Remove extra select and update queries on save/touch/destroy ActiveRecord model with belongs to reflection with option touch: true.

Fixes: #11288

Paul Nikitochkin
Remove deprecated nil-passing to the following SchemaCache methods: primary_keys, tables, columns and columns_hash.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecated block filter from ActiveRecord::Migrator#migrate.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecated String constructor from ActiveRecord::Migrator.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecated scope use without passing a callable object.

Arun Agrawal
Remove deprecated transaction_joinable= in favor of begin_transaction with :joinable option.

Arun Agrawal
Remove deprecated decrement_open_transactions.

Arun Agrawal
Remove deprecated increment_open_transactions.

Arun Agrawal
Remove deprecated PostgreSQLAdapter#outside_transaction? method. You can use #transaction_open? instead.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name in favor of ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name.

Vipul A M
Removed deprecated columns_for_remove from SchemaStatements.

Neeraj Singh
Remove deprecated SchemaStatements#distinct.

Francesco Rodriguez
Move deprecated ActiveRecord::TestCase into the rails test suite. The class is no longer public and is only used for internal Rails tests.

Yves Senn
Removed support for deprecated option :restrict for :dependent in associations.

Neeraj Singh
Removed support for deprecated delete_sql in associations.

Neeraj Singh
Removed support for deprecated insert_sql in associations.

Neeraj Singh
Removed support for deprecated finder_sql in associations.

Neeraj Singh
Support array as root element in JSON fields.

Alexey Noskov & Francesco Rodriguez
Removed support for deprecated counter_sql in associations.

Neeraj Singh
Do not invoke callbacks when delete_all is called on collection.

Method delete_all should not be invoking callbacks and this feature was deprecated in Rails 4.0. This is being removed. delete_all will continue to honor the :dependent option. However if :dependent value is :destroy then the default deletion strategy for that collection will be applied.

User can also force a deletion strategy by passing parameter to delete_all. For example you can do @post.comments.delete_all(:nullify) .

Neeraj Singh
Calling default_scope without a proc will now raise ArgumentError.

Neeraj Singh
Removed deprecated method type_cast_code from Column.

Neeraj Singh
Removed deprecated options delete_sql and insert_sql from HABTM association.

Removed deprecated options finder_sql and counter_sql from collection association.

Neeraj Singh
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base#connection method. Make sure to access it via the class.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecation warning for auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds.

Yves Senn
Remove deprecated :distinct option from Relation#count.

Yves Senn
Removed deprecated methods partial_updates, partial_updates? and partial_updates=.

Neeraj Singh
Removed deprecated method scoped

Neeraj Singh
Removed deprecated method default_scopes?

Neeraj Singh

Remove implicit join references that were deprecated in 4.0.

Example:

# before with implicit joins
Comment.where('posts.author_id' => 7)

# after
Comment.references(:posts).where('posts.author_id' => 7)

Yves Senn

Apply default scope when joining associations. For example:
```
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope -> { where published: true }
end

class Comment
  belongs_to :post
end
```
When calling Comment.joins(:post), we expect to receive only comments on published posts, since that is the default scope for posts.

Before this change, the default scope from Post was not applied, so we'd get comments on unpublished posts.

Jon Leighton
Remove activerecord-deprecated_finders as a dependency

Łukasz Strzałkowski
Remove Oracle / Sqlserver / Firebird database tasks that were deprecated in 4.0.

kennyj
find_each now returns an Enumerator when called without a block, so that it can be chained with other Enumerable methods.

Ben Woosley
ActiveRecord::Result.each now returns an Enumerator when called without a block, so that it can be chained with other Enumerable methods.

Ben Woosley
Flatten merged join_values before building the joins.

While joining_values special treatment is given to string values. By flattening the array it ensures that string values are detected as strings and not arrays.

Fixes #10669.

Neeraj Singh and iwiznia
Do not load all child records for inverse case.

currently post.comments.find(Comment.first.id) would load all comments for the given post to set the inverse association.

This has a huge performance penalty. Because if post has 100k records and all these 100k records would be loaded in memory even though the comment id was supplied.

Fix is to use in-memory records only if loaded? is true. Otherwise load the records using full sql.

Fixes #10509.

Neeraj Singh
inspect on Active Record model classes does not initiate a new connection. This means that calling inspect, when the database is missing, will no longer raise an exception. Fixes #10936.

Example:
```
Author.inspect # => "Author(no database connection)"
```
Yves Senn
Handle single quotes in PostgreSQL default column values. Fixes #10881.

Dylan Markow
Log the sql that is actually sent to the database.

If I have a query that produces sql WHERE "users"."name" = 'a b' then in the log all the whitespace is being squeezed. So the sql that is printed in the log is WHERE "users"."name" = 'a b'.

Do not squeeze whitespace out of sql queries. Fixes #10982.

Neeraj Singh
Fixture setup does no longer depend on ActiveRecord::Base.configurations. This is relevant when ENV["DATABASE_URL"] is used in place of a database.yml.

Yves Senn
Fix mysql2 adapter raises the correct exception when executing a query on a closed connection.

Yves Senn

Ambiguous reflections are on :through relationships are no longer supported. For example, you need to change this:

class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :posts
  has_many :taggings, :through => :posts
end

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :tagging
  has_many :taggings
end

class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
end

To this:

class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :posts
  has_many :taggings, :through => :posts, :source => :tagging
end

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :tagging
  has_many :taggings
end

class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
end

Aaron Patterson

Remove column restrictions for count, let the database raise if the SQL is invalid. The previous behavior was untested and surprising for the user. Fixes #5554.

Example:

User.select("name, username").count
# Before => SELECT count(*) FROM users
# After => ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid

# you can still use `count(:all)` to perform a query unrelated to the
# selected columns
User.select("name, username").count(:all) # => SELECT count(*) FROM users

Yves Senn

Rails now automatically detects inverse associations. If you do not set the :inverse_of option on the association, then Active Record will guess the inverse association based on heuristics.

Note that automatic inverse detection only works on has_many, has_one, and belongs_to associations. Extra options on the associations will also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically.

The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations, especially the ones with non-standard names.

You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting the :inverse_of option to false like so:
```
class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
end
```
John Wang
Fix add_column with array option when using PostgreSQL. Fixes #10432

Adam Anderson

Usage of implicit_readonly is being removed. Please use readonlymethod explicitly to mark records asreadonly. Fixes #10615.

Example:

user = User.joins(:todos).select("users.*, todos.title as todos_title").readonly(true).first
user.todos_title = 'clean pet'
user.save! # will raise error

Yves Senn

Fix the :primary_key option for has_many associations. Fixes #10693.

Yves Senn
Fix bug where tiny types are incorrectly coerced as boolean when the length is more than 1.

Fixes #10620.

Aaron Patterson
Also support extensions in PostgreSQL 9.1. This feature has been supported since 9.1.

kennyj
Deprecate ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct, as it is no longer used by internals.

Ben Woosley
Fix pending migrations error when loading schema and ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix is not blank.

Call assume_migrated_upto_version on connection to prevent it from first being picked up in method_missing.

In the base class, Migration, method_missing expects the argument to be a table name, and calls proper_table_name on the arguments before sending to connection. If table_name_prefix or table_name_suffix is used, the schema version changes to prefix_version_suffix, breaking rake test:prepare.

Fixes #10411.

Kyle Stevens
Method read_attribute_before_type_cast should accept input as symbol.

Neeraj Singh
Confirm a record has not already been destroyed before decrementing counter cache.

Ben Tucker
Fixed a bug in ActiveRecord#sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions in which self.class is an argument to PredicateBuilder#build_from_hash causing PredicateBuilder to call non-existent method Class#reflect_on_association.

Zach Ohlgren
While removing index if column option is missing then raise IrreversibleMigration exception.

Following code should raise IrreversibleMigration. But the code was failing since options is an array and not a hash.
```
def change
  change_table :users do |t|
    t.remove_index [:name, :email]
  end
end
```
Fix was to check if the options is a Hash before operating on it.

Fixes #10419.

Neeraj Singh
Do not overwrite manually built records during one-to-one nested attribute assignment

For one-to-one nested associations, if you build the new (in-memory) child object yourself before assignment, then the NestedAttributes module will not overwrite it, e.g.:
```
class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one :avatar
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :avatar

  def avatar
    super || build_avatar(width: 200)
  end
end

member = Member.new
member.avatar_attributes = {icon: 'sad'}
member.avatar.width # => 200
```
Olek Janiszewski
fixes bug introduced by #3329. Now, when autosaving associations, deletions happen before inserts and saves. This prevents a 'duplicate unique value' database error that would occur if a record being created had the same value on a unique indexed field as that of a record being destroyed.

Johnny Holton
Handle aliased attributes in ActiveRecord::Relation.

When using symbol keys, ActiveRecord will now translate aliased attribute names to the actual column name used in the database:

With the model
```
class Topic
  alias_attribute :heading, :title
end
```
The call
```
Topic.where(heading: 'The First Topic')
```
should yield the same result as
```
Topic.where(title: 'The First Topic')
```
This also applies to ActiveRecord::Relation::Calculations calls such as Model.sum(:aliased) and Model.pluck(:aliased).

This will not work with SQL fragment strings like Model.sum('DISTINCT aliased').

Godfrey Chan
Mute psql output when running rake db:schema:load.

Godfrey Chan
Trigger a save on has_one association=(associate) when the associate contents have changed.

Fix #8856.

Chris Thompson
Abort a rake task when missing db/structure.sql like db:schema:load task.

kennyj
rake:db:test:prepare falls back to original environment after execution.

Slava Markevich

Please check 4-0-stable for previous changes.

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