></li><li><span>Number of Unique Words</span></li><li><span>Frequent Words</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-6/lesson-6.3.html"><span>Lesson-6.3</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Dictionaries</span></p><ul><li><span>Pangrams and Dictionaries</span></li><li><span>Dictionary Methods</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-6/lesson-6.4.html"><span>Lesson-6.4</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Dictionaries in Action: LMS</span></p><ul><li><span>Assignment Model</span></li><li><span>Submission Model</span></li><li><span>Grader</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-6/lesson-6.5.html"><span>Lesson-6.5</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>Sets</span></p><ul><li><span>Introduction</span></li><li><span>Iterating over Sets</span></li><li><span>Growing Sets</span></li><li><span>Set Operations</span></li></ul></li></ul><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-7-file-handling'><span>Chapter-7: File Handling</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-7/lesson-7.1.html"><span>Lesson-7.1</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>File Handling</span></p><ul><li><span>Why Files</span></li><li><span>File Handling</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-7/lesson-7.2.html"><span>Lesson-7.2</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>File Handling</span></p><ul><li><span>Creating a file in Replit</span></li><li><span>Opening and Reading from a file</span></li><li><span>Writing to a file</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-7/lesson-7.3.html"><span>Lesson-7.3</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>File Handling</span></p><ul><li><span>File object analogy</span></li><li><span>Mode</span></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-7/lesson-7.4.html"><span>Lesson-7.4</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>File Handling</span></p><ul><li><p><span>File methods</span></p><ul><li><code>read</code></li><li><code>readline</code></li><li><code>readlines</code></li><li><code>write</code></li><li><code>writelines</code></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-7/lesson-7.5.html"><span>Lesson-7.5</span></a></p><ul><li><p><span>File Handling</span></p><ul><li><p><span>CSV files</span></p><ul><li><span>Reading a CSV file</span></li><li><span>Files to Collections</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p> </p><h2 id='chapter-8-object-oriented-programming'><span>Chapter-8: Object Oriented Programming</span></h2><p><a href="chapter-8/lesson-8.1.html"><span>Lesson-8.1</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Objects and Classes</span></li><li><span>OOP in Python: an example</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-8/lesson-8.2.html"><span>Lesson-8.2</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Classes and Objects</span></li><li><code>self</code></li><li><span>Class Attributes vs Object Attributes</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-8/lesson-8.3.html"><span>Lesson-8.3</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Inheritance</span></li><li><span>Concrete Example</span></li><li><span>Parent-child relationship</span></li><li><span>Method Overriding</span></li></ul><p><a href="chapter-8/lesson-8.4.html"><span>Lesson-8.4</span></a></p><ul><li><span>Vector: Mathematical Preliminaries</span></li><li><span>Vector: Specification</span></li><li><span>Vector: Definition</span></li><li><span>Collection of Vectors</span></li></ul><p> </p></div></div>
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