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<body>
  <h6 id="header">RMagick 0.0.0 User's Guide and Reference</h6>

  <div class="nav">
    &laquo;&nbsp;<a href="index.html">Prev</a> | <a href=
    "index.html">Contents</a> | <a href=
    "imusage.html">Next</a>&nbsp;&raquo;
  </div>

  <h1>How to use RMagick</h1>

  <div id="toc">
    <h2>Table of Contents</h2>

    <ul style="margin-left: 15px; padding-top: 1em">
      <li><a href="#basics">Basic concepts</a></li>

      <li><a href="#reading">Reading, writing, and creating
      images</a></li>

      <li><a href="#displaying">Displaying images</a></li>

      <li><a href="#modifying">Examining and modifying
      images</a></li>

      <li><a href="#marshaling">Marshaling images</a></li>

      <li><a href="#drawing_on">Drawing on and adding text to
      images</a></li>

      <li><a href="#more">Where to go from here</a></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <h2 id="basics">Basic concepts</h2>

  <p>Let's look at the RMagick equivalent of "Hello, world". This
  program reads an image file named "Cheetah.jpg" and
  displays<span class="sup"><a href="#display">1</a></span> it on
  your monitor</p>
  <pre class="example">
1. require 'RMagick'
2. include Magick
3.
4. cat = ImageList.new("Cheetah.jpg")
5. cat.display
6. exit

</pre>

  <p class="example_cutline">MS Windows users note: The
  <span style="font-style:normal">display</span> method does not
  work on native MS Windows. You must use an external viewer to
  view the images you create.</p>

  <p>Line 1 requires <span class="sup"><a href=
  "#rubygems">2</a></span> the RMagick.rb file, which defines the
  <b>Magick</b> module. The Magick module contains 3 major classes,
  <b>ImageList</b>, <b>Image</b>, and <b>Draw</b>. This section -
  <em>Basic Concepts</em> - describes the ImageList and Image
  classes. The Draw class is explained in the <em><a href=
  "#drawing">Drawing on and adding text to images</a></em> section,
  below.</p>

  <p>The statement on line 5 creates an <em>imagelist</em> object
  and initializes it by reading the <code>Cheetah.jpg</code> file
  in the current directory. Line 6 sends the <code>display</code>
  method to the object. When you send <code>display</code> to an
  imagelist, it causes all the images in the imagelist to be
  displayed on the default X Window screen. In this case, the
  <code>display</code> method makes a picture of a cheetah appear
  on your monitor.</p>

  <p>Type this program in and try running it now. The
  <code>Cheetah.jpg</code> file is in the <code>ex/images</code>
  subdirectory where you installed the RMagick documentation.</p>

  <p>The Image and ImageList classes are closely related. An
  <em>Image</em> object describes one image or one frame in an
  image with multiple frames. (An animated GIF or a Photoshop image
  with multiple layers are examples of images with multiple
  frames.) You can create a image object from an image file such as
  a GIF, PNG, or JPEG. You can create a image from scratch by
  specifying its dimensions. You can write an image to disk,
  display it on a screen, change its size or orientation, convert
  it to another format, or otherwise modify it using one of over
  100 methods.</p>

  <p>An <em>ImageList</em> object is a <em>list</em> of images. It
  contains zero or more images and a <em>scene number</em>. The
  scene number indicates the <em>current image</em>. The ImageList
  class includes methods that operate on all the images in the
  list. Also, with a very few exceptions, any method defined in the
  Image class can be used as well. Since Image methods always
  operate on a single image, when an Image method is sent to an
  imagelist, the ImageList class sends the method to the current
  image, that is, the image specified by the scene number.</p>

  <p>The ImageList class is a subclass of the Array class, so you
  can use most Array methods to change the images in the imagelist.
  For example, you can use the <code>&lt;&lt;</code> method to add
  an image to the list.</p>

  <p>Going back to the example, let's make one modification.</p>
  <pre class="example">
1. require 'RMagick'
2. include Magick
3.
4. cat = ImageList.new("Cheetah.jpg")
5. smallcat = cat.minify
6. smallcat.display
7. exit
</pre>

  <p>The difference is the statement on line 5. This statement
  sends the <code>minify</code> method to the imagelist. The
  <code>minify</code> method is an Image method that reduces the
  size of an image to half its original size. Remember, since
  <code>minify</code> is an Image method, the ImageList class sends
  <code>minify</code> to the current (and only) image. The return
  value is a new image, half the size of the original.</p>

  <p>Line 6 demonstrates the Image class's <code>display</code>
  method, which displays a single image on the X Window screen.
  <code>Image#display</code> makes a picture of a (in this case,
  small) cheetah appear on your monitor.</p>

  <p>Here's how to write the small cheetah to a file in GIF
  format.</p>
  <pre class="example">
1. require 'RMagick'
2. include Magick
3.
4. cat = ImageList.new("Cheetah.jpg")
5. smallcat = cat.minify
6. smallcat.display
7. smallcat.write("Small-Cheetah.gif")
8. exit
</pre>

  <p>The statement on line 7 writes the image to a file. Notice
  that the filename extension is <code>gif</code>. When writing
  images, ImageMagick uses the filename extension to determine what
  image format to write. In this example, the
  <code>Small-Cheetah.gif</code> file will be in the GIF format.
  Notice how easy it is to covert an image from one format to
  another? (For more details, see <a href=
  "imusage.html#formats">Image formats and filenames</a>.)</p>

  <p>So why, in the previous example, did I create <code>cat</code>
  as an ImageList object containing just one image, instead of
  creating an Image object? No reason, really. When you only have
  one image to deal with, imagelists and images are pretty much
  interchangeable.</p>

  <p><em><b>Note:</b></em> In most cases, an Image method does not
  modify the image to which it is sent. Instead, the method returns
  a new image, suitably modified. For example, the <a href=
  "image3.html#resize"><code>resize</code></a> method returns a new
  image, sized as specified. The receiver image is unaltered.
  (Following the Ruby convention, when a method alters the receiver
  object, the method name ends with "!". For example, the <a href=
  "image3.html#resize_bang"><code>resize!</code></a> method resizes
  the receiver in place.)</p>

  <h2 id="reading">Reading, writing, and creating images</h2>

  <p>You've already seen that you can create an imagelist and
  initialize it by specifying the name of an image file as the
  argument to <a href=
  "ilist.html#new"><code>ImageList.new</code></a>. In fact,
  <code>new</code> can take any number of file name arguments. If
  the file contains a single image, <code>new</code> reads the
  file, creates an image, and adds it to the imagelist. If the file
  is a multi-frame image file, <code>new</code> adds an image for
  each frame or layer in the file. Lastly, <code>new</code> changes
  the scene number to point to the last image in the imagelist. In
  the simple case, <code>new</code> reads a single image from a
  file and sets the scene number to 0.</p>

  <p>You can also create an image from scratch by calling <a href=
  "image1.html#new"><code>Image.new</code></a>. This method takes 2
  or 3 arguments. The first argument is the number of columns in
  the new image (its width). The second argument is the number of
  rows (its height). If present, the 3rd argument is a <a href=
  "struct.html#fill"><code>Fill</code></a> object. To add a
  "scratch" image to an imagelist, call <a href=
  "ilist.html#new_image"><code>ImageList#new_image</code></a>. This
  method calls <code>Image.new</code>, adds the new image to the
  imagelist, and sets the scene number to point to the new image.
  Scratch images are good for <a href="#drawing">drawing</a> on or
  creating images by <a href=
  "image1.html#composite">compositing</a>.</p>

  <p>Like many other methods in the Image and ImageList classes,
  <code>Image.new</code> accepts an optional block that can be used
  to set additional optional parameters. If the block is present,
  <code>Image.new</code> creates a <a href="info.html">parameter
  object</a> and yields to the block in the scope of that object.
  You set the parameters by calling attribute setter methods
  defined in the parameter object's class. For example, you can set
  the background color of a new image to red with the
  <code>background_color=</code> method, as shown here:</p>
  <pre class="example">
require 'RMagick'
include Magick
# Create a 100x100 red image.
f = Image.new(100,100) { self.background_color = "red" }
f.display
exit
</pre>

  <p>Within the parameter block you must use <code>self</code> so
  that Ruby knows that this statement is a method call, not an
  assignment to a variable.</p>

  <p>You can create an image by capturing it from the XWindow
  screen using <a href=
  "image1.html#capture"><code>Image.capture</code></a>. This method
  can capture the root window, a window identified by name or ID
  number, or perform an interactive capture whereby you designate
  the desired window by clicking it or by drawing a rectangle on
  the screen with your mouse.</p>

  <p>Both the Image class and the ImageList class have
  <code>write</code> methods. Both accept a single argument, the
  name of the file to be written. <a href=
  "image3.html#write"><code>Image#write</code></a> simply writes
  the image to a file. Like the <code>Image#read</code> method,
  <code>write</code> yields to an optional block that you can use
  to set parameters that control how the image is written.</p>

  <p>If an ImageList object contains only one image, then <a href=
  "ilist.html#write"><code>ImageList#write</code></a> is the same
  as <code>Image#write</code>. However, if the imagelist contains
  multiple images and the file format (determined by the file name
  extension, as I mentioned earlier) supports multi-frame images,
  <code>Image#write</code> will automatically create a multi-frame
  image file.</p>

  <p>For example, the following program reads three GIF files and
  then uses <code>ImageList#write</code> to combine all the images
  in those files (remember, each input file can contain multiple
  images) into one animated GIF file.</p>
  <pre class="example">
#! /usr/local/bin/ruby -w
require 'RMagick'
anim = ImageList.new("start.gif", "middle.gif", "finish.gif")
anim.write("animated.gif")
exit
</pre>

  <h2 id="displaying">Displaying images</h2>

  <p>RMagick defines 3 methods for displaying images and
  imagelists. Both the Image class and the ImageList class have a
  <code>display</code> method. The <a href=
  "image1.html#display"><code>Image#display</code></a> method
  displays the image on the default X Window screen. For imagelists
  with just one image, <a href=
  "ilist.html#display"><code>ImageList#display</code></a> is
  identical to <code>Image#display</code>. However, if the
  imagelist contains multiple images,
  <code>ImageList#display</code> displays each of the images in
  turn. With both methods, right-clicking the display window will
  produce a menu of other options.</p>

  <p>The <a href=
  "ilist.html#animate"><code>ImageList#animate</code></a> method
  repeatedly cycles through all the images in an imagelist,
  displaying each one in turn. You can control the speed of the
  animation with the <a href=
  "ilist.html#delay_eq"><code>ImageList#delay=</code></a>
  method.</p>

  <h2 id="modifying">Examining and modifying images</h2>

  <p>Once you've created an image or imagelist, what can you do
  with it? The Image and ImageList classes define over 100 methods
  for examining and modifying images, both individually and in
  groups. Remember, unless the ImageList class defines a method
  with the same name, you can send any method defined in the Image
  class to an instance of the ImageList class. The ImageList class
  sends the method to the current image and returns the result.</p>

  <p>The methods can be classified into the following broad groups.
  ImageList method descriptions look like <span class=
  "ilist">this</span>. Some of the listed methods are not available
  in some releases of ImageMagick. See the method documentation for
  details.</p>

  <div id="index">
    <h4>Utility methods</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href="image1.html#spaceship">&lt;=&gt;</a></dt>

      <dd>Compare 2 images</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#spaceship">&lt;=&gt;</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Compare 2 imagelists</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#aref">[ ]</a></dt>

      <dd>Reference an image property</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#aset">[ ]=</a></dt>

      <dd>Set an image property</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#add_profile">add_profile</a></dt>

      <dd>Add an ICC, IPTC, or generic profile</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#changed_q">changed?</a></dt>

      <dd>Has the image been changed?</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#channel">channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Extract a color channel from the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#compare_channel">compare_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Compare one or more channels between two images</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#channel_depth">channel_depth</a></dt>

      <dd>Return the depth of the specified channel or
      channels</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#channel_extrema">channel_extrema</a></dt>

      <dd>Return the maximum and minimum intensity values for one
      or more channels in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#check_destroyed">check_destroyed</a></dt>

      <dd>Raise an exception if the image has been destroyed</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#clone">clone</a></dt>

      <dd>Return a shallow copy of the image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#clone">clone</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Return a shallow copy of the imagelist</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#color_histogram">color_histogram</a></dt>

      <dd>Count the number of times each unique color appears in
      the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#combine">combine</a></dt>

      <dd>Combines the grayscale value of the pixels in each image
      to form a new image.</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#copy">copy</a></dt>

      <dd>Return a deep copy of the image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#copy">copy</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Return a deep copy of the imagelist</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#delete_profile">delete_profile</a></dt>

      <dd>Delete an ICC, IPTC, or generic profile</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#destroy_bang">destroy!</a></dt>

      <dd>Return all memory associated with the image to the
      system</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#destroyed_q">destroyed?</a></dt>

      <dd>Has the image has been destroyed?</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#difference">difference</a></dt>

      <dd>Compute the difference between two images</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#distortion_channel">distortion_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Compare one or more channels to a reconstructed
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#dup">dup</a></dt>

      <dd>Return a shallow copy of the image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#dup">dup</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Return a shallow copy of the imagelist</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#each_pixel">each_pixel</a></dt>

      <dd>Iterate over all the pixels in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#each_profile">each_profile</a></dt>

      <dd>Iterate over all the profiles associated with the
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#export_pixels">export_pixels</a></dt>

      <dd>Extract pixel data from the image into an array</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#export_pixels_to_str">export_pixels_to_str</a></dt>

      <dd>Extract pixel data from the image into a string</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#find_similar_region">find_similar_region</a></dt>

      <dd>Search for a rectangle matching the target</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#get_exif_by_entry">get_exif_by_entry</a>,
      <a href=
      "image2.html#get_exif_by_number">get_exif_by_number</a></dt>

      <dd>Get one or more EXIF property values for the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#get_pixels">get_pixels</a></dt>

      <dd>Copy a region of pixels from the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#gray_q">gray?</a></dt>

      <dd>Are all the pixels in the image gray?</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#histogram_q">histogram?</a></dt>

      <dd>Does the image have &lt;= 1024 unique colors??</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#import_pixels">import_pixels</a></dt>

      <dd>Replace pixels in the image with pixel data from an
      array</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#monochrome_q">monochrome?</a></dt>

      <dd>Are all the pixels in the image either black or
      white?</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#opaque_q">opaque?</a></dt>

      <dd>Are all the pixels in the image opaque?</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#palette_q">palette?</a></dt>

      <dd>Is the image a PseudoClass type image with 256 colors or
      less?</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#preview">preview</a></dt>

      <dd>Show the effect of a transformation method on the
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#profile_bang">profile!</a></dt>

      <dd>Add or remove an ICM, IPTC, or generic profile from the
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#properties">properties</a></dt>

      <dd>Iterate over all the properties associated with the
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#separate">separate</a></dt>

      <dd>Construct a grayscale image for each channel
      specified</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#set_channel_depth">set_channel_depth</a></dt>

      <dd>Set the specified channel's depth</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#signature">signature</a></dt>

      <dd>Compute the 64-byte message signature for the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#store_pixels">store_pixels</a></dt>

      <dd>Replace a region of pixels in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#strip_bang">strip!</a></dt>

      <dd>Strip the image of all comments and profiles</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#sync_profiles">sync_profiles</a></dt>

      <dd>Synchronize the image properties with the image
      profiles</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#unique_colors">unique_colors</a></dt>

      <dd>Construct an image from the unique colors</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#view">view</a></dt>

      <dd>Access pixels by their coordinates.</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Reduce the number of colors</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#compress_colormap_bang">compress_colormap!</a></dt>

      <dd>Remove duplicate or unused entries in the image's
      colormap</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#ordered_dither">ordered_dither</a></dt>

      <dd>Dither the image to a predefined pattern</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#posterize">posterize</a></dt>

      <dd>Reduce the number of colors for a "poster" effect</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#quantize">quantize</a></dt>

      <dd>Choose a fixed number of colors to represent the
      image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#quantize">quantize</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Choose a fixed number of colors to
      represent all the images in the imagelist</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#remap">remap</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the colors in the image to the colors in a
      reference image.</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#remap">remap</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Change the images in the imagelist to use a
      common color map.</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Resize</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#change_geometry">change_geometry</a></dt>

      <dd>Compute a new constrained size for the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#liquid_rescale">liquid_rescale</a></dt>

      <dd>Rescale image with seam-carving</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#magnify">magnify</a></dt>

      <dd>Double the size of the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#minify">minify</a></dt>

      <dd>Halve the size of the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#resample">resample</a></dt>

      <dd>Resample the image to the specified horizontal and
      vertical resolution</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#resize">resize</a></dt>

      <dd>Resize the image using a filter</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#resize_to_fill">resize_to_fill</a></dt>

      <dd>Resize and crop while retaining the aspect ratio</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#resize_to_fit">resize_to_fit</a></dt>

      <dd>Resize the image retaining the aspect ratio</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#sample">sample</a></dt>

      <dd>Resize the image using pixel sampling</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#scale">scale</a></dt>

      <dd>Resize the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#thumbnail">thumbnail</a></dt>

      <dd>Quickly create a thumbnail of the image</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Change colors or opacity</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#color_fill_to_border">color_fill_to_border</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the color of neighboring pixels. Stop at the
      image's border color.</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#color_floodfill">color_floodfill</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the color of neighboring pixels that are the same
      color</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#colormap">colormap</a></dt>

      <dd>Get or set a color in the image's colormap</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#color_point">color_point</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the color of a single pixel in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#color_reset_bang">color_reset!</a></dt>

      <dd>Set the entire image to a single color</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#cycle_colormap">cycle_colormap</a></dt>

      <dd>Displace the image's colormap</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#erase_bang">erase!</a></dt>

      <dd>Set the entire image to a single color</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#matte_fill_to_border">matte_fill_to_border</a></dt>

      <dd>Make transparent neighboring pixels. Stop at the image's
      border color.</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#matte_floodfill">matte_floodfill</a></dt>

      <dd>Make transparent neighboring pixels that are the same
      color</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#matte_point">matte_point</a></dt>

      <dd>Make a single pixel transparent</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#matte_reset_bang">matte_reset!</a></dt>

      <dd>Make the entire image transparent</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#opaque">opaque</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#opaque_channel">opaque_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Change all pixels from the specified color to a new
      color</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#pixel_color">pixel_color</a></dt>

      <dd>Get or set the color of a single pixel</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#splice">splice</a></dt>

      <dd>Splice a solid color into the image.</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#texture_fill_to_border">texture_fill_to_border</a></dt>

      <dd>Replace neighbor pixels with pixels from a texture image.
      Stop at the image's border color.</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#texture_floodfill">texture_floodfill</a></dt>

      <dd>Replace neighboring pixels that are the same color with
      pixels from a texture image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#paint_transparent">paint_transparent</a>,
      <a href="image3.html#transparent">transparent</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the opacity value of pixels having the specified
      color</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#transparent_chroma">transparent_chroma</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the opacity value of pixels within the specified
      range</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Rotate, flip, or shear</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#affine_transform">affine_transform</a></dt>

      <dd>Transform the image as dictated by an affine matrix</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#auto_orient">auto_orient</a></dt>

      <dd>Rotate or flip the image using the EXIF orientation
      tag</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#deskew">deskew</a></dt>

      <dd>Straighten the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#flip">flip</a></dt>

      <dd>Create a vertical mirror image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#flop">flop</a></dt>

      <dd>Create a horizontal mirror image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#rotate">rotate</a></dt>

      <dd>Rotate the image by the specified angle</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#shear">shear</a></dt>

      <dd>Shear the image along the X or Y axis, creating a
      parallelogram</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#transpose">transpose</a></dt>

      <dd>Create a horizontal mirror image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#transverse">transverse</a></dt>

      <dd>Create a vertical mirror image</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Composite</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#add_compose_mask">add_compose_mask</a></dt>

      <dd>Add a mask to the background image in a composite
      operation</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#average">average</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Average all the images in the imagelist
      into a single image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#blend">blend</a></dt>

      <dd>Blend two images together</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#composite">composite</a></dt>

      <dd>Composite a source image onto the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#composite_affine">composite_affine</a></dt>

      <dd>Composite a source image onto the image as dictated by an
      affine matrix</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#composite_layers">composite_layers</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Composite two imagelists</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#composite_mathematics">composite_mathematics</a></dt>

      <dd>Merge a source image onto the image according to a
      formula.</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#composite_tiled">composite_tiled</a></dt>

      <dd>Composite multiple copies of an image over another
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#delete_compose_mask">delete_compose_mask</a></dt>

      <dd>Delete a compose mask</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#displace">displace</a></dt>

      <dd>Distort the image using a displacement map</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#dissolve">dissolve</a></dt>

      <dd>Dissolve two images into each other</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#extent">extent</a></dt>

      <dd>Extend or crop the image over the background color.</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#watermark">watermark</a></dt>

      <dd>Composite a watermark onto the image</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Transform</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#append">append</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Append all the images in the imagelist into
      a single image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#chop">chop</a></dt>

      <dd>Chop a region from the image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#coalesce">coalesce</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Merge successive images in the imagelist
      into a new imagelist</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#crop">crop</a></dt>

      <dd>Extract a region from the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#decipher">decipher</a></dt>

      <dd>Convert enciphered pixels to plain pixels</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#deconstruct">deconstruct</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Construct a new imagelist containing images
      that include only the changed pixels between each image and
      its successor</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#distort">distort</a></dt>

      <dd>Distort the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#encipher">encipher</a></dt>

      <dd>Encipher plain pixels</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#excerpt">excerpt</a></dt>

      <dd>Excerpt a rectangle from the image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#flatten_images">flatten_images</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Merge all the images in the imagelist into
      a single image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#mosaic">mosaic</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Inlay all the images in the imagelist into
      a single image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#optimize_layers">optimize_layers</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Optimize or compare image layers</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#resize_to_fill">resize_to_fill</a></dt>

      <dd>Resize and crop while retaining the aspect ratio</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#roll">roll</a></dt>

      <dd>Offset the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#shave">shave</a></dt>

      <dd>Shave regions from the edges of the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#trim">trim</a></dt>

      <dd>Remove borders from the edges of the image</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Enhance</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href="image1.html#clut_channel">clut_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Replace the channel values in the image with a lookup of
      its replacement value in an LUT gradient image.</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#contrast">contrast</a></dt>

      <dd>Enhance the intensity differences between the lighter and
      darker elements in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#contrast_stretch_channel">contrast_stretch_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Improve the contrast in the image by stretching the range
      of intensity values</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#despeckle">despeckle</a></dt>

      <dd>Reduce the speckle noise in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#enhance">enhance</a></dt>

      <dd>Apply a digital filter that improves the quality of a
      noisy image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#equalize">equalize</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#equalize_channel">equalize_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Apply a histogram equalization to the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#function_channel">function_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Apply a function to selected channel values</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#fx">fx</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Apply a mathematical expression to an
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#auto_gamma_channel">auto_gamma_channel</a>,
      <a href="image2.html#gamma_correct">gamma_correct</a>,
      <a href="image2.html#gamma_channel">gamma_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Gamma correct the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#auto_level_channel">auto_level_channel</a>,
      <a href="image2.html#level">level,</a> <a href=
      "image2.html#level_channel">level_channel</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#level_colors">level_colors</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#levelize_channel">levelize_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Adjust the levels of one or more channels in the
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#linear_stretch">linear_stretch</a></dt>

      <dd>Stretch with saturation the image contrast</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image2.html#median_filter">median_filter</a></dt>

      <dd>Apply a digital filter that improves the quality of a
      noisy image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#modulate">modulate</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the brightness, saturation, or hue of the
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#negate">negate</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#negate_channel">negate_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Negate the colors of the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#normalize">normalize</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#normalize_channel">normalize_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Enhance the contrast of the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#quantum_operator">quantum_operator</a></dt>

      <dd>Performs an integer arithmetic operation on selected
      channels values</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#reduce_noise">reduce_noise</a></dt>

      <dd>Smooth the contours of an image while still preserving
      edge information</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#adaptive_sharpen">adaptive_sharpen</a>, <a href=
      "image1.html#adaptive_sharpen_channel">adaptive_sharpen_channel</a>,
      <a href="image3.html#sharpen">sharpen</a>, <a href=
      "image3.html#sharpen_channel">sharpen_channel</a>, <a href=
      "image3.html#unsharp_mask">unsharp_mask</a>, <a href=
      "image3.html#unsharp_mask_channel">unsharp_mask_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Sharpen the image</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#sigmoidal_contrast_channel">sigmoidal_contrast_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Adjusts the contrast of an image channel with a
      non-linear sigmoidal contrast algorithm</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Add effects</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#adaptive_threshold">adaptive_threshold</a></dt>

      <dd>Threshold an image whose global intensity histogram
      doesn't contain distinctive peaks</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#add_noise">add_noise</a>, <a href=
      "image1.html#add_noise_channel">add_noise_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Add random noise</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#bilevel_channel">bilevel_channel</a></dt>

      <dd class="imquote">Change the value of individual image
      pixels based on the intensity of each pixel channel</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image1.html#black_threshold">black_threshold</a></dt>

      <dd>Force all pixels below the threshold into black</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#blue_shift">blue_shift</a></dt>

      <dd class="imquote">Simulate a scene at nighttime in the
      moonlight</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#adaptive_blur">adaptive_blur</a>,
      <a href=
      "image1.html#adaptive_blur_channel">adaptive_blur_channel</a>,
      <a href="image1.html#blur_image">blur_image</a>, <a href=
      "image1.html#blur_channel">blur_channel</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#gaussian_blur">gaussian_blur</a>, <a href=
      "image2.html#gaussian_blur_channel">gaussian_blur_channel</a>,
      <a href="image2.html#motion_blur">motion_blur</a>, <a href=
      "image3.html#radial_blur">radial_blur</a>, <a href=
      "image3.html#radial_blur_channel">radial_blur_channel</a>,
      <a href=
      "image3.html#selective_blur_channel">selective_blur_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Blur the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#colorize">colorize</a></dt>

      <dd>Blend the fill color with each pixel in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image1.html#convolve">convolve</a>, <a href=
      "image1.html#convolve_channel">convolve_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Apply a custom convolution kernel to the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#segment">segment</a></dt>

      <dd>Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color
      components and identifying units that are homogeneous with
      the fuzzy c-means technique</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#random_threshold_channel">random_threshold_channel</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the value of individual pixels based on the
      intensity of each pixel compared to a random threshold.</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#recolor">recolor</a></dt>

      <dd>translate, scale, shear, or rotate the image colors</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#threshold">threshold</a></dt>

      <dd>Change the value of individual pixels based on the
      intensity of each pixel compared to threshold</dd>

      <dt><a href=
      "image3.html#white_threshold">white_threshold</a></dt>

      <dd>Force all pixels above the threshold into white</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Add special effects</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href="image1.html#charcoal">charcoal</a></dt>

      <dd>Add a charcoal effect</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#edge">edge</a></dt>

      <dd>Find edges in the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#emboss">emboss</a></dt>

      <dd>Add a three-dimensional effect</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#implode">implode</a></dt>

      <dd>Implode or explode the center pixels in the image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#morph">morph</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Transform each image in the imagelist to
      the next in sequence by creating intermediate images</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#oil_paint">oil_paint</a></dt>

      <dd>Add an oil paint effect</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#polaroid">polaroid</a></dt>

      <dd>Simulate a Polaroid&reg; instant picture</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#sepiatone">sepiatone</a></dt>

      <dd>Applies an effect similar to the effect achieved in a
      photo darkroom by sepia toning.</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#shade">shade</a></dt>

      <dd>Shine a distant light on an image to create a
      three-dimensional effect</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#shadow">shadow</a></dt>

      <dd>Add a shadow to an image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#sketch">sketch</a></dt>

      <dd>Simulate a pencil sketch</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#solarize">solarize</a></dt>

      <dd>Apply a special effect to the image, similar to the
      effect achieved in a photo darkroom by selectively exposing
      areas of photo sensitive paper to light</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#spread">spread</a></dt>

      <dd>Randomly displace each pixel in a block</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#stegano">stegano</a></dt>

      <dd>Hide a digital watermark within the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#stereo">stereo</a></dt>

      <dd>Combine two images into a single image that is the
      composite of a left and right image of a stereo pair</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#swirl">swirl</a></dt>

      <dd>Swirl the pixels about the center of the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#vignette">vignette</a></dt>

      <dd>Soften the edges of the image to create a vignette</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#wave">wave</a></dt>

      <dd>Add a ripple effect to the image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#wet_floor">wet_floor</a></dt>

      <dd>Create a "wet floor" reflection of the image</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Decorate</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href="image1.html#border">border</a></dt>

      <dd>Surround the image with a solid-colored border</dd>

      <dt><a href="image2.html#frame">frame</a></dt>

      <dd>Add a simulated three-dimensional border around the
      image</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#raise">raise</a></dt>

      <dd>Create a simulated three-dimensional button-like effect
      by lightening and darkening the edges of the image</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Create thumbnail montages</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#montage">montage</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Tile image thumbnails across a canvas</dd>
    </dl>

    <h4>Create image blobs</h4>

    <dl>
      <dt><a href="image1.html#from_blob">from_blob</a></dt>

      <dd>Create an image from a BLOB</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#from_blob">from_blob</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Create an imagelist from one or more
      BLOBs</dd>

      <dt><a href="image3.html#to_blob">to_blob</a></dt>

      <dd>Construct a BLOB from an image</dd>

      <dt class="ilist"><a href=
      "ilist.html#to_blob">to_blob</a></dt>

      <dd class="ilist">Construct a BLOB from all the images in the
      imagelist</dd>
    </dl>
  </div>

  <h2 id="marshaling">Marshaling images</h2>

  <p>ImageList, Image, Draw, and Pixel objects are marshaled using
  custom serialization methods. Images are marshaled with
  ImageMagick's Binary Large OBject functions
  <code>ImageToBlob</code> (for dumping) and
  <code>BlobToImage</code> (for loading).</p>

  <h4>Notes</h4>

  <ol>
    <li>Some image formats cannot be dumped. The only way to be
    sure it will work is to try it.</li>

    <li>Images in lossy formats, such as JPEG, will have a
    different signature after being reconstituted and therefore
    will not compare equal (using <a href=
    "image1.html#spaceship">&lt;=&gt;</a>) to the original
    image.</li>

    <li>Image metadata may be changed by marshaling.</li>
  </ol>

  <h2 id="drawing_on">Drawing on and adding text to images</h2>

  <p>The <strong>Draw</strong> class is the third major class in
  the Magick module. This class defines two kinds of methods,
  <a href="#drawing">drawing</a> methods and <a href=
  "#annotation">annotation</a> methods.</p>

  <h3 id="drawing">Drawing</h3>

  <p>ImageMagick supports a set of 2D drawing commands that are
  very similar to the commands and elements defined by the W3C's
  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/index.html#minitoc">Scalable
  Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 Specification</a>. In RMagick, each
  command (called a <em>primitive</em>) is implemented as a method
  in the <code>Draw</code> class. To draw on an image, simply</p>

  <ol>
    <li>Create an instance of the <code>Draw</code> class.</li>

    <li>Call one or more primitive methods with the appropriate
    arguments.</li>

    <li>Call the <a href="draw.html#draw"><code>draw</code></a>
    method.</li>
  </ol>

  <p>The primitive methods do <em>not</em> draw anything directly.
  When you call a primitive method, you are simply adding the
  primitive and its arguments to a list of primitives stored in the
  <code>Draw</code> object. To "execute" the primitive list, call
  <code>draw</code>. Drawing the primitives does not destroy them.
  You can draw on another image by calling <code>draw</code> again,
  specifying a different image as the "canvas." Of course you can
  also draw on an image with multiple <code>Draw</code> objects,
  too. The canvas can be any image or imagelist, created by reading
  an image file or from scratch using
  <code>ImageList#new_image</code> or <code>Image.new</code>. (If
  you pass an imagelist object to <code>draw</code>, it draws on
  the current image.)</p>

  <div id="axes">
    <a href="javascript:popup('axes.rb.html')"><img src=
    "ex/axes.gif" alt="Drawing coordinate system" title=
    "Click to see the example script" /></a>

    <div>
      <p>Here's an illustration of the default drawing coordinate
      system. The origin is in the top left corner. The x axis
      extends to the right. The y axis extends downward. The units
      are pixels. 0&deg; is at 3 o'clock and rotation is clockwise.
      The units of rotation are usually degrees.<sup><a href=
      "#degrees">3</a></sup></p>

      <p>You can change the default coordinate system by specifying
      a <em>scaling</em>, <em>rotation</em>, or
      <em>translation</em> transformation.</p>

      <p><em>(Click the image to see the Ruby program that created
      it.)</em></p>
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>RMagick's primitive methods include methods for drawing
  points, lines, Bezier curves, shapes such as ellipses and
  rectangles, and text. Shapes and lines have a fill color and a
  stroke color. Shapes are filled with the fill color unless the
  fill opacity is 0. Similarly, shapes are stroked with the stroke
  color unless the stroke opacity is 0. Text is considered a shape
  and is stroked and filled. Other rendering properties you can set
  include the stroke width, antialiasing, stroke patterns, and fill
  patterns.</p>

  <p>As an example, here's the section of the Ruby program that
  created the circle in the center of the above image.</p>
  <pre class="example">
 1. !# /usr/local/bin/ruby -w
 2. require 'RMagick'
 3.
 4. canvas = Magick::ImageList.new
 5. canvas.new_image(250, 250, Magick::HatchFill.new('white', 'gray90'))
 6.
 7. circle = Magick::Draw.new
 8. circle.stroke('tomato')
 9. circle.fill_opacity(0)
10. circle.stroke_opacity(0.75)
11. circle.stroke_width(6)
12. circle.stroke_linecap('round')
13. circle.stroke_linejoin('round')
14. circle.ellipse(canvas.rows/2,canvas.columns/2, 80, 80, 0, 315)
15. circle.polyline(180,70, 173,78, 190,78, 191,62)
16. circle.draw(canvas)
</pre>

  <p>The statements on lines 4 and 5 create the drawing canvas with
  a single 250x250 image. The <code>HatchFill</code> object fills
  the image with light-gray lines 10 pixels apart. The statement on
  line 7 creates a Draw object. The method calls on lines 8-15
  construct a list of primitives that are "executed" by the
  <code>draw</code> method call on line 16.</p>

  <p>The <code>stroke</code> method sets the stroke color, as seen
  on line 8. Normally, shapes are filled (opacity = 1.0), but the
  call to <code>fill_opacity</code> on line 9 sets the opacity to
  0, so the background will show through the circle. Similarly, the
  stroke lines are normally opaque, but the tomato-colored stroke
  line in this example is made slightly transparent by the call to
  <code>stroke_opacity</code> on line 10. The method calls on lines
  11 through 13 set the stroke width and specify the appearance of
  the line ends and corners.</p>

  <p>The <code>ellipse</code> method call on line 14 describes an
  circle in the center of the canvas with a radius of 80 pixels.
  The ellipse occupies 315&deg; of a circle, starting at 0&deg;
  (that is, 3 o'clock). The <code>polyline</code> call on line 15
  adds the arrowhead to the circle. The arguments (always an even
  number) are the x- and y-coordinates of the points the line
  passes through.</p>

  <p>Finally, the <code>draw</code> method on line 16 identifies
  the canvas to be drawn on and executes the stored primitives.</p>

  <h3 id="annotation">Annotation</h3>

  <p>The <a href="draw.html#annotate"><code>annotate</code></a>
  method draws text on an image. In its simplest form,
  <code>annotate</code> requires only arguments that describe where
  to draw the text and the text string.</p>

  <p>Most of the time, you'll want to specify text properties such
  as the font, its size, font styles such as italic, font weights
  such as bold, the fill and stroke color, etc. The Draw class
  defines <a href="draw.html">attribute writers</a> for this
  purpose. You can set the desired text properties by calling the
  attribute writers before calling <code>annotate</code>, or you
  can call them in an image block associated with the
  <code>annotate</code> call.</p>

  <p>The following example shows how to use <code>annotate</code>
  to produce this image.</p>

  <div id="rubyname">
    <a href="javascript:popup('rubyname.rb.html')"><img src=
    "ex/rubyname.gif" alt="annotate example" title=
    "Click to see the example script" /></a>
  </div>
  <pre class="example">
 1.   #! /usr/local/bin/ruby -w
 2.   require 'RMagick'
 3.
 4.   # Demonstrate the annotate method
 5.
 6.   Text = 'RMagick'
 7.
 8.   granite = Magick::ImageList.new('granite:')
 9.   canvas = Magick::ImageList.new
10.   canvas.new_image(300, 100, Magick::TextureFill.new(granite))
11.
12.   text = Magick::Draw.new
13.   text.font_family = 'helvetica'
14.   text.pointsize = 52
15.   text.gravity = Magick::CenterGravity
16.
17.   text.annotate(canvas, 0,0,2,2, Text) {
18.      self.fill = 'gray83'
19.   }
20.
21.   text.annotate(canvas, 0,0,-1.5,-1.5, Text) {
22.      self.fill = 'gray40'
23.   }
24.
25.   text.annotate(canvas, 0,0,0,0, Text) {
26.      self.fill = 'darkred'
27.   }
28.
29.   canvas.write('rubyname.gif')
30.   exit
</pre>

  <p>This program uses three calls to <code>annotate</code> to
  produce the "etched" appearance. All three calls have some
  parameters in common but the fill color and location are
  different.</p>

  <p>First, the statements in lines 8-10 create the background. See
  <a href="struct.html#fill"><code>Fill classes</code></a> for
  information about the <code>TextureFill</code> class. The
  "granite:" image format is one of ImageMagick's built-in image
  formats. See <a href="imusage.html#builtin_formats">"Built-in
  image formats"</a> for more information. The statement on line 12
  creates the Draw object that does the annotation. The next 3
  lines set the values of the attributes that are common to all 3
  <code>annotate</code> calls.</p>

  <p>The first <code>annotate</code> argument is the image on which
  the text will be drawn. Arguments 2-5, <code>width</code>,
  <code>height</code>, <code>x</code>, and <code>y</code>, describe
  a rectangle about which the text is drawn. This rectangle,
  combined with the value of <code>gravity</code>, define the
  position of the text. When the <code>gravity</code> value is
  <a href=
  "constants.html#GravityType"><code>CenterGravity</code></a> the
  values of <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> are
  unused.</p>

  <p>The first call to <code>annotate</code>, on lines 17-19, draws
  the text 2 pixels to the right and down from the center. The
  <code>self.fill = 'gray83'</code> statement sets the text color
  to light gray. The second call to <code>annotate</code>, on lines
  21-22, draws dark gray text 1.5 pixels to the left and up from
  the center. The last call, on lines 25-27, draws the text a third
  time, in dark red, exactly in the center of the image.</p>

  <h2 id="more">Where to go from here</h2>

  <p>The next section, <a href="imusage.html">"ImageMagick
  Conventions,"</a> describes some conventions that you need to
  know, such as how ImageMagick determines the graphic format of an
  image file, etc. The ImageMagick (www.imagemagick.org) web site
  (from which much of the information in these pages has been
  taken) offers a lot of detail about ImageMagick. While this web
  sites doesn't describe RMagick, you can often use the
  documentation to learn more about a RMagick method by reading
  about the Magick API the method calls. (In the Reference section
  of this document, most of the method descriptions include the
  name of the Magick API that the method calls.) Check out the
  example programs. Almost every one of the methods is demonstrated
  in one of the examples.</p>

  <p>Good luck!</p>

  <div>
    <h5 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h5>

    <p id="display"><span class="sup">1</span>The
    <code>display</code> and <code>animate</code> methods do not
    work on MS Windows. You will have to write the image to a file
    and view it with a separate image viewer.</p>

    <p id="rubygems"><span class="sup">2</span>If you installed
    RMagick using <a href="http://docs.rubygems.org/">Rubygems</a>
    you must set up the RubyGems environment before using RMagick.
    You can do one of</p>

    <ol>
      <li>add the <code>require 'rubygems'</code> statement to your
      program</li>

      <li>use the -rubygems command line option</li>

      <li>add <code>rubygems</code> to the RUBYOPT environment
      variable</li>
    </ol>

    <p>See the RubyGems <a href=
    "http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/3#page70">doc</a> for
    more information.</p>

    <p id="degrees"><span class="sup">3</span>The rotation
    attributes <code>rx</code> and <code>ry</code> in the <a href=
    "struct.html#AffineMatrix"><code>AffineMatrix</code></a> class
    use radians instead of degrees.</p>
  </div>

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