[v23.3.x] wasm/parser: bump limits

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #16722 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-16722-v23.3.x-916
git cherry-pick -x d07f77527ee2cf408ea9aa3fc1dfb90eb09c8317

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-16722-v23.3.x-916
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] wasm/parser: bump limits" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-16722-v23.3.x-916" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/16722 "