[v23.2.x] c/topics_dispatcher: do not guesstimate leader ids

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #15678 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-15678-v23.2.x-231
git cherry-pick -x 3e86234048aab4991c2356b4d62dc7d42b9b0b6d 8f81843ffcebd5a9765397bc923207e9f79ac864 86d583b486d033377be4c9f2b331be25ff6d9632 763c0ac0ebc5e232a9fd747a9f6fba56d2759ee2 5bf2a272311bd30d21d98ab30af1e0ed3d69aa08 fea4f6a23b48a8b4d1793a1d1b3afd92b7960ff8 3b2eac5f2f508d8939e2a4f97085fe5d10af9727 6823527bbfab550917bf5df1586049e6d00e0abd

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-15678-v23.2.x-231
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] c/topics_dispatcher: do not guesstimate leader ids" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-15678-v23.2.x-231" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/15678 "