[v23.2.x] Transactions API Authorization

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #14969 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-14969-v23.2.x-977
git cherry-pick -x eb5e56f20932345b825d093bc74798ff64db2763 6196b0775df01d58f88908bae9b1adecfa562780 9ef71b66e133597ff08e58503cbed52816e99fdc 7ad4a77a6e897e75ed8985335a64d459af3a7236 c4b96da04d74ee1226916edac9f4911ee1823131 073cae5f4d8c6074a1de91b2836a52cc8749432c

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-14969-v23.2.x-977
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] Transactions API Authorization" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-14969-v23.2.x-977" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --reviewer "ztlpn,mmaslankaprv,michael-redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/14969 "