Handle only specifically relevant Azure HTTPErrors ActiveStorage::Service::AzureStorageService#upload and #delete

[cbothner]

The Azure gem uses Azure::Core::Http::HTTPError for everything:
checksum mismatch, missing object, network unavailable, and many more.
(https://www.rubydoc.info/github/yaxia/azure-storage-ruby/Azure/Core/Http/HTTPError).
Rescuing that class obscures all sorts of configuration errors. We
should check the type of error in those rescue blocks, and reraise when
needed.

This is a resubmission of #33667, which had a bug sneak through.

r? @georgeclaghorn

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