Add :default option to belongs_to.

Use it to specify that an association should be initialized with a particular record before validation. For example:
```
# Before
belongs_to :account
before_validation -> { self.account ||= Current.account }

# After
belongs_to :account, default: -> { Current.account }
```
George Claghorn
Deprecate Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix select with block doesn't return newly built records in has_many association.

Fixes #28348.

Ryuta Kamizono
Check whether Rails.application defined before calling it

In #27674 we changed the migration generator to generate migrations at the path defined in Rails.application.config.paths however the code checked for the presence of the Rails constant but not the Rails.application method which caused problems when using Active Record and generators outside of the context of a Rails application.

Fixes #28325.

Andrew White
Fix deserialize with JSON array.

Fixes #28285.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix rake db:schema:load with subdirectories.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix rake db:migrate:status with subdirectories.

Ryuta Kamizono
Don't share options between reference id and type columns

When using a polymorphic reference column in a migration, sharing options between the two columns doesn't make sense since they are different types. The reference_id column is usually an integer and the reference_type column a string so options like unsigned: true will result in an invalid table definition.

Ryuta Kamizono
Use max_identifier_length for index_name_length in PostgreSQL adapter.

Ryuta Kamizono
Deprecate supports_migrations? on connection adapters.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix regression of #1969 with SELECT aliases in HAVING clause.

Eugene Kenny
Deprecate using #quoted_id in quoting.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix wait_timeout to configurable for mysql2 adapter.

Fixes #26556.

Ryuta Kamizono

Rails 5.1.0.beta1 (February 23, 2017)

Correctly dump native timestamp types for MySQL.

The native timestamp type in MySQL is different from datetime type. Internal representation of the timestamp type is UNIX time, This means that timestamp columns are affected by time zone.

> SET time_zone = '+00:00';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

> INSERT INTO time_with_zone(ts,dt) VALUES (NOW(),NOW());
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

> SELECT * FROM time_with_zone;
+---------------------+---------------------+
| ts                  | dt                  |
+---------------------+---------------------+
| 2016-02-07 22:11:44 | 2016-02-07 22:11:44 |
+---------------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

> SET time_zone = '-08:00';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

> SELECT * FROM time_with_zone;
+---------------------+---------------------+
| ts                  | dt                  |
+---------------------+---------------------+
| 2016-02-07 14:11:44 | 2016-02-07 22:11:44 |
+---------------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Ryuta Kamizono

All integer-like PKs are autoincrement unless they have an explicit default.

Matthew Draper
Omit redundant using: :btree for schema dumping.

Ryuta Kamizono
Deprecate passing default to index_name_exists?.

Ryuta Kamizono
PostgreSQL: schema dumping support for interval and OID columns.

Ryuta Kamizono
Deprecate supports_primary_key? on connection adapters since it's been long unused and unsupported.

Ryuta Kamizono
Make table_name= reset current statement cache, so queries are not run against the previous table name.

namusyaka
Allow ActiveRecord::Base#as_json to be passed a frozen Hash.

Isaac Betesh
Fix inspection behavior when the :id column is not primary key.

namusyaka
Deprecate locking records with unpersisted changes.

Marc Schütz
Remove deprecated behavior that halts callbacks when the return is false.

Rafael Mendonça França
Deprecate ColumnDumper#migration_keys.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix association_primary_key_type for reflections with symbol primary key.

Fixes #27864.

Daniel Colson
Virtual/generated column support for MySQL 5.7.5+ and MariaDB 5.2.0+.

MySQL generated columns: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-table-generated-columns.html MariaDB virtual columns: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/virtual-computed-columns/

Declare virtual columns with t.virtual name, type: …, as: "expression". Pass stored: true to persist the generated value (false by default).

Example:
```
create_table :generated_columns do |t|
  t.string  :name
  t.virtual :upper_name,  type: :string,  as: "UPPER(name)"
  t.virtual :name_length, type: :integer, as: "LENGTH(name)", stored: true
  t.index :name_length  # May be indexed, too!
end
```
Ryuta Kamizono
Deprecate initialize_schema_migrations_table and initialize_internal_metadata_table.

Ryuta Kamizono
Support foreign key creation for SQLite3.

Ryuta Kamizono
Place generated migrations into the path set by config.paths["db/migrate"].

Kevin Glowacz
Raise ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey when a foreign key constraint fails on SQLite3.

Ryuta Kamizono
Add the touch option to #increment! and #decrement!.

Hiroaki Izu
Deprecate passing a class to the class_name because it eagerloads more classes than necessary and potentially creates circular dependencies.

Kir Shatrov
Raise error when has_many through is defined before through association.

Fixes #26834.

Chris Holmes
Deprecate passing name to indexes.

Ryuta Kamizono
Remove deprecated tasks: db:test:clone, db:test:clone_schema, db:test:clone_structure.

Rafel Mendonça França
Compare deserialized values for PostgreSQL::OID::Hstore types when calling ActiveRecord::Dirty#changed_in_place?.

Fixes #27502.

Jon Moss
Raise ArgumentError when passing an ActiveRecord::Base instance to .find, .exists? and .update.

Rafael Mendonça França
Respect precision option for arrays of timestamps.

Fixes #27514.

Sean Griffin
Optimize slow model instantiation when using STI and store_full_sti_class = false option.

Konstantin Lazarev

Add touch option to counter cache modifying methods.

Works when updating, resetting, incrementing and decrementing counters:

# Touches `updated_at`/`updated_on`.
Topic.increment_counter(:messages_count, 1, touch: true)
Topic.decrement_counter(:messages_count, 1, touch: true)

# Touches `last_discussed_at`.
Topic.reset_counters(18, :messages, touch: :last_discussed_at)

# Touches `updated_at` and `last_discussed_at`.
Topic.update_counters(18, messages_count: 5, touch: %i( updated_at last_discussed_at ))

Fixes #26724.

Jarred Trost

Remove deprecated #uniq, #uniq!, and #uniq_value.

Ryuta Kamizono
Remove deprecated #insert_sql, #update_sql, and #delete_sql.

Ryuta Kamizono
Remove deprecated #use_transactional_fixtures configuration.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated #raise_in_transactional_callbacks configuration.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated #load_schema_for.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated conditions parameter from #destroy_all and #delete_all.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to passing arguments to #select when a block is provided.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to query using commas on LIMIT.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to passing a class as a value in a query.

Rafael Mendonça França
Raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError when using last with an irreversible order.

Rafael Mendonça França
Raise when a has_many :through association has an ambiguous reflection name.

Rafael Mendonça França
Raise when ActiveRecord::Migration is inherited from directly.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated original_exception argument in ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid#initialize and ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid#original_exception.

Rafael Mendonça França
#tables and #table_exists? return only tables and not views.

All the deprecations on those methods were removed.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated name argument from #tables.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to passing a column to #quote.

Rafael Mendonça França
Set :time as a timezone aware type and remove deprecation when config.active_record.time_zone_aware_types is not explicitly set.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated force reload argument in singular and collection association readers.

Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated activerecord.errors.messages.restrict_dependent_destroy.one and activerecord.errors.messages.restrict_dependent_destroy.many i18n scopes.

Rafael Mendonça França
Allow passing extra flags to db:structure:load and db:structure:dump

Introduces ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_(load|dump)_flags to customize the eventual commands run against the database, e.g. mysqldump/pg_dump.

Kir Shatrov
Notifications see frozen SQL string.

Fixes #23774.

Richard Monette
RuntimeErrors are no longer translated to ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.

Richard Monette
Change the schema cache format to use YAML instead of Marshal.

Kir Shatrov
Support index length and order options using both string and symbol column names.

Fixes #27243.

Ryuta Kamizono
Raise ActiveRecord::RangeError when values that executed are out of range.

Ryuta Kamizono
Raise ActiveRecord::NotNullViolation when a record cannot be inserted or updated because it would violate a not null constraint.

Ryuta Kamizono
Emulate db trigger behaviour for after_commit :destroy, :update.

Race conditions can occur when an ActiveRecord is destroyed twice or destroyed and updated. The callbacks should only be triggered once, similar to a SQL database trigger.

Stefan Budeanu
Moved DecimalWithoutScale, Text, and UnsignedInteger from Active Model to Active Record.

Iain Beeston
Fix write_attribute method to check whether an attribute is aliased or not, and use the aliased attribute name if needed.

Prathamesh Sonpatki
Fix read_attribute method to check whether an attribute is aliased or not, and use the aliased attribute name if needed.

Fixes #26417.

Prathamesh Sonpatki
PostgreSQL & MySQL: Use big integer as primary key type for new tables.

Jon McCartie, Pavel Pravosud
Change the type argument of ActiveRecord::Base#attribute to be optional. The default is now ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new, which provides no type casting behavior.

Sean Griffin
Don't treat unsigned integers with zerofill as signed.

Fixes #27125.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix the uniqueness validation scope with a polymorphic association.

Sergey Alekseev
Raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound from collection *_ids setters for unknown IDs with a better error message.

Changes the collection *_ids setters to cast provided IDs the data type of the primary key set in the association, not the model primary key.

Dominic Cleal
For PostgreSQL >= 9.4 use pgcrypto's gen_random_uuid() instead of uuid-ossp's UUID generation function.

Yuji Yaginuma, Yaw Boakye
Introduce Model#reload_<association> to bring back the behavior of Article.category(true) where category is a singular association.

The force reloading of the association reader was deprecated in #20888. Unfortunately the suggested alternative of article.reload.category does not expose the same behavior.

This patch adds a reader method with the prefix reload_ for singular associations. This method has the same semantics as passing true to the association reader used to have.

Yves Senn
Make sure eager loading ActiveRecord::Associations also loads constants defined in ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.

Yves Senn
Allow ActionController::Parameters-like objects to be passed as values for Postgres HStore columns.

Fixes #26904.

Jon Moss

Added stat method to ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool.

Example:

ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.stat # =>
{ size: 15, connections: 1, busy: 1, dead: 0, idle: 0, waiting: 0, checkout_timeout: 5 }

Pavel Evstigneev

Avoid unscope(:order) when limit_value is presented for count and exists?.

If limit_value is presented, records fetching order is very important for performance. We should not unscope the order in the case.

Ryuta Kamizono
Fix an Active Record DateTime field NoMethodError caused by incomplete datetime.

Fixes #24195.

Sen Zhang
Allow slice to take an array of methods(without the need for splatting).

Cohen Carlisle
Improved partial writes with HABTM and has many through associations to fire database query only if relation has been changed.

Fixes #19663.

Mehmet Emin İNAÇ
Deprecate passing arguments and block at the same time to ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#select.

Prathamesh Sonpatki
Optimistic locking: Added ability to update locking_column value. Ignore optimistic locking if trying to update with new locking_column value.

bogdanvlviv
Fixed: Optimistic locking does not work well with null in the database.

Fixes #26024.

bogdanvlviv
Fixed support for case insensitive comparisons of text columns in PostgreSQL.

Edho Arief
Serialize JSON attribute value nil as SQL NULL, not JSON null.

Trung Duc Tran
Return true from update_attribute when the value of the attribute to be updated is unchanged.

Fixes #26593.

Prathamesh Sonpatki
Always store errors details information with symbols.

When the association is autosaved we were storing the details with string keys. This was creating inconsistency with other details that are added using the Errors#add method. It was also inconsistent with the Errors#messages storage.

To fix this inconsistency we are always storing with symbols. This will cause a small breaking change because in those cases the details could be accessed as strings keys but now it can not.

Fix #26499.

Rafael Mendonça França, Marcus Vieira
Calling touch on a model using optimistic locking will now leave the model in a non-dirty state with no attribute changes.

Fixes #26496.

Jakob Skjerning
Using a mysql2 connection after it fails to reconnect will now have an error message saying the connection is closed rather than an undefined method error message.

Dylan Thacker-Smith
PostgreSQL array columns will now respect the encoding of strings contained in the array.

Fixes #26326.

Sean Griffin
Inverse association instances will now be set before after_find or after_initialize callbacks are run.

Fixes #26320.

Sean Griffin
Remove unnecessarily association load when a belongs_to association has already been loaded then the foreign key is changed directly and the record saved.

James Coleman
Remove standardized column types/arguments spaces in schema dump.

Tim Petricola
Avoid loading records from database when they are already loaded using the pluck method on a collection.

Fixes #25921.

Ryuta Kamizono

Remove text default treated as an empty string in non-strict mode for consistency with other types.

Strict mode controls how MySQL handles invalid or missing values in data-change statements such as INSERT or UPDATE. If strict mode is not in effect, MySQL inserts adjusted values for invalid or missing values and produces warnings.

def test_mysql_not_null_defaults_non_strict
  using_strict(false) do
    with_mysql_not_null_table do |klass|
      record = klass.new
      assert_nil record.non_null_integer
      assert_nil record.non_null_string
      assert_nil record.non_null_text
      assert_nil record.non_null_blob

      record.save!
      record.reload

      assert_equal 0,  record.non_null_integer
      assert_equal "", record.non_null_string
      assert_equal "", record.non_null_text
      assert_equal "", record.non_null_blob
    end
  end
end

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/sql-mode.html#sql-mode-strict

Ryuta Kamizono

SQLite3 migrations to add a column to an existing table can now be successfully rolled back when the column was given and invalid column type.

Fixes #26087.

Travis O'Neill
Deprecate sanitize_conditions. Use sanitize_sql instead.

Ryuta Kamizono
Doing count on relations that contain LEFT OUTER JOIN Arel node no longer force a DISTINCT. This solves issues when using count after a left_joins.

Maxime Handfield Lapointe
RecordNotFound raised by association.find exposes id, primary_key and model methods to be consistent with RecordNotFound raised by Record.find.

Michel Pigassou
Hashes can once again be passed to setters of composed_of, if all of the mapping methods are methods implemented on Hash.

Fixes #25978.

Sean Griffin
Fix the SELECT statement in #table_comment for MySQL.

Takeshi Akima
Virtual attributes will no longer raise when read on models loaded from the database.

Sean Griffin
Support calling the method merge in scope's lambda.

Yasuhiro Sugino
Fixes multi-parameter attributes conversion with invalid params.

Hiroyuki Ishii
Add newline between each migration in structure.sql.

Keeps schema migration inserts as a single commit, but allows for easier git diffing.

Fixes #25504.

Grey Baker, Norberto Lopes
The flag error_on_ignored_order_or_limit has been deprecated in favor of the current error_on_ignored_order.

Xavier Noria
Batch processing methods support limit:
```
Post.limit(10_000).find_each do |post|
  # ...
end
```
It also works in find_in_batches and in_batches.

Xavier Noria
Using group with an attribute that has a custom type will properly cast the hash keys after calling a calculation method like count.

Fixes #25595.

Sean Griffin
Fix the generated #to_param method to use omission: '' so that the resulting output is actually up to 20 characters, not effectively 17 to leave room for the default "...". Also call #parameterize before #truncate and make the separator: /-/ to maximize the information included in the output.

Fixes #23635.

Rob Biedenharn
Ensure concurrent invocations of the connection reaper cannot allocate the same connection to two threads.

Fixes #25585.

Matthew Draper
Inspecting an object with an associated array of over 10 elements no longer truncates the array, preventing inspect from looping infinitely in some cases.

Kevin McPhillips
Removed the unused methods ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id and ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id=.

Sean Griffin
Ensure hashes can be assigned to attributes created using composed_of.

Fixes #25210.

Sean Griffin
Fix logging edge case where if an attribute was of the binary type and was provided as a Hash.

Jon Moss
Handle JSON deserialization correctly if the column default from database adapter returns '' instead of nil.

Johannes Opper
Introduce ActiveRecord::TransactionSerializationError for catching transaction serialization failures or deadlocks.

Erol Fornoles
PostgreSQL: Fix db:structure:load silent failure on SQL error.

The command line flag -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 should be used when invoking psql to make sure errors are not suppressed.

Example:
```
psql -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -q -f awesome-file.sql my-app-db
```
Fixes #23818.

Ralin Chimev

Please check 5-0-stable for previous changes.

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Rails 5.1.0.beta1 (February 23, 2017)

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