builder.rs

use std::any::{type_name, Any};
use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
use std::collections::BTreeSet;
use std::env;
use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
use std::fmt::{Debug, Write};
use std::fs::{self, File};
use std::hash::Hash;
use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader};
use std::ops::Deref;
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
use std::process::Command;
use std::sync::OnceLock;
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

use crate::core::build_steps::llvm;
use crate::core::build_steps::tool::{self, SourceType};
use crate::core::build_steps::{check, clean, compile, dist, doc, install, run, setup, test};
use crate::core::config::flags::{Color, Subcommand};
use crate::core::config::{DryRun, SplitDebuginfo, TargetSelection};
use crate::prepare_behaviour_dump_dir;
use crate::utils::cache::Cache;
use crate::utils::helpers::{self, add_dylib_path, add_link_lib_path, exe, linker_args};
use crate::utils::helpers::{check_cfg_arg, libdir, linker_flags, output, t, LldThreads};
use crate::EXTRA_CHECK_CFGS;
use crate::{Build, CLang, Crate, DocTests, GitRepo, Mode};

pub use crate::Compiler;

use clap::ValueEnum;
// FIXME: replace with std::lazy after it gets stabilized and reaches beta
use once_cell::sync::Lazy;

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;

pub struct Builder<'a> {
    pub build: &'a Build,
    pub top_stage: u32,
    pub kind: Kind,
    cache: Cache,
    stack: RefCell<Vec<Box<dyn Any>>>,
    time_spent_on_dependencies: Cell<Duration>,
    pub paths: Vec<PathBuf>,
}

impl<'a> Deref for Builder<'a> {
    type Target = Build;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        self.build
    }
}

pub trait Step: 'static + Clone + Debug + PartialEq + Eq + Hash {
    /// `PathBuf` when directories are created or to return a `Compiler` once
    /// it's been assembled.
    type Output: Clone;

    /// Whether this step is run by default as part of its respective phase.
    /// `true` here can still be overwritten by `should_run` calling `default_condition`.
    const DEFAULT: bool = false;

    /// If true, then this rule should be skipped if --target was specified, but --host was not
    const ONLY_HOSTS: bool = false;

    /// Primary function to execute this rule. Can call `builder.ensure()`
    /// with other steps to run those.
    fn run(self, builder: &Builder<'_>) -> Self::Output;

    /// When bootstrap is passed a set of paths, this controls whether this rule
    /// will execute. However, it does not get called in a "default" context
    /// when we are not passed any paths; in that case, `make_run` is called
    /// directly.
    fn should_run(run: ShouldRun<'_>) -> ShouldRun<'_>;

    /// Builds up a "root" rule, either as a default rule or from a path passed
    /// to us.
    ///
    /// When path is `None`, we are executing in a context where no paths were
    /// passed. When `./x.py build` is run, for example, this rule could get
    /// called if it is in the correct list below with a path of `None`.
    fn make_run(_run: RunConfig<'_>) {
        // It is reasonable to not have an implementation of make_run for rules
        // who do not want to get called from the root context. This means that
        // they are likely dependencies (e.g., sysroot creation) or similar, and
        // as such calling them from ./x.py isn't logical.
        unimplemented!()
    }
}

pub struct RunConfig<'a> {
    pub builder: &'a Builder<'a>,
    pub target: TargetSelection,
    pub paths: Vec<PathSet>,
}

impl RunConfig<'_> {
    pub fn build_triple(&self) -> TargetSelection {
        self.builder.build.build
    }

    /// Return a list of crate names selected by `run.paths`.
    #[track_caller]
    pub fn cargo_crates_in_set(&self) -> Vec<String> {
        let mut crates = Vec::new();
        for krate in &self.paths {
            let path = krate.assert_single_path();
            let Some(crate_name) = self.builder.crate_paths.get(&path.path) else {
                panic!("missing crate for path {}", path.path.display())
            };
            crates.push(crate_name.to_string());
        }
        crates
    }

    /// Given an `alias` selected by the `Step` and the paths passed on the command line,
    /// return a list of the crates that should be built.
    ///
    /// Normally, people will pass *just* `library` if they pass it.
    /// But it's possible (although strange) to pass something like `library std core`.
    /// Build all crates anyway, as if they hadn't passed the other args.
    pub fn make_run_crates(&self, alias: Alias) -> Vec<String> {
        let has_alias =
            self.paths.iter().any(|set| set.assert_single_path().path.ends_with(alias.as_str()));
        if !has_alias {
            return self.cargo_crates_in_set();
        }

        let crates = match alias {
            Alias::Library => self.builder.in_tree_crates("sysroot", Some(self.target)),
            Alias::Compiler => self.builder.in_tree_crates("rustc-main", Some(self.target)),
        };

        let crate_names = crates.into_iter().map(|krate| krate.name.to_string()).collect();
        crate_names
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
pub enum Alias {
    Library,
    Compiler,
}

impl Alias {
    fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Alias::Library => "library",
            Alias::Compiler => "compiler",
        }
    }
}

/// A description of the crates in this set, suitable for passing to `builder.info`.
///
/// `crates` should be generated by [`RunConfig::cargo_crates_in_set`].
pub fn crate_description(crates: &[impl AsRef<str>]) -> String {
    if crates.is_empty() {
        return "".into();
    }

    let mut descr = String::from(" {");
    descr.push_str(crates[0].as_ref());
    for krate in &crates[1..] {
        descr.push_str(", ");
        descr.push_str(krate.as_ref());
    }
    descr.push('}');
    descr
}

struct StepDescription {
    default: bool,
    only_hosts: bool,
    should_run: fn(ShouldRun<'_>) -> ShouldRun<'_>,
    make_run: fn(RunConfig<'_>),
    name: &'static str,
    kind: Kind,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialOrd, Ord, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TaskPath {
    pub path: PathBuf,
    pub kind: Option<Kind>,
}

impl Debug for TaskPath {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        if let Some(kind) = &self.kind {
            write!(f, "{}::", kind.as_str())?;
        }
        write!(f, "{}", self.path.display())
    }
}

/// Collection of paths used to match a task rule.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialOrd, Ord, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum PathSet {
    /// A collection of individual paths or aliases.
    ///
    /// These are generally matched as a path suffix. For example, a
    /// command-line value of `std` will match if `library/std` is in the
    /// set.
    ///
    /// NOTE: the paths within a set should always be aliases of one another.
    /// For example, `src/librustdoc` and `src/tools/rustdoc` should be in the same set,
    /// but `library/core` and `library/std` generally should not, unless there's no way (for that Step)
    /// to build them separately.
    Set(BTreeSet<TaskPath>),
    /// A "suite" of paths.
    ///
    /// These can match as a path suffix (like `Set`), or as a prefix. For
    /// example, a command-line value of `tests/ui/abi/variadic-ffi.rs`
    /// will match `tests/ui`. A command-line value of `ui` would also
    /// match `tests/ui`.
    Suite(TaskPath),
}

impl PathSet {
    fn empty() -> PathSet {
        PathSet::Set(BTreeSet::new())
    }

    fn one<P: Into<PathBuf>>(path: P, kind: Kind) -> PathSet {
        let mut set = BTreeSet::new();
        set.insert(TaskPath { path: path.into(), kind: Some(kind) });
        PathSet::Set(set)
    }

    fn has(&self, needle: &Path, module: Kind) -> bool {
        match self {
            PathSet::Set(set) => set.iter().any(|p| Self::check(p, needle, module)),
            PathSet::Suite(suite) => Self::check(suite, needle, module),
        }
    }

    // internal use only
    fn check(p: &TaskPath, needle: &Path, module: Kind) -> bool {
        if let Some(p_kind) = &p.kind {
            p.path.ends_with(needle) && *p_kind == module
        } else {
            p.path.ends_with(needle)
        }
    }

    /// Return all `TaskPath`s in `Self` that contain any of the `needles`, removing the
    /// matched needles.
    ///
    /// This is used for `StepDescription::krate`, which passes all matching crates at once to
    /// `Step::make_run`, rather than calling it many times with a single crate.
    /// See `tests.rs` for examples.
    fn intersection_removing_matches(&self, needles: &mut Vec<&Path>, module: Kind) -> PathSet {
        let mut check = |p| {
            for (i, n) in needles.iter().enumerate() {
                let matched = Self::check(p, n, module);
                if matched {
                    needles.remove(i);
                    return true;
                }
            }
            false
        };
        match self {
            PathSet::Set(set) => PathSet::Set(set.iter().filter(|&p| check(p)).cloned().collect()),
            PathSet::Suite(suite) => {
                if check(suite) {
                    self.clone()
                } else {
                    PathSet::empty()
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// A convenience wrapper for Steps which know they have no aliases and all their sets contain only a single path.
    ///
    /// This can be used with [`ShouldRun::crate_or_deps`], [`ShouldRun::path`], or [`ShouldRun::alias`].
    #[track_caller]
    pub fn assert_single_path(&self) -> &TaskPath {
        match self {
            PathSet::Set(set) => {
                assert_eq!(set.len(), 1, "called assert_single_path on multiple paths");
                set.iter().next().unwrap()
            }
            PathSet::Suite(_) => unreachable!("called assert_single_path on a Suite path"),
        }
    }
}

const PATH_REMAP: &[(&str, &[&str])] = &[
    // config.toml uses `rust-analyzer-proc-macro-srv`, but the
    // actual path is `proc-macro-srv-cli`
    ("rust-analyzer-proc-macro-srv", &["src/tools/rust-analyzer/crates/proc-macro-srv-cli"]),
    // Make `x test tests` function the same as `x t tests/*`
    (
        "tests",
        &[
            "tests/assembly",
            "tests/codegen",
            "tests/codegen-units",
            "tests/coverage",
            "tests/coverage-run-rustdoc",
            "tests/debuginfo",
            "tests/incremental",
            "tests/mir-opt",
            "tests/pretty",
            "tests/run-make",
            "tests/run-make-fulldeps",
            "tests/run-pass-valgrind",
            "tests/rustdoc",
            "tests/rustdoc-gui",
            "tests/rustdoc-js",
            "tests/rustdoc-js-std",
            "tests/rustdoc-json",
            "tests/rustdoc-ui",
            "tests/ui",
            "tests/ui-fulldeps",
        ],
    ),
];

fn remap_paths(paths: &mut Vec<&Path>) {
    let mut remove = vec![];
    let mut add = vec![];
    for (i, path) in paths
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .filter_map(|(i, path)| if let Some(s) = path.to_str() { Some((i, s)) } else { None })
    {
        for &(search, replace) in PATH_REMAP {
            // Remove leading and trailing slashes so `tests/` and `tests` are equivalent
            if path.trim_matches(std::path::is_separator) == search {
                remove.push(i);
                add.extend(replace.into_iter().map(Path::new));
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    remove.sort();
    remove.dedup();
    for idx in remove.into_iter().rev() {
        paths.remove(idx);
    }
    paths.append(&mut add);
}

impl StepDescription {
    fn from<S: Step>(kind: Kind) -> StepDescription {
        StepDescription {
            default: S::DEFAULT,
            only_hosts: S::ONLY_HOSTS,
            should_run: S::should_run,
            make_run: S::make_run,
            name: std::any::type_name::<S>(),
            kind,
        }
    }

    fn maybe_run(&self, builder: &Builder<'_>, mut pathsets: Vec<PathSet>) {
        pathsets.retain(|set| !self.is_excluded(builder, set));

        if pathsets.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        // Determine the targets participating in this rule.
        let targets = if self.only_hosts { &builder.hosts } else { &builder.targets };

        for target in targets {
            let run = RunConfig { builder, paths: pathsets.clone(), target: *target };
            (self.make_run)(run);
        }
    }

    fn is_excluded(&self, builder: &Builder<'_>, pathset: &PathSet) -> bool {
        if builder.config.skip.iter().any(|e| pathset.has(e, builder.kind)) {
            if !matches!(builder.config.dry_run, DryRun::SelfCheck) {
                println!("Skipping {pathset:?} because it is excluded");
            }
            return true;
        }

        if !builder.config.skip.is_empty() && !matches!(builder.config.dry_run, DryRun::SelfCheck) {
            builder.verbose(|| {
                println!(
                    "{:?} not skipped for {:?} -- not in {:?}",
                    pathset, self.name, builder.config.skip
                )
            });
        }
        false
    }

    fn run(v: &[StepDescription], builder: &Builder<'_>, paths: &[PathBuf]) {
        let should_runs = v
            .iter()
            .map(|desc| (desc.should_run)(ShouldRun::new(builder, desc.kind)))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        // sanity checks on rules
        for (desc, should_run) in v.iter().zip(&should_runs) {
            assert!(
                !should_run.paths.is_empty(),
                "{:?} should have at least one pathset",
                desc.name
            );
        }

        if paths.is_empty() || builder.config.include_default_paths {
            for (desc, should_run) in v.iter().zip(&should_runs) {
                if desc.default && should_run.is_really_default() {
                    desc.maybe_run(builder, should_run.paths.iter().cloned().collect());
                }
            }
        }

        // strip CurDir prefix if present
        let mut paths: Vec<_> = paths.iter().map(|p| p.strip_prefix(".").unwrap_or(p)).collect();

        remap_paths(&mut paths);

        // Handle all test suite paths.
        // (This is separate from the loop below to avoid having to handle multiple paths in `is_suite_path` somehow.)
        paths.retain(|path| {
            for (desc, should_run) in v.iter().zip(&should_runs) {
                if let Some(suite) = should_run.is_suite_path(path) {
                    desc.maybe_run(builder, vec![suite.clone()]);
                    return false;
                }
            }
            true
        });

        if paths.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

        // Handle all PathSets.
        for (desc, should_run) in v.iter().zip(&should_runs) {
            let pathsets = should_run.pathset_for_paths_removing_matches(&mut paths, desc.kind);
            if !pathsets.is_empty() {
                desc.maybe_run(builder, pathsets);
            }
        }

        if !paths.is_empty() {
            eprintln!("ERROR: no `{}` rules matched {:?}", builder.kind.as_str(), paths,);
            eprintln!(
                "HELP: run `x.py {} --help --verbose` to show a list of available paths",
                builder.kind.as_str()
            );
            eprintln!(
                "NOTE: if you are adding a new Step to bootstrap itself, make sure you register it with `describe!`"
            );
            crate::exit!(1);
        }
    }
}

enum ReallyDefault<'a> {
    Bool(bool),
    Lazy(Lazy<bool, Box<dyn Fn() -> bool + 'a>>),
}

pub struct ShouldRun<'a> {
    pub builder: &'a Builder<'a>,
    kind: Kind,

    // use a BTreeSet to maintain sort order
    paths: BTreeSet<PathSet>,

    // If this is a default rule, this is an additional constraint placed on
    // its run. Generally something like compiler docs being enabled.
    is_really_default: ReallyDefault<'a>,
}

impl<'a> ShouldRun<'a> {
    fn new(builder: &'a Builder<'_>, kind: Kind) -> ShouldRun<'a> {
        ShouldRun {
            builder,
            kind,
            paths: BTreeSet::new(),
            is_really_default: ReallyDefault::Bool(true), // by default no additional conditions
        }
    }

    pub fn default_condition(mut self, cond: bool) -> Self {
        self.is_really_default = ReallyDefault::Bool(cond);
        self
    }

    pub fn lazy_default_condition(mut self, lazy_cond: Box<dyn Fn() -> bool + 'a>) -> Self {
        self.is_really_default = ReallyDefault::Lazy(Lazy::new(lazy_cond));
        self
    }

    pub fn is_really_default(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.is_really_default {
            ReallyDefault::Bool(val) => *val,
            ReallyDefault::Lazy(lazy) => *lazy.deref(),
        }
    }

    /// Indicates it should run if the command-line selects the given crate or
    /// any of its (local) dependencies.
    ///
    /// `make_run` will be called a single time with all matching command-line paths.
    pub fn crate_or_deps(self, name: &str) -> Self {
        let crates = self.builder.in_tree_crates(name, None);
        self.crates(crates)
    }

    /// Indicates it should run if the command-line selects any of the given crates.
    ///
    /// `make_run` will be called a single time with all matching command-line paths.
    ///
    /// Prefer [`ShouldRun::crate_or_deps`] to this function where possible.
    pub(crate) fn crates(mut self, crates: Vec<&Crate>) -> Self {
        for krate in crates {
            let path = krate.local_path(self.builder);
            self.paths.insert(PathSet::one(path, self.kind));
        }
        self
    }

    // single alias, which does not correspond to any on-disk path
    pub fn alias(mut self, alias: &str) -> Self {
        // exceptional case for `Kind::Setup` because its `library`
        // and `compiler` options would otherwise naively match with
        // `compiler` and `library` folders respectively.
        assert!(
            self.kind == Kind::Setup || !self.builder.src.join(alias).exists(),
            "use `builder.path()` for real paths: {alias}"
        );
        self.paths.insert(PathSet::Set(
            std::iter::once(TaskPath { path: alias.into(), kind: Some(self.kind) }).collect(),
        ));
        self
    }

    // single, non-aliased path
    pub fn path(self, path: &str) -> Self {
        self.paths(&[path])
    }

    /// Multiple aliases for the same job.
    ///
    /// This differs from [`path`] in that multiple calls to path will end up calling `make_run`
    /// multiple times, whereas a single call to `paths` will only ever generate a single call to
    /// `paths`.
    ///
    /// This is analogous to `all_krates`, although `all_krates` is gone now. Prefer [`path`] where possible.
    ///
    /// [`path`]: ShouldRun::path
    pub fn paths(mut self, paths: &[&str]) -> Self {
        static SUBMODULES_PATHS: OnceLock<Vec<String>> = OnceLock::new();

        let init_submodules_paths = |src: &PathBuf| {
            let file = File::open(src.join(".gitmodules")).unwrap();

            let mut submodules_paths = vec![];
            for line in BufReader::new(file).lines() {
                if let Ok(line) = line {
                    let line = line.trim();

                    if line.starts_with("path") {
                        let actual_path =
                            line.split(' ').last().expect("Couldn't get value of path");
                        submodules_paths.push(actual_path.to_owned());
                    }
                }
            }

            submodules_paths
        };

        let submodules_paths =
            SUBMODULES_PATHS.get_or_init(|| init_submodules_paths(&self.builder.src));

        self.paths.insert(PathSet::Set(
            paths
                .iter()
                .map(|p| {
                    // assert only if `p` isn't submodule
                    if !submodules_paths.iter().any(|sm_p| p.contains(sm_p)) {
                        assert!(
                            self.builder.src.join(p).exists(),
                            "`should_run.paths` should correspond to real on-disk paths - use `alias` if there is no relevant path: {}",
                            p
                        );
                    }

                    TaskPath { path: p.into(), kind: Some(self.kind) }
                })
                .collect(),
        ));
        self
    }

    /// Handles individual files (not directories) within a test suite.
    fn is_suite_path(&self, requested_path: &Path) -> Option<&PathSet> {
        self.paths.iter().find(|pathset| match pathset {
            PathSet::Suite(suite) => requested_path.starts_with(&suite.path),
            PathSet::Set(_) => false,
        })
    }

    pub fn suite_path(mut self, suite: &str) -> Self {
        self.paths.insert(PathSet::Suite(TaskPath { path: suite.into(), kind: Some(self.kind) }));
        self
    }

    // allows being more explicit about why should_run in Step returns the value passed to it
    pub fn never(mut self) -> ShouldRun<'a> {
        self.paths.insert(PathSet::empty());
        self
    }

    /// Given a set of requested paths, return the subset which match the Step for this `ShouldRun`,
    /// removing the matches from `paths`.
    ///
    /// NOTE: this returns multiple PathSets to allow for the possibility of multiple units of work
    /// within the same step. For example, `test::Crate` allows testing multiple crates in the same
    /// cargo invocation, which are put into separate sets because they aren't aliases.
    ///
    /// The reason we return PathSet instead of PathBuf is to allow for aliases that mean the same thing
    /// (for now, just `all_krates` and `paths`, but we may want to add an `aliases` function in the future?)
    fn pathset_for_paths_removing_matches(
        &self,
        paths: &mut Vec<&Path>,
        kind: Kind,
    ) -> Vec<PathSet> {
        let mut sets = vec![];
        for pathset in &self.paths {
            let subset = pathset.intersection_removing_matches(paths, kind);
            if subset != PathSet::empty() {
                sets.push(subset);
            }
        }
        sets
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, ValueEnum)]
pub enum Kind {
    #[value(alias = "b")]
    Build,
    #[value(alias = "c")]
    Check,
    Clippy,
    Fix,
    Format,
    #[value(alias = "t")]
    Test,
    Bench,
    #[value(alias = "d")]
    Doc,
    Clean,
    Dist,
    Install,
    #[value(alias = "r")]
    Run,
    Setup,
    Suggest,
}

impl Kind {
    pub fn parse(string: &str) -> Option<Kind> {
        // these strings, including the one-letter aliases, must match the x.py help text
        Some(match string {
            "build" | "b" => Kind::Build,
            "check" | "c" => Kind::Check,
            "clippy" => Kind::Clippy,
            "fix" => Kind::Fix,
            "fmt" => Kind::Format,
            "test" | "t" => Kind::Test,
            "bench" => Kind::Bench,
            "doc" | "d" => Kind::Doc,
            "clean" => Kind::Clean,
            "dist" => Kind::Dist,
            "install" => Kind::Install,
            "run" | "r" => Kind::Run,
            "setup" => Kind::Setup,
            "suggest" => Kind::Suggest,
            _ => return None,
        })
    }

    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Kind::Build => "build",
            Kind::Check => "check",
            Kind::Clippy => "clippy",
            Kind::Fix => "fix",
            Kind::Format => "fmt",
            Kind::Test => "test",
            Kind::Bench => "bench",
            Kind::Doc => "doc",
            Kind::Clean => "clean",
            Kind::Dist => "dist",
            Kind::Install => "install",
            Kind::Run => "run",
            Kind::Setup => "setup",
            Kind::Suggest => "suggest",
        }
    }

    pub fn description(&self) -> String {
        match self {
            Kind::Test => "Testing",
            Kind::Bench => "Benchmarking",
            Kind::Doc => "Documenting",
            Kind::Run => "Running",
            Kind::Suggest => "Suggesting",
            _ => {
                let title_letter = self.as_str()[0..1].to_ascii_uppercase();
                return format!("{title_letter}{}ing", &self.as_str()[1..]);
            }
        }
        .to_owned()
    }
}

impl<'a> Builder<'a> {
    fn get_step_descriptions(kind: Kind) -> Vec<StepDescription> {
        macro_rules! describe {
            ($($rule:ty),+ $(,)?) => {{
                vec![$(StepDescription::from::<$rule>(kind)),+]
            }};
        }
        match kind {
            Kind::Build => describe!(
                compile::Std,
                compile::Rustc,
                compile::Assemble,
                compile::CodegenBackend,
                compile::StartupObjects,
                tool::BuildManifest,
                tool::Rustbook,
                tool::ErrorIndex,
                tool::UnstableBookGen,
                tool::Tidy,
                tool::Linkchecker,
                tool::CargoTest,
                tool::Compiletest,
                tool::RemoteTestServer,
                tool::RemoteTestClient,
                tool::RustInstaller,
                tool::Cargo,
                tool::Rls,
                tool::RustAnalyzer,
                tool::RustAnalyzerProcMacroSrv,
                tool::RustDemangler,
                tool::Rustdoc,
                tool::Clippy,
                tool::CargoClippy,
                llvm::Llvm,
                llvm::Sanitizers,
                tool::Rustfmt,
                tool::Miri,
                tool::CargoMiri,
                llvm::Lld,
                llvm::CrtBeginEnd,
                tool::RustdocGUITest,
                tool::OptimizedDist,
                tool::CoverageDump,
                tool::LlvmBitcodeLinker
            ),
            Kind::Check | Kind::Clippy | Kind::Fix => describe!(
                check::Std,
                check::Rustc,
                check::Rustdoc,
                check::CodegenBackend,
                check::Clippy,
                check::Miri,
                check::CargoMiri,
                check::MiroptTestTools,
                check::Rls,
                check::Rustfmt,
                check::RustAnalyzer,
                check::Bootstrap,
            ),
            Kind::Test => describe!(
                crate::core::build_steps::toolstate::ToolStateCheck,
                test::ExpandYamlAnchors,
                test::Tidy,
                test::Ui,
                test::RunPassValgrind,
                test::Coverage,
                test::CoverageMap,
                test::CoverageRun,
                test::MirOpt,
                test::Codegen,
                test::CodegenUnits,
                test::Assembly,
                test::Incremental,
                test::Debuginfo,
                test::UiFullDeps,
                test::CodegenCranelift,
                test::CodegenGCC,
                test::Rustdoc,
                test::CoverageRunRustdoc,
                test::Pretty,
                test::Crate,
                test::CrateLibrustc,
                test::CrateRustdoc,
                test::CrateRustdocJsonTypes,
                test::CrateBootstrap,
                test::Linkcheck,
                test::TierCheck,
                test::Cargotest,
                test::Cargo,
                test::RustAnalyzer,
                test::ErrorIndex,
                test::Distcheck,
                test::RunMakeFullDeps,
                test::Nomicon,
                test::Reference,
                test::RustdocBook,
                test::RustByExample,
                test::TheBook,
                test::UnstableBook,
                test::RustcBook,
                test::LintDocs,
                test::RustcGuide,
                test::EmbeddedBook,
                test::EditionGuide,
                test::Rustfmt,
                test::Miri,
                test::Clippy,
                test::RustDemangler,
                test::CompiletestTest,
                test::RustdocJSStd,
                test::RustdocJSNotStd,
                test::RustdocGUI,
                test::RustdocTheme,
                test::RustdocUi,
                test::RustdocJson,
                test::HtmlCheck,
                test::RustInstaller,
                // Run bootstrap close to the end as it's unlikely to fail
                test::Bootstrap,
                // Run run-make last, since these won't pass without make on Windows
                test::RunMake,
            ),
            Kind::Bench => describe!(test::Crate, test::CrateLibrustc),
            Kind::Doc => describe!(
                doc::UnstableBook,
                doc::UnstableBookGen,
                doc::TheBook,
                doc::Standalone,
                doc::Std,
                doc::Rustc,
                doc::Rustdoc,
                doc::Rustfmt,
                doc::ErrorIndex,
                doc::Nomicon,
                doc::Reference,
                doc::RustdocBook,
                doc::RustByExample,
                doc::RustcBook,
                doc::Cargo,
                doc::CargoBook,
                doc::Clippy,
                doc::ClippyBook,
                doc::Miri,
                doc::EmbeddedBook,
                doc::EditionGuide,
                doc::StyleGuide,
                doc::Tidy,
                doc::Bootstrap,
                doc::Releases,
            ),
            Kind::Dist => describe!(
                dist::Docs,
                dist::RustcDocs,
                dist::JsonDocs,
                dist::Mingw,
                dist::Rustc,
                dist::CodegenBackend,
                dist::Std,
                dist::RustcDev,
                dist::Analysis,
                dist::Src,
                dist::Cargo,
                dist::Rls,
                dist::RustAnalyzer,
                dist::Rustfmt,
                dist::RustDemangler,
                dist::Clippy,
                dist::Miri,
                dist::LlvmTools,
                dist::RustDev,
                dist::Bootstrap,
                dist::Extended,
                // It seems that PlainSourceTarball somehow changes how some of the tools
                // perceive their dependencies (see #93033) which would invalidate fingerprints
                // and force us to rebuild tools after vendoring dependencies.
                // To work around this, create the Tarball after building all the tools.
                dist::PlainSourceTarball,
                dist::BuildManifest,
                dist::ReproducibleArtifacts,
            ),
            Kind::Install => describe!(
                install::Docs,
                install::Std,
                // During the Rust compiler (rustc) installation process, we copy the entire sysroot binary
                // path (build/host/stage2/bin). Since the building tools also make their copy in the sysroot
                // binary path, we must install rustc before the tools. Otherwise, the rust-installer will
                // install the same binaries twice for each tool, leaving backup files (*.old) as a result.
                install::Rustc,
                install::Cargo,
                install::RustAnalyzer,
                install::Rustfmt,
                install::RustDemangler,
                install::Clippy,
                install::Miri,
                install::LlvmTools,
                install::Src,
            ),
            Kind::Run => describe!(
                run::ExpandYamlAnchors,
                run::BuildManifest,
                run::BumpStage0,
                run::ReplaceVersionPlaceholder,
                run::Miri,
                run::CollectLicenseMetadata,
                run::GenerateCopyright,
                run::GenerateWindowsSys,
                run::GenerateCompletions,
            ),
            Kind::Setup => describe!(setup::Profile, setup::Hook, setup::Link, setup::Vscode),
            Kind::Clean => describe!(clean::CleanAll, clean::Rustc, clean::Std),
            // special-cased in Build::build()
            Kind::Format | Kind::Suggest => vec![],
        }
    }

    pub fn get_help(build: &Build, kind: Kind) -> Option<String> {
        let step_descriptions = Builder::get_step_descriptions(kind);
        if step_descriptions.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }

        let builder = Self::new_internal(build, kind, vec![]);
        let builder = &builder;
        // The "build" kind here is just a placeholder, it will be replaced with something else in
        // the following statement.
        let mut should_run = ShouldRun::new(builder, Kind::Build);
        for desc in step_descriptions {
            should_run.kind = desc.kind;
            should_run = (desc.should_run)(should_run);
        }
        let mut help = String::from("Available paths:\n");
        let mut add_path = |path: &Path| {
            t!(write!(help, "    ./x.py {} {}\n", kind.as_str(), path.display()));
        };
        for pathset in should_run.paths {
            match pathset {
                PathSet::Set(set) => {
                    for path in set {
                        add_path(&path.path);
                    }
                }
                PathSet::Suite(path) => {
                    add_path(&path.path.join("..."));
                }
            }
        }
        Some(help)
    }

    fn new_internal(build: &Build, kind: Kind, paths: Vec<PathBuf>) -> Builder<'_> {
        Builder {
            build,
            top_stage: build.config.stage,
            kind,
            cache: Cache::new(),
            stack: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
            time_spent_on_dependencies: Cell::new(Duration::new(0, 0)),
            paths,
        }
    }

    pub fn new(build: &Build) -> Builder<'_> {
        let paths = &build.config.paths;
        let (kind, paths) = match build.config.cmd {
            Subcommand::Build => (Kind::Build, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Check { .. } => (Kind::Check, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Clippy { .. } => (Kind::Clippy, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Fix => (Kind::Fix, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Doc { .. } => (Kind::Doc, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Test { .. } => (Kind::Test, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Bench { .. } => (Kind::Bench, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Dist => (Kind::Dist, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Install => (Kind::Install, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Run { .. } => (Kind::Run, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Clean { .. } => (Kind::Clean, &paths[..]),
            Subcommand::Format { .. } => (Kind::Format, &[][..]),
            Subcommand::Suggest { .. } => (Kind::Suggest, &[][..]),
            Subcommand::Setup { profile: ref path } => (
                Kind::Setup,
                path.as_ref().map_or([].as_slice(), |path| std::slice::from_ref(path)),
            ),
        };

        Self::new_internal(build, kind, paths.to_owned())
    }

    pub fn execute_cli(&self) {
        self.run_step_descriptions(&Builder::get_step_descriptions(self.kind), &self.paths);
    }

    pub fn default_doc(&self, paths: &[PathBuf]) {
        self.run_step_descriptions(&Builder::get_step_descriptions(Kind::Doc), paths);
    }

    pub fn doc_rust_lang_org_channel(&self) -> String {
        let channel = match &*self.config.channel {
            "stable" => &self.version,
            "beta" => "beta",
            "nightly" | "dev" => "nightly",
            // custom build of rustdoc maybe? link to the latest stable docs just in case
            _ => "stable",
        };
        "https://doc.rust-lang.org/".to_owned() + channel
    }

    fn run_step_descriptions(&self, v: &[StepDescription], paths: &[PathBuf]) {
        StepDescription::run(v, self, paths);
    }

    /// Obtain a compiler at a given stage and for a given host (i.e., this is the target that the
    /// compiler will run on, *not* the target it will build code for). Explicitly does not take
    /// `Compiler` since all `Compiler` instances are meant to be obtained through this function,
    /// since it ensures that they are valid (i.e., built and assembled).
    pub fn compiler(&self, stage: u32, host: TargetSelection) -> Compiler {
        self.ensure(compile::Assemble { target_compiler: Compiler { stage, host } })
    }

    /// Similar to `compiler`, except handles the full-bootstrap option to
    /// silently use the stage1 compiler instead of a stage2 compiler if one is
    /// requested.
    ///
    /// Note that this does *not* have the side effect of creating
    /// `compiler(stage, host)`, unlike `compiler` above which does have such
    /// a side effect. The returned compiler here can only be used to compile
    /// new artifacts, it can't be used to rely on the presence of a particular
    /// sysroot.
    ///
    /// See `force_use_stage1` and `force_use_stage2` for documentation on what each argument is.
    pub fn compiler_for(
        &self,
        stage: u32,
        host: TargetSelection,
        target: TargetSelection,
    ) -> Compiler {
        if self.build.force_use_stage2(stage) {
            self.compiler(2, self.config.build)
        } else if self.build.force_use_stage1(stage, target) {
            self.compiler(1, self.config.build)
        } else {
            self.compiler(stage, host)
        }
    }

    pub fn sysroot(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> PathBuf {
        self.ensure(compile::Sysroot::new(compiler))
    }

    /// Returns the libdir where the standard library and other artifacts are
    /// found for a compiler's sysroot.
    pub fn sysroot_libdir(&self, compiler: Compiler, target: TargetSelection) -> PathBuf {
        #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
        struct Libdir {
            compiler: Compiler,
            target: TargetSelection,
        }
        impl Step for Libdir {
            type Output = PathBuf;

            fn should_run(run: ShouldRun<'_>) -> ShouldRun<'_> {
                run.never()
            }

            fn run(self, builder: &Builder<'_>) -> PathBuf {
                let lib = builder.sysroot_libdir_relative(self.compiler);
                let sysroot = builder
                    .sysroot(self.compiler)
                    .join(lib)
                    .join("rustlib")
                    .join(self.target.triple)
                    .join("lib");
                // Avoid deleting the rustlib/ directory we just copied
                // (in `impl Step for Sysroot`).
                if !builder.download_rustc() {
                    builder.verbose(|| {
                        println!("Removing sysroot {} to avoid caching bugs", sysroot.display())
                    });
                    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&sysroot);
                    t!(fs::create_dir_all(&sysroot));
                }

                if self.compiler.stage == 0 {
                    // The stage 0 compiler for the build triple is always pre-built.
                    // Ensure that `libLLVM.so` ends up in the target libdir, so that ui-fulldeps tests can use it when run.
                    dist::maybe_install_llvm_target(
                        builder,
                        self.compiler.host,
                        &builder.sysroot(self.compiler),
                    );
                }

                sysroot
            }
        }
        self.ensure(Libdir { compiler, target })
    }

    pub fn sysroot_codegen_backends(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> PathBuf {
        self.sysroot_libdir(compiler, compiler.host).with_file_name("codegen-backends")
    }

    /// Returns the compiler's libdir where it stores the dynamic libraries that
    /// it itself links against.
    ///
    /// For example this returns `<sysroot>/lib` on Unix and `<sysroot>/bin` on
    /// Windows.
    pub fn rustc_libdir(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> PathBuf {
        if compiler.is_snapshot(self) {
            self.rustc_snapshot_libdir()
        } else {
            match self.config.libdir_relative() {
                Some(relative_libdir) if compiler.stage >= 1 => {
                    self.sysroot(compiler).join(relative_libdir)
                }
                _ => self.sysroot(compiler).join(libdir(compiler.host)),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the compiler's relative libdir where it stores the dynamic libraries that
    /// it itself links against.
    ///
    /// For example this returns `lib` on Unix and `bin` on
    /// Windows.
    pub fn libdir_relative(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> &Path {
        if compiler.is_snapshot(self) {
            libdir(self.config.build).as_ref()
        } else {
            match self.config.libdir_relative() {
                Some(relative_libdir) if compiler.stage >= 1 => relative_libdir,
                _ => libdir(compiler.host).as_ref(),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the compiler's relative libdir where the standard library and other artifacts are
    /// found for a compiler's sysroot.
    ///
    /// For example this returns `lib` on Unix and Windows.
    pub fn sysroot_libdir_relative(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> &Path {
        match self.config.libdir_relative() {
            Some(relative_libdir) if compiler.stage >= 1 => relative_libdir,
            _ if compiler.stage == 0 => &self.build.initial_libdir,
            _ => Path::new("lib"),
        }
    }

    pub fn rustc_lib_paths(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
        let mut dylib_dirs = vec![self.rustc_libdir(compiler)];

        // Ensure that the downloaded LLVM libraries can be found.
        if self.config.llvm_from_ci {
            let ci_llvm_lib = self.out.join(&*compiler.host.triple).join("ci-llvm").join("lib");
            dylib_dirs.push(ci_llvm_lib);
        }

        dylib_dirs
    }

    /// Adds the compiler's directory of dynamic libraries to `cmd`'s dynamic
    /// library lookup path.
    pub fn add_rustc_lib_path(&self, compiler: Compiler, cmd: &mut Command) {
        // Windows doesn't need dylib path munging because the dlls for the
        // compiler live next to the compiler and the system will find them
        // automatically.
        if cfg!(windows) {
            return;
        }

        add_dylib_path(self.rustc_lib_paths(compiler), cmd);
    }

    /// Gets a path to the compiler specified.
    pub fn rustc(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> PathBuf {
        if compiler.is_snapshot(self) {
            self.initial_rustc.clone()
        } else {
            self.sysroot(compiler).join("bin").join(exe("rustc", compiler.host))
        }
    }

    /// Gets the paths to all of the compiler's codegen backends.
    fn codegen_backends(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> impl Iterator<Item = PathBuf> {
        fs::read_dir(self.sysroot_codegen_backends(compiler))
            .into_iter()
            .flatten()
            .filter_map(Result::ok)
            .map(|entry| entry.path())
    }

    pub fn rustdoc(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> PathBuf {
        self.ensure(tool::Rustdoc { compiler })
    }

    pub fn cargo_clippy_cmd(&self, run_compiler: Compiler) -> Command {
        let initial_sysroot_bin = self.initial_rustc.parent().unwrap();
        // Set PATH to include the sysroot bin dir so clippy can find cargo.
        // FIXME: once rust-clippy#11944 lands on beta, set `CARGO` directly instead.
        let path = t!(env::join_paths(
            // The sysroot comes first in PATH to avoid using rustup's cargo.
            std::iter::once(PathBuf::from(initial_sysroot_bin))
                .chain(env::split_paths(&t!(env::var("PATH"))))
        ));

        if run_compiler.stage == 0 {
            // `ensure(Clippy { stage: 0 })` *builds* clippy with stage0, it doesn't use the beta clippy.
            let cargo_clippy = self.build.config.download_clippy();
            let mut cmd = Command::new(cargo_clippy);
            cmd.env("PATH", &path);
            return cmd;
        }

        let build_compiler = self.compiler(run_compiler.stage - 1, self.build.build);
        self.ensure(tool::Clippy {
            compiler: build_compiler,
            target: self.build.build,
            extra_features: vec![],
        });
        let cargo_clippy = self.ensure(tool::CargoClippy {
            compiler: build_compiler,
            target: self.build.build,
            extra_features: vec![],
        });
        let mut dylib_path = helpers::dylib_path();
        dylib_path.insert(0, self.sysroot(run_compiler).join("lib"));

        let mut cmd = Command::new(cargo_clippy);
        cmd.env(helpers::dylib_path_var(), env::join_paths(&dylib_path).unwrap());
        cmd.env("PATH", path);
        cmd
    }

    pub fn cargo_miri_cmd(&self, run_compiler: Compiler) -> Command {
        assert!(run_compiler.stage > 0, "miri can not be invoked at stage 0");
        let build_compiler = self.compiler(run_compiler.stage - 1, self.build.build);
        // Make sure Miri itself is also built
        let miri = self.ensure(tool::Miri {
            compiler: build_compiler,
            target: self.build.build,
            extra_features: Vec::new(),
        });

        let cargo_miri = self.ensure(tool::CargoMiri {
            compiler: build_compiler,
            target: self.build.build,
            extra_features: Vec::new(),
        });
        let mut cmd = Command::new(cargo_miri);
        cmd.env("MIRI", &miri);
        cmd.env("CARGO", &self.initial_cargo);
        self.add_rustc_lib_path(run_compiler, &mut cmd);
        cmd
    }

    pub fn rustdoc_cmd(&self, compiler: Compiler) -> Command {
        let mut cmd = Command::new(self.bootstrap_out.join("rustdoc"));
        cmd.env("RUSTC_STAGE", compiler.stage.to_string())
            .env("RUSTC_SYSROOT", self.sysroot(compiler))
            // Note that this is *not* the sysroot_libdir because rustdoc must be linked
            // equivalently to rustc.
            .env("RUSTDOC_LIBDIR", self.rustc_libdir(compiler))
            .env("CFG_RELEASE_CHANNEL", &self.config.channel)
            .env("RUSTDOC_REAL", self.rustdoc(compiler))
            .env("RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP", "1");

        cmd.arg("-Wrustdoc::invalid_codeblock_attributes");

        if self.config.deny_warnings {
            cmd.arg("-Dwarnings");
        }
        cmd.arg("-Znormalize-docs");
        cmd.args(linker_args(self, compiler.host, LldThreads::Yes));
        cmd
    }

    /// Return the path to `llvm-config` for the target, if it exists.
    ///
    /// Note that this returns `None` if LLVM is disabled, or if we're in a
    /// check build or dry-run, where there's no need to build all of LLVM.
    fn llvm_config(&self, target: TargetSelection) -> Option<PathBuf> {
        if self.config.llvm_enabled(target) && self.kind != Kind::Check && !self.config.dry_run() {
            let llvm::LlvmResult { llvm_config, .. } = self.ensure(llvm::Llvm { target });
            if llvm_config.is_file() {
                return Some(llvm_config);
            }
        }
        None
    }

    /// Like `cargo`, but only passes flags that are valid for all commands.
    pub fn bare_cargo(
        &self,
        compiler: Compiler,
        mode: Mode,
        target: TargetSelection,
        cmd: &str, // FIXME make this properly typed
    ) -> Command {
        let mut cargo;
        if cmd == "clippy" {
            cargo = self.cargo_clippy_cmd(compiler);
            cargo.arg(cmd);
        } else if let Some(subcmd) = cmd.strip_prefix("miri-") {
            cargo = self.cargo_miri_cmd(compiler);
            cargo.arg("miri").arg(subcmd);
        } else {
            cargo = Command::new(&self.initial_cargo);
            cargo.arg(cmd);
        }

        // Run cargo from the source root so it can find .cargo/config.
        // This matters when using vendoring and the working directory is outside the repository.
        cargo.current_dir(&self.src);

        let out_dir = self.stage_out(compiler, mode);
        cargo.env("CARGO_TARGET_DIR", &out_dir);

        // Found with `rg "init_env_logger\("`. If anyone uses `init_env_logger`
        // from out of tree it shouldn't matter, since x.py is only used for
        // building in-tree.
        let color_logs = ["RUSTDOC_LOG_COLOR", "RUSTC_LOG_COLOR", "RUST_LOG_COLOR"];
        match self.build.config.color {
            Color::Always => {
                cargo.arg("--color=always");
                for log in &color_logs {
                    cargo.env(log, "always");
                }
            }
            Color::Never => {
                cargo.arg("--color=never");
                for log in &color_logs {
                    cargo.env(log, "never");
                }
            }
            Color::Auto => {} // nothing to do
        }

        if cmd != "install" {
            cargo.arg("--target").arg(target.rustc_target_arg());
        } else {
            assert_eq!(target, compiler.host);
        }

        if self.config.rust_optimize.is_release() {
            // FIXME: cargo bench/install do not accept `--release`
            // and miri doesn't want it
            if cmd != "bench" && cmd != "install" && !cmd.starts_with("miri-") {
                cargo.arg("--release");
            }
        }

        // Remove make-related flags to ensure Cargo can correctly set things up
        cargo.env_remove("MAKEFLAGS");
        cargo.env_remove("MFLAGS");

        cargo
    }

    /// This will create a `Command` that represents a pending execution of
    /// Cargo. This cargo will be configured to use `compiler` as the actual
    /// rustc compiler, its output will be scoped by `mode`'s output directory,
    /// it will pass the `--target` flag for the specified `target`, and will be
    /// executing the Cargo command `cmd`. `cmd` can be `miri-cmd` for commands
    /// to be run with Miri.
    fn cargo(
        &self,
        compiler: Compiler,
        mode: Mode,
        source_type: SourceType,
        target: TargetSelection,
        cmd: &str, // FIXME make this properly typed
    ) -> Cargo {
        let mut cargo = self.bare_cargo(compiler, mode, target, cmd);
        let out_dir = self.stage_out(compiler, mode);

        let mut hostflags = HostFlags::default();

        // Codegen backends are not yet tracked by -Zbinary-dep-depinfo,
        // so we need to explicitly clear out if they've been updated.
        for backend in self.codegen_backends(compiler) {
            self.clear_if_dirty(&out_dir, &backend);
        }

        if cmd == "doc" || cmd == "rustdoc" {
            let my_out = match mode {
                // This is the intended out directory for compiler documentation.
                Mode::Rustc | Mode::ToolRustc => self.compiler_doc_out(target),
                Mode::Std => {
                    if self.config.cmd.json() {
                        out_dir.join(target.triple).join("json-doc")
                    } else {
                        out_dir.join(target.triple).join("doc")
                    }
                }
                _ => panic!("doc mode {mode:?} not expected"),
            };
            let rustdoc = self.rustdoc(compiler);
            self.clear_if_dirty(&my_out, &rustdoc);
        }

        let profile_var = |name: &str| {
            let profile = if self.config.rust_optimize.is_release() { "RELEASE" } else { "DEV" };
            format!("CARGO_PROFILE_{}_{}", profile, name)
        };

        // See comment in rustc_llvm/build.rs for why this is necessary, largely llvm-config
        // needs to not accidentally link to libLLVM in stage0/lib.
        cargo.env("REAL_LIBRARY_PATH_VAR", helpers::dylib_path_var());
        if let Some(e) = env::var_os(helpers::dylib_path_var()) {
            cargo.env("REAL_LIBRARY_PATH", e);
        }

        // Set a flag for `check`/`clippy`/`fix`, so that certain build
        // scripts can do less work (i.e. not building/requiring LLVM).
        if cmd == "check" || cmd == "clippy" || cmd == "fix" {
            // If we've not yet built LLVM, or it's stale, then bust
            // the rustc_llvm cache. That will always work, even though it
            // may mean that on the next non-check build we'll need to rebuild
            // rustc_llvm. But if LLVM is stale, that'll be a tiny amount
            // of work comparatively, and we'd likely need to rebuild it anyway,
            // so that's okay.
            if crate::core::build_steps::llvm::prebuilt_llvm_config(self, target).is_err() {
                cargo.env("RUST_CHECK", "1");
            }
        }

        let stage = if compiler.stage == 0 && self.local_rebuild {
            // Assume the local-rebuild rustc already has stage1 features.
            1
        } else {
            compiler.stage
        };

        // We synthetically interpret a stage0 compiler used to build tools as a
        // "raw" compiler in that it's the exact snapshot we download. Normally
        // the stage0 build means it uses libraries build by the stage0
        // compiler, but for tools we just use the precompiled libraries that
        // we've downloaded
        let use_snapshot = mode == Mode::ToolBootstrap;
        assert!(!use_snapshot || stage == 0 || self.local_rebuild);

        let maybe_sysroot = self.sysroot(compiler);
        let sysroot = if use_snapshot { self.rustc_snapshot_sysroot() } else { &maybe_sysroot };
        let libdir = self.rustc_libdir(compiler);

        let sysroot_str = sysroot.as_os_str().to_str().expect("sysroot should be UTF-8");
        if !matches!(self.config.dry_run, DryRun::SelfCheck) {
            self.verbose_than(0, || println!("using sysroot {sysroot_str}"));
        }

        let mut rustflags = Rustflags::new(target);
        if stage != 0 {
            if let Ok(s) = env::var("CARGOFLAGS_NOT_BOOTSTRAP") {
                cargo.args(s.split_whitespace());
            }
            rustflags.env("RUSTFLAGS_NOT_BOOTSTRAP");
        } else {
            if let Ok(s) = env::var("CARGOFLAGS_BOOTSTRAP") {
                cargo.args(s.split_whitespace());
            }
            rustflags.env("RUSTFLAGS_BOOTSTRAP");
            rustflags.arg("--cfg=bootstrap");
        }

        if cmd == "clippy" {
            // clippy overwrites sysroot if we pass it to cargo.
            // Pass it directly to clippy instead.
            // NOTE: this can't be fixed in clippy because we explicitly don't set `RUSTC`,
            // so it has no way of knowing the sysroot.
            rustflags.arg("--sysroot");
            rustflags.arg(sysroot_str);
        }

        let use_new_symbol_mangling = match self.config.rust_new_symbol_mangling {
            Some(setting) => {
                // If an explicit setting is given, use that
                setting
            }
            None => {
                if mode == Mode::Std {
                    // The standard library defaults to the legacy scheme
                    false
                } else {
                    // The compiler and tools default to the new scheme
                    true
                }
            }
        };

        // By default, windows-rs depends on a native library that doesn't get copied into the
        // sysroot. Passing this cfg enables raw-dylib support instead, which makes the native
        // library unnecessary. This can be removed when windows-rs enables raw-dylib
        // unconditionally.
        if let Mode::Rustc | Mode::ToolRustc = mode {
            rustflags.arg("--cfg=windows_raw_dylib");
        }

        if use_new_symbol_mangling {
            rustflags.arg("-Csymbol-mangling-version=v0");
        } else {
            rustflags.arg("-Csymbol-mangling-version=legacy");
            rustflags.arg("-Zunstable-options");
        }

        // Enable compile-time checking of `cfg` names, values and Cargo `features`.
        //
        // Note: `std`, `alloc` and `core` imports some dependencies by #[path] (like
        // backtrace, core_simd, std_float, ...), those dependencies have their own
        // features but cargo isn't involved in the #[path] process and so cannot pass the
        // complete list of features, so for that reason we don't enable checking of
        // features for std crates.
        cargo.arg("-Zcheck-cfg");
        if mode == Mode::Std {
            rustflags.arg("--check-cfg=cfg(feature,values(any()))");
        }

        // Add extra cfg not defined in/by rustc
        //
        // Note: Although it would seems that "-Zunstable-options" to `rustflags` is useless as
        // cargo would implicitly add it, it was discover that sometimes bootstrap only use
        // `rustflags` without `cargo` making it required.
        rustflags.arg("-Zunstable-options");
        for (restricted_mode, name, values) in EXTRA_CHECK_CFGS {
            if *restricted_mode == None || *restricted_mode == Some(mode) {
                rustflags.arg(&check_cfg_arg(name, *values));
            }
        }

        // FIXME(rust-lang/cargo#5754) we shouldn't be using special command arguments
        // to the host invocation here, but rather Cargo should know what flags to pass rustc
        // itself.
        if stage == 0 {
            hostflags.arg("--cfg=bootstrap");
        }
        // Cargo doesn't pass RUSTFLAGS to proc_macros:
        // https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/4423
        // Thus, if we are on stage 0, we explicitly set `--cfg=bootstrap`.
        // We also declare that the flag is expected, which we need to do to not
        // get warnings about it being unexpected.
        hostflags.arg("-Zunstable-options");
        hostflags.arg("--check-cfg=cfg(bootstrap)");

        // FIXME: It might be better to use the same value for both `RUSTFLAGS` and `RUSTDOCFLAGS`,
        // but this breaks CI. At the very least, stage0 `rustdoc` needs `--cfg bootstrap`. See
        // #71458.
        let mut rustdocflags = rustflags.clone();
        rustdocflags.propagate_cargo_env("RUSTDOCFLAGS");
        if stage == 0 {
            rustdocflags.env("RUSTDOCFLAGS_BOOTSTRAP");
        } else {
            rustdocflags.env("RUSTDOCFLAGS_NOT_BOOTSTRAP");
        }

        if let Ok(s) = env::var("CARGOFLAGS") {
            cargo.args(s.split_whitespace());
        }

        match mode {
            Mode::Std | Mode::ToolBootstrap | Mode::ToolStd => {}
            Mode::Rustc | Mode::Codegen | Mode::ToolRustc => {
                // Build proc macros both for the host and the target
                if target != compiler.host && cmd != "check" {
                    cargo.arg("-Zdual-proc-macros");
                    rustflags.arg("-Zdual-proc-macros");
                }
            }
        }

        // This tells Cargo (and in turn, rustc) to output more complete
        // dependency information.  Most importantly for rustbuild, this
        // includes sysroot artifacts, like libstd, which means that we don't
        // need to track those in rustbuild (an error prone process!). This
        // feature is currently unstable as there may be some bugs and such, but
        // it represents a big improvement in rustbuild's reliability on
        // rebuilds, so we're using it here.
        //
        // For some additional context, see #63470 (the PR originally adding
        // this), as well as #63012 which is the tracking issue for this
        // feature on the rustc side.
        cargo.arg("-Zbinary-dep-depinfo");
        let allow_features = match mode {
            Mode::ToolBootstrap | Mode::ToolStd => {
                // Restrict the allowed features so we don't depend on nightly
                // accidentally.
                //
                // binary-dep-depinfo is used by rustbuild itself for all
                // compilations.
                //
                // Lots of tools depend on proc_macro2 and proc-macro-error.
                // Those have build scripts which assume nightly features are
                // available if the `rustc` version is "nighty" or "dev". See
                // bin/rustc.rs for why that is a problem. Instead of labeling
                // those features for each individual tool that needs them,
                // just blanket allow them here.
                //
                // If this is ever removed, be sure to add something else in
                // its place to keep the restrictions in place (or make a way
                // to unset RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP).
                "binary-dep-depinfo,proc_macro_span,proc_macro_span_shrink,proc_macro_diagnostic"
                    .to_string()
            }
            Mode::Std | Mode::Rustc | Mode::Codegen | Mode::ToolRustc => String::new(),
        };

        cargo.arg("-j").arg(self.jobs().to_string());

        // FIXME: Temporary fix for https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/3005
        // Force cargo to output binaries with disambiguating hashes in the name
        let mut metadata = if compiler.stage == 0 {
            // Treat stage0 like a special channel, whether it's a normal prior-
            // release rustc or a local rebuild with the same version, so we
            // never mix these libraries by accident.
            "bootstrap".to_string()
        } else {
            self.config.channel.to_string()
        };
        // We want to make sure that none of the dependencies between
        // std/test/rustc unify with one another. This is done for weird linkage
        // reasons but the gist of the problem is that if librustc, libtest, and
        // libstd all depend on libc from crates.io (which they actually do) we
        // want to make sure they all get distinct versions. Things get really
        // weird if we try to unify all these dependencies right now, namely
        // around how many times the library is linked in dynamic libraries and
        // such. If rustc were a static executable or if we didn't ship dylibs
        // this wouldn't be a problem, but we do, so it is. This is in general
        // just here to make sure things build right. If you can remove this and
        // things still build right, please do!
        match mode {
            Mode::Std => metadata.push_str("std"),
            // When we're building rustc tools, they're built with a search path
            // that contains things built during the rustc build. For example,
            // bitflags is built during the rustc build, and is a dependency of
            // rustdoc as well. We're building rustdoc in a different target
            // directory, though, which means that Cargo will rebuild the
            // dependency. When we go on to build rustdoc, we'll look for
            // bitflags, and find two different copies: one built during the
            // rustc step and one that we just built. This isn't always a
            // problem, somehow -- not really clear why -- but we know that this
            // fixes things.
            Mode::ToolRustc => metadata.push_str("tool-rustc"),
            // Same for codegen backends.
            Mode::Codegen => metadata.push_str("codegen"),
            _ => {}
        }
        cargo.env("__CARGO_DEFAULT_LIB_METADATA", &metadata);

        if cmd == "clippy" {
            rustflags.arg("-Zforce-unstable-if-unmarked");
        }

        rustflags.arg("-Zmacro-backtrace");

        let want_rustdoc = self.doc_tests != DocTests::No;

        // Clear the output directory if the real rustc we're using has changed;
        // Cargo cannot detect this as it thinks rustc is bootstrap/debug/rustc.
        //
        // Avoid doing this during dry run as that usually means the relevant
        // compiler is not yet linked/copied properly.
        //
        // Only clear out the directory if we're compiling std; otherwise, we
        // should let Cargo take care of things for us (via depdep info)
        if !self.config.dry_run() && mode == Mode::Std && cmd == "build" {
            self.clear_if_dirty(&out_dir, &self.rustc(compiler));
        }

        // Customize the compiler we're running. Specify the compiler to cargo
        // as our shim and then pass it some various options used to configure
        // how the actual compiler itself is called.
        //
        // These variables are primarily all read by
        // src/bootstrap/bin/{rustc.rs,rustdoc.rs}
        cargo
            .env("RUSTBUILD_NATIVE_DIR", self.native_dir(target))
            .env("RUSTC_REAL", self.rustc(compiler))
            .env("RUSTC_STAGE", stage.to_string())
            .env("RUSTC_SYSROOT", sysroot)
            .env("RUSTC_LIBDIR", libdir)
            .env("RUSTDOC", self.bootstrap_out.join("rustdoc"))
            .env(
                "RUSTDOC_REAL",
                // Make sure to handle both `test` and `miri-test` commands.
                if cmd == "doc" || cmd == "rustdoc" || (cmd.ends_with("test") && want_rustdoc) {
                    self.rustdoc(compiler)
                } else {
                    PathBuf::from("/path/to/nowhere/rustdoc/not/required")
                },
            )
            .env("RUSTC_ERROR_METADATA_DST", self.extended_error_dir())
            .env("RUSTC_BREAK_ON_ICE", "1");

        // Set RUSTC_WRAPPER to the bootstrap shim, which switches between beta and in-tree
        // sysroot depending on whether we're building build scripts.
        // NOTE: we intentionally use RUSTC_WRAPPER so that we can support clippy - RUSTC is not
        // respected by clippy-driver; RUSTC_WRAPPER happens earlier, before clippy runs.
        cargo.env("RUSTC_WRAPPER", self.bootstrap_out.join("rustc"));
        // NOTE: we also need to set RUSTC so cargo can run `rustc -vV`; apparently that ignores RUSTC_WRAPPER >:(
        cargo.env("RUSTC", self.bootstrap_out.join("rustc"));

        // Someone might have set some previous rustc wrapper (e.g.
        // sccache) before bootstrap overrode it. Respect that variable.
        if let Some(existing_wrapper) = env::var_os("RUSTC_WRAPPER") {
            cargo.env("RUSTC_WRAPPER_REAL", existing_wrapper);
        }

        cargo.env(profile_var("STRIP"), self.config.rust_strip.to_string());

        if let Some(stack_protector) = &self.config.rust_stack_protector {
            rustflags.arg(&format!("-Zstack-protector={stack_protector}"));
        }

        if !(["build", "check", "clippy", "fix", "rustc"].contains(&cmd)) && want_rustdoc {
            cargo.env("RUSTDOC_LIBDIR", self.rustc_libdir(compiler));
        }

        let debuginfo_level = match mode {
            Mode::Rustc | Mode::Codegen => self.config.rust_debuginfo_level_rustc,
            Mode::Std => self.config.rust_debuginfo_level_std,
            Mode::ToolBootstrap | Mode::ToolStd | Mode::ToolRustc => {
                self.config.rust_debuginfo_level_tools
            }
        };
        cargo.env(profile_var("DEBUG"), debuginfo_level.to_string());
        if let Some(opt_level) = &self.config.rust_optimize.get_opt_level() {
            cargo.env(profile_var("OPT_LEVEL"), opt_level);
        }
        cargo.env(
            profile_var("DEBUG_ASSERTIONS"),
            if mode == Mode::Std {
                self.config.rust_debug_assertions_std.to_string()
            } else {
                self.config.rust_debug_assertions.to_string()
            },
        );
        cargo.env(
            profile_var("OVERFLOW_CHECKS"),
            if mode == Mode::Std {
                self.config.rust_overflow_checks_std.to_string()
            } else {
                self.config.rust_overflow_checks.to_string()
            },
        );

        let split_debuginfo = self.config.split_debuginfo(target);
        let split_debuginfo_is_stable = target.contains("linux")
            || target.contains("apple")
            || (target.is_msvc() && split_debuginfo == SplitDebuginfo::Packed)
            || (target.is_windows() && split_debuginfo == SplitDebuginfo::Off);

        if !split_debuginfo_is_stable {
            rustflags.arg("-Zunstable-options");
        }
        match split_debuginfo {
            SplitDebuginfo::Packed => rustflags.arg("-Csplit-debuginfo=packed"),
            SplitDebuginfo::Unpacked => rustflags.arg("-Csplit-debuginfo=unpacked"),
            SplitDebuginfo::Off => rustflags.arg("-Csplit-debuginfo=off"),
        };

        if self.config.cmd.bless() {
            // Bless `expect!` tests.
            cargo.env("UPDATE_EXPECT", "1");
        }

        if !mode.is_tool() {
            cargo.env("RUSTC_FORCE_UNSTABLE", "1");
        }

        if let Some(x) = self.crt_static(target) {
            if x {
                rustflags.arg("-Ctarget-feature=+crt-static");
            } else {
                rustflags.arg("-Ctarget-feature=-crt-static");
            }
        }

        if let Some(x) = self.crt_static(compiler.host) {
            let sign = if x { "+" } else { "-" };
            hostflags.arg(format!("-Ctarget-feature={sign}crt-static"));
        }

        if let Some(map_to) = self.build.debuginfo_map_to(GitRepo::Rustc) {
            let map = format!("{}={}", self.build.src.display(), map_to);
            cargo.env("RUSTC_DEBUGINFO_MAP", map);

            // `rustc` needs to know the virtual `/rustc/$hash` we're mapping to,
            // in order to opportunistically reverse it later.
            cargo.env("CFG_VIRTUAL_RUST_SOURCE_BASE_DIR", map_to);
        }

        if self.config.rust_remap_debuginfo {
            let mut env_var = OsString::new();
            if self.config.vendor {
                let vendor = self.build.src.join("vendor");
                env_var.push(vendor);
                env_var.push("=/rust/deps");
            } else {
                let registry_src = t!(home::cargo_home()).join("registry").join("src");
                for entry in t!(std::fs::read_dir(registry_src)) {
                    if !env_var.is_empty() {
                        env_var.push("\t");
                    }
                    env_var.push(t!(entry).path());
                    env_var.push("=/rust/deps");
                }
            }
            cargo.env("RUSTC_CARGO_REGISTRY_SRC_TO_REMAP", env_var);
        }

        // Enable usage of unstable features
        cargo.env("RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP", "1");

        if self.config.dump_bootstrap_shims {
            prepare_behaviour_dump_dir(self.build);

            cargo
                .env("DUMP_BOOTSTRAP_SHIMS", self.build.out.join("bootstrap-shims-dump"))
                .env("BUILD_OUT", &self.build.out)
                .env("CARGO_HOME", t!(home::cargo_home()));
        };

        self.add_rust_test_threads(&mut cargo);

        // Almost all of the crates that we compile as part of the bootstrap may
        // have a build script, including the standard library. To compile a
        // build script, however, it itself needs a standard library! This
        // introduces a bit of a pickle when we're compiling the standard
        // library itself.
        //
        // To work around this we actually end up using the snapshot compiler
        // (stage0) for compiling build scripts of the standard library itself.
        // The stage0 compiler is guaranteed to have a libstd available for use.
        //
        // For other crates, however, we know that we've already got a standard
        // library up and running, so we can use the normal compiler to compile
        // build scripts in that situation.
        if mode == Mode::Std {
            cargo
                .env("RUSTC_SNAPSHOT", &self.initial_rustc)
                .env("RUSTC_SNAPSHOT_LIBDIR", self.rustc_snapshot_libdir());
        } else {
            cargo
                .env("RUSTC_SNAPSHOT", self.rustc(compiler))
                .env("RUSTC_SNAPSHOT_LIBDIR", self.rustc_libdir(compiler));
        }

        // Tools that use compiler libraries may inherit the `-lLLVM` link
        // requirement, but the `-L` library path is not propagated across
        // separate Cargo projects. We can add LLVM's library path to the
        // platform-specific environment variable as a workaround.
        if mode == Mode::ToolRustc || mode == Mode::Codegen {
            if let Some(llvm_config) = self.llvm_config(target) {
                let llvm_libdir = output(Command::new(llvm_config).arg("--libdir"));
                add_link_lib_path(vec![llvm_libdir.trim().into()], &mut cargo);
            }
        }

        // Compile everything except libraries and proc macros with the more
        // efficient initial-exec TLS model. This doesn't work with `dlopen`,
        // so we can't use it by default in general, but we can use it for tools
        // and our own internal libraries.
        if !mode.must_support_dlopen() && !target.triple.starts_with("powerpc-") {
            cargo.env("RUSTC_TLS_MODEL_INITIAL_EXEC", "1");
        }

        // Ignore incremental modes except for stage0, since we're
        // not guaranteeing correctness across builds if the compiler
        // is changing under your feet.
        if self.config.incremental && compiler.stage == 0 {
            cargo.env("CARGO_INCREMENTAL", "1");
        } else {
            // Don't rely on any default setting for incr. comp. in Cargo
            cargo.env("CARGO_INCREMENTAL", "0");
        }

        if let Some(ref on_fail) = self.config.on_fail {
            cargo.env("RUSTC_ON_FAIL", on_fail);
        }

        if self.config.print_step_timings {
            cargo.env("RUSTC_PRINT_STEP_TIMINGS", "1");
        }

        if self.config.print_step_rusage {
            cargo.env("RUSTC_PRINT_STEP_RUSAGE", "1");
        }

        if self.config.backtrace_on_ice {
            cargo.env("RUSTC_BACKTRACE_ON_ICE", "1");
        }

        cargo.env("RUSTC_VERBOSE", self.verbosity.to_string());

        // Downstream forks of the Rust compiler might want to use a custom libc to add support for
        // targets that are not yet available upstream. Adding a patch to replace libc with a
        // custom one would cause compilation errors though, because Cargo would interpret the
        // custom libc as part of the workspace, and apply the check-cfg lints on it.
        //
        // The libc build script emits check-cfg flags only when this environment variable is set,
        // so this line allows the use of custom libcs.
        cargo.env("LIBC_CHECK_CFG", "1");

        if source_type == SourceType::InTree {
            let mut lint_flags = Vec::new();
            // When extending this list, add the new lints to the RUSTFLAGS of the
            // build_bootstrap function of src/bootstrap/bootstrap.py as well as
            // some code doesn't go through this `rustc` wrapper.
            lint_flags.push("-Wrust_2018_idioms");
            lint_flags.push("-Wunused_lifetimes");

            if self.config.deny_warnings {
                lint_flags.push("-Dwarnings");
                rustdocflags.arg("-Dwarnings");
            }

            // This does not use RUSTFLAGS due to caching issues with Cargo.
            // Clippy is treated as an "in tree" tool, but shares the same
            // cache as other "submodule" tools. With these options set in
            // RUSTFLAGS, that causes *every* shared dependency to be rebuilt.
            // By injecting this into the rustc wrapper, this circumvents
            // Cargo's fingerprint detection. This is fine because lint flags
            // are always ignored in dependencies. Eventually this should be
            // fixed via better support from Cargo.
            cargo.env("RUSTC_LINT_FLAGS", lint_flags.join(" "));

            rustdocflags.arg("-Wrustdoc::invalid_codeblock_attributes");
        }

        if mode == Mode::Rustc {
            rustflags.arg("-Zunstable-options");
            rustflags.arg("-Wrustc::internal");
        }

        if self.config.rust_frame_pointers {
            rustflags.arg("-Cforce-frame-pointers=true");
        }

        // If Control Flow Guard is enabled, pass the `control-flow-guard` flag to rustc
        // when compiling the standard library, since this might be linked into the final outputs
        // produced by rustc. Since this mitigation is only available on Windows, only enable it
        // for the standard library in case the compiler is run on a non-Windows platform.
        // This is not needed for stage 0 artifacts because these will only be used for building
        // the stage 1 compiler.
        if cfg!(windows)
            && mode == Mode::Std
            && self.config.control_flow_guard
            && compiler.stage >= 1
        {
            rustflags.arg("-Ccontrol-flow-guard");
        }

        // If EHCont Guard is enabled, pass the `-Zehcont-guard` flag to rustc when compiling the
        // standard library, since this might be linked into the final outputs produced by rustc.
        // Since this mitigation is only available on Windows, only enable it for the standard
        // library in case the compiler is run on a non-Windows platform.
        // This is not needed for stage 0 artifacts because these will only be used for building
        // the stage 1 compiler.
        if cfg!(windows) && mode == Mode::Std && self.config.ehcont_guard && compiler.stage >= 1 {
            rustflags.arg("-Zehcont-guard");
        }

        // For `cargo doc` invocations, make rustdoc print the Rust version into the docs
        // This replaces spaces with tabs because RUSTDOCFLAGS does not
        // support arguments with regular spaces. Hopefully someday Cargo will
        // have space support.
        let rust_version = self.rust_version().replace(' ', "\t");
        rustdocflags.arg("--crate-version").arg(&rust_version);

        // Environment variables *required* throughout the build
        //
        // FIXME: should update code to not require this env var

        // The host this new compiler will *run* on.
        cargo.env("CFG_COMPILER_HOST_TRIPLE", target.triple);
        // The host this new compiler is being *built* on.
        cargo.env("CFG_COMPILER_BUILD_TRIPLE", compiler.host.triple);

        // Set this for all builds to make sure doc builds also get it.
        cargo.env("CFG_RELEASE_CHANNEL", &self.config.channel);

        // This one's a bit tricky. As of the time of this writing the compiler
        // links to the `winapi` crate on crates.io. This crate provides raw
        // bindings to Windows system functions, sort of like libc does for
        // Unix. This crate also, however, provides "import libraries" for the
        // MinGW targets. There's an import library per dll in the windows
        // distribution which is what's linked to. These custom import libraries
        // are used because the winapi crate can reference Windows functions not
        // present in the MinGW import libraries.
        //
        // For example MinGW may ship libdbghelp.a, but it may not have
        // references to all the functions in the dbghelp dll. Instead the
        // custom import library for dbghelp in the winapi crates has all this
        // information.
        //
        // Unfortunately for us though the import libraries are linked by
        // default via `-ldylib=winapi_foo`. That is, they're linked with the
        // `dylib` type with a `winapi_` prefix (so the winapi ones don't
        // conflict with the system MinGW ones). This consequently means that
        // the binaries we ship of things like rustc_codegen_llvm (aka the rustc_codegen_llvm
        // DLL) when linked against *again*, for example with procedural macros
        // or plugins, will trigger the propagation logic of `-ldylib`, passing
        // `-lwinapi_foo` to the linker again. This isn't actually available in
        // our distribution, however, so the link fails.
        //
        // To solve this problem we tell winapi to not use its bundled import
        // libraries. This means that it will link to the system MinGW import
        // libraries by default, and the `-ldylib=foo` directives will still get
        // passed to the final linker, but they'll look like `-lfoo` which can
        // be resolved because MinGW has the import library. The downside is we
        // don't get newer functions from Windows, but we don't use any of them
        // anyway.
        if !mode.is_tool() {
            cargo.env("WINAPI_NO_BUNDLED_LIBRARIES", "1");
        }

        for _ in 0..self.verbosity {
            cargo.arg("-v");
        }

        match (mode, self.config.rust_codegen_units_std, self.config.rust_codegen_units) {
            (Mode::Std, Some(n), _) | (_, _, Some(n)) => {
                cargo.env(profile_var("CODEGEN_UNITS"), n.to_string());
            }
            _ => {
                // Don't set anything
            }
        }

        if self.config.locked_deps {
            cargo.arg("--locked");
        }
        if self.config.vendor || self.is_sudo {
            cargo.arg("--frozen");
        }

        // Try to use a sysroot-relative bindir, in case it was configured absolutely.
        cargo.env("RUSTC_INSTALL_BINDIR", self.config.bindir_relative());

        self.ci_env.force_coloring_in_ci(&mut cargo);

        // When we build Rust dylibs they're all intended for intermediate
        // usage, so make sure we pass the -Cprefer-dynamic flag instead of
        // linking all deps statically into the dylib.
        if matches!(mode, Mode::Std | Mode::Rustc) {
            rustflags.arg("-Cprefer-dynamic");
        }

        // When building incrementally we default to a lower ThinLTO import limit
        // (unless explicitly specified otherwise). This will produce a somewhat
        // slower code but give way better compile times.
        {
            let limit = match self.config.rust_thin_lto_import_instr_limit {
                Some(limit) => Some(limit),
                None if self.config.incremental => Some(10),
                _ => None,
            };

            if let Some(limit) = limit {
                if stage == 0
                    || self.config.default_codegen_backend(target).unwrap_or_default() == "llvm"
                {
                    rustflags.arg(&format!("-Cllvm-args=-import-instr-limit={limit}"));
                }
            }
        }

        if matches!(mode, Mode::Std) {
            if let Some(mir_opt_level) = self.config.rust_validate_mir_opts {
                rustflags.arg("-Zvalidate-mir");
                rustflags.arg(&format!("-Zmir-opt-level={mir_opt_level}"));
            }
            // Always enable inlining MIR when building the standard library.
            // Without this flag, MIR inlining is disabled when incremental compilation is enabled.
            // That causes some mir-opt tests which inline functions from the standard library to
            // break when incremental compilation is enabled. So this overrides the "no inlining
            // during incremental builds" heuristic for the standard library.
            rustflags.arg("-Zinline-mir");
        }

        if matches!(mode, Mode::ToolRustc | Mode::Rustc | Mode::Codegen) {
            // keep in sync with `bootstrap/lib.rs:Build::rustc_features`
            // `cfg` option for rustc, `features` option for cargo, for conditional compilation
            rustflags.arg("--cfg=parallel_compiler");
            rustdocflags.arg("--cfg=parallel_compiler");
        }

        // set rustc args passed from command line
        let rustc_args =
            self.config.cmd.rustc_args().iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        if !rustc_args.is_empty() {
            cargo.env("RUSTFLAGS", &rustc_args.join(" "));
        }

        Cargo {
            command: cargo,
            compiler,
            target,
            rustflags,
            rustdocflags,
            hostflags,
            allow_features,
        }
    }

    /// Ensure that a given step is built, returning its output. This will
    /// cache the step, so it is safe (and good!) to call this as often as
    /// needed to ensure that all dependencies are built.
    pub fn ensure<S: Step>(&'a self, step: S) -> S::Output {
        {
            let mut stack = self.stack.borrow_mut();
            for stack_step in stack.iter() {
                // should skip
                if stack_step.downcast_ref::<S>().map_or(true, |stack_step| *stack_step != step) {
                    continue;
                }
                let mut out = String::new();
                out += &format!("\n\nCycle in build detected when adding {step:?}\n");
                for el in stack.iter().rev() {
                    out += &format!("\t{el:?}\n");
                }
                panic!("{}", out);
            }
            if let Some(out) = self.cache.get(&step) {
                self.verbose_than(1, || println!("{}c {:?}", "  ".repeat(stack.len()), step));

                return out;
            }
            self.verbose_than(1, || println!("{}> {:?}", "  ".repeat(stack.len()), step));
            stack.push(Box::new(step.clone()));
        }

        #[cfg(feature = "build-metrics")]
        self.metrics.enter_step(&step, self);

        let (out, dur) = {
            let start = Instant::now();
            let zero = Duration::new(0, 0);
            let parent = self.time_spent_on_dependencies.replace(zero);
            let out = step.clone().run(self);
            let dur = start.elapsed();
            let deps = self.time_spent_on_dependencies.replace(parent + dur);
            (out, dur - deps)
        };

        if self.config.print_step_timings && !self.config.dry_run() {
            let step_string = format!("{step:?}");
            let brace_index = step_string.find('{').unwrap_or(0);
            let type_string = type_name::<S>();
            println!(
                "[TIMING] {} {} -- {}.{:03}",
                &type_string.strip_prefix("bootstrap::").unwrap_or(type_string),
                &step_string[brace_index..],
                dur.as_secs(),
                dur.subsec_millis()
            );
        }

        #[cfg(feature = "build-metrics")]
        self.metrics.exit_step(self);

        {
            let mut stack = self.stack.borrow_mut();
            let cur_step = stack.pop().expect("step stack empty");
            assert_eq!(cur_step.downcast_ref(), Some(&step));
        }
        self.verbose_than(1, || println!("{}< {:?}", "  ".repeat(self.stack.borrow().len()), step));
        self.cache.put(step, out.clone());
        out
    }

    /// Ensure that a given step is built *only if it's supposed to be built by default*, returning
    /// its output. This will cache the step, so it's safe (and good!) to call this as often as
    /// needed to ensure that all dependencies are build.
    pub(crate) fn ensure_if_default<T, S: Step<Output = Option<T>>>(
        &'a self,
        step: S,
        kind: Kind,
    ) -> S::Output {
        let desc = StepDescription::from::<S>(kind);
        let should_run = (desc.should_run)(ShouldRun::new(self, desc.kind));

        // Avoid running steps contained in --skip
        for pathset in &should_run.paths {
            if desc.is_excluded(self, pathset) {
                return None;
            }
        }

        // Only execute if it's supposed to run as default
        if desc.default && should_run.is_really_default() { self.ensure(step) } else { None }
    }

    /// Checks if any of the "should_run" paths is in the `Builder` paths.
    pub(crate) fn was_invoked_explicitly<S: Step>(&'a self, kind: Kind) -> bool {
        let desc = StepDescription::from::<S>(kind);
        let should_run = (desc.should_run)(ShouldRun::new(self, desc.kind));

        for path in &self.paths {
            if should_run.paths.iter().any(|s| s.has(path, desc.kind))
                && !desc.is_excluded(
                    self,
                    &PathSet::Suite(TaskPath { path: path.clone(), kind: Some(desc.kind) }),
                )
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

        false
    }

    pub(crate) fn maybe_open_in_browser<S: Step>(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) {
        if self.was_invoked_explicitly::<S>(Kind::Doc) {
            self.open_in_browser(path);
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn open_in_browser(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) {
        if self.config.dry_run() || !self.config.cmd.open() {
            return;
        }

        let path = path.as_ref();
        self.info(&format!("Opening doc {}", path.display()));
        if let Err(err) = opener::open(path) {
            self.info(&format!("{err}\n"));
        }
    }
}

/// Represents flag values in `String` form with whitespace delimiter to pass it to the compiler later.
///
/// `-Z crate-attr` flags will be applied recursively on the target code using the `rustc_parse::parser::Parser`.
/// See `rustc_builtin_macros::cmdline_attrs::inject` for more information.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct Rustflags(String, TargetSelection);

impl Rustflags {
    fn new(target: TargetSelection) -> Rustflags {
        let mut ret = Rustflags(String::new(), target);
        ret.propagate_cargo_env("RUSTFLAGS");
        ret
    }

    /// By default, cargo will pick up on various variables in the environment. However, bootstrap
    /// reuses those variables to pass additional flags to rustdoc, so by default they get overridden.
    /// Explicitly add back any previous value in the environment.
    ///
    /// `prefix` is usually `RUSTFLAGS` or `RUSTDOCFLAGS`.
    fn propagate_cargo_env(&mut self, prefix: &str) {
        // Inherit `RUSTFLAGS` by default ...
        self.env(prefix);

        // ... and also handle target-specific env RUSTFLAGS if they're configured.
        let target_specific = format!("CARGO_TARGET_{}_{}", crate::envify(&self.1.triple), prefix);
        self.env(&target_specific);
    }

    fn env(&mut self, env: &str) {
        if let Ok(s) = env::var(env) {
            for part in s.split(' ') {
                self.arg(part);
            }
        }
    }

    fn arg(&mut self, arg: &str) -> &mut Self {
        assert_eq!(arg.split(' ').count(), 1);
        if !self.0.is_empty() {
            self.0.push(' ');
        }
        self.0.push_str(arg);
        self
    }
}

/// Flags that are passed to the `rustc` shim binary.
/// These flags will only be applied when compiling host code, i.e. when
/// `--target` is unset.
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct HostFlags {
    rustc: Vec<String>,
}

impl HostFlags {
    const SEPARATOR: &'static str = " ";

    /// Adds a host rustc flag.
    fn arg<S: Into<String>>(&mut self, flag: S) {
        let value = flag.into().trim().to_string();
        assert!(!value.contains(Self::SEPARATOR));
        self.rustc.push(value);
    }

    /// Encodes all the flags into a single string.
    fn encode(self) -> String {
        self.rustc.join(Self::SEPARATOR)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Cargo {
    command: Command,
    compiler: Compiler,
    target: TargetSelection,
    rustflags: Rustflags,
    rustdocflags: Rustflags,
    hostflags: HostFlags,
    allow_features: String,
}

impl Cargo {
    /// Calls `Builder::cargo` and `Cargo::configure_linker` to prepare an invocation of `cargo` to be run.
    pub fn new(
        builder: &Builder<'_>,
        compiler: Compiler,
        mode: Mode,
        source_type: SourceType,
        target: TargetSelection,
        cmd: &str, // FIXME make this properly typed
    ) -> Cargo {
        let mut cargo = builder.cargo(compiler, mode, source_type, target, cmd);
        cargo.configure_linker(builder);
        cargo
    }

    /// Same as `Cargo::new` except this one doesn't configure the linker with `Cargo::configure_linker`
    pub fn new_for_mir_opt_tests(
        builder: &Builder<'_>,
        compiler: Compiler,
        mode: Mode,
        source_type: SourceType,
        target: TargetSelection,
        cmd: &str, // FIXME make this properly typed
    ) -> Cargo {
        builder.cargo(compiler, mode, source_type, target, cmd)
    }

    pub fn rustdocflag(&mut self, arg: &str) -> &mut Cargo {
        self.rustdocflags.arg(arg);
        self
    }

    pub fn rustflag(&mut self, arg: &str) -> &mut Cargo {
        self.rustflags.arg(arg);
        self
    }

    pub fn arg(&mut self, arg: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> &mut Cargo {
        self.command.arg(arg.as_ref());
        self
    }

    pub fn args<I, S>(&mut self, args: I) -> &mut Cargo
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
        S: AsRef<OsStr>,
    {
        for arg in args {
            self.arg(arg.as_ref());
        }
        self
    }

    pub fn env(&mut self, key: impl AsRef<OsStr>, value: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> &mut Cargo {
        // These are managed through rustflag/rustdocflag interfaces.
        assert_ne!(key.as_ref(), "RUSTFLAGS");
        assert_ne!(key.as_ref(), "RUSTDOCFLAGS");
        self.command.env(key.as_ref(), value.as_ref());
        self
    }

    pub fn add_rustc_lib_path(&mut self, builder: &Builder<'_>) {
        builder.add_rustc_lib_path(self.compiler, &mut self.command);
    }

    pub fn current_dir(&mut self, dir: &Path) -> &mut Cargo {
        self.command.current_dir(dir);
        self
    }

    /// Adds nightly-only features that this invocation is allowed to use.
    ///
    /// By default, all nightly features are allowed. Once this is called, it
    /// will be restricted to the given set.
    pub fn allow_features(&mut self, features: &str) -> &mut Cargo {
        if !self.allow_features.is_empty() {
            self.allow_features.push(',');
        }
        self.allow_features.push_str(features);
        self
    }

    fn configure_linker(&mut self, builder: &Builder<'_>) -> &mut Cargo {
        let target = self.target;
        let compiler = self.compiler;

        // Dealing with rpath here is a little special, so let's go into some
        // detail. First off, `-rpath` is a linker option on Unix platforms
        // which adds to the runtime dynamic loader path when looking for
        // dynamic libraries. We use this by default on Unix platforms to ensure
        // that our nightlies behave the same on Windows, that is they work out
        // of the box. This can be disabled by setting `rpath = false` in `[rust]`
        // table of `config.toml`
        //
        // Ok, so the astute might be wondering "why isn't `-C rpath` used
        // here?" and that is indeed a good question to ask. This codegen
        // option is the compiler's current interface to generating an rpath.
        // Unfortunately it doesn't quite suffice for us. The flag currently
        // takes no value as an argument, so the compiler calculates what it
        // should pass to the linker as `-rpath`. This unfortunately is based on
        // the **compile time** directory structure which when building with
        // Cargo will be very different than the runtime directory structure.
        //
        // All that's a really long winded way of saying that if we use
        // `-Crpath` then the executables generated have the wrong rpath of
        // something like `$ORIGIN/deps` when in fact the way we distribute
        // rustc requires the rpath to be `$ORIGIN/../lib`.
        //
        // So, all in all, to set up the correct rpath we pass the linker
        // argument manually via `-C link-args=-Wl,-rpath,...`. Plus isn't it
        // fun to pass a flag to a tool to pass a flag to pass a flag to a tool
        // to change a flag in a binary?
        if builder.config.rpath_enabled(target) && helpers::use_host_linker(target) {
            let libdir = builder.sysroot_libdir_relative(compiler).to_str().unwrap();
            let rpath = if target.contains("apple") {
                // Note that we need to take one extra step on macOS to also pass
                // `-Wl,-instal_name,@rpath/...` to get things to work right. To
                // do that we pass a weird flag to the compiler to get it to do
                // so. Note that this is definitely a hack, and we should likely
                // flesh out rpath support more fully in the future.
                self.rustflags.arg("-Zosx-rpath-install-name");
                Some(format!("-Wl,-rpath,@loader_path/../{libdir}"))
            } else if !target.is_windows() && !target.contains("aix") && !target.contains("xous") {
                self.rustflags.arg("-Clink-args=-Wl,-z,origin");
                Some(format!("-Wl,-rpath,$ORIGIN/../{libdir}"))
            } else {
                None
            };
            if let Some(rpath) = rpath {
                self.rustflags.arg(&format!("-Clink-args={rpath}"));
            }
        }

        for arg in linker_args(builder, compiler.host, LldThreads::Yes) {
            self.hostflags.arg(&arg);
        }

        if let Some(target_linker) = builder.linker(target) {
            let target = crate::envify(&target.triple);
            self.command.env(&format!("CARGO_TARGET_{target}_LINKER"), target_linker);
        }
        // We want to set -Clinker using Cargo, therefore we only call `linker_flags` and not
        // `linker_args` here.
        for flag in linker_flags(builder, target, LldThreads::Yes) {
            self.rustflags.arg(&flag);
        }
        for arg in linker_args(builder, target, LldThreads::Yes) {
            self.rustdocflags.arg(&arg);
        }

        if !builder.config.dry_run()
            && builder.cc.borrow()[&target].args().iter().any(|arg| arg == "-gz")
        {
            self.rustflags.arg("-Clink-arg=-gz");
        }

        // Throughout the build Cargo can execute a number of build scripts
        // compiling C/C++ code and we need to pass compilers, archivers, flags, etc
        // obtained previously to those build scripts.
        // Build scripts use either the `cc` crate or `configure/make` so we pass
        // the options through environment variables that are fetched and understood by both.
        //
        // FIXME: the guard against msvc shouldn't need to be here
        if target.is_msvc() {
            if let Some(ref cl) = builder.config.llvm_clang_cl {
                self.command.env("CC", cl).env("CXX", cl);
            }
        } else {
            let ccache = builder.config.ccache.as_ref();
            let ccacheify = |s: &Path| {
                let ccache = match ccache {
                    Some(ref s) => s,
                    None => return s.display().to_string(),
                };
                // FIXME: the cc-rs crate only recognizes the literal strings
                // `ccache` and `sccache` when doing caching compilations, so we
                // mirror that here. It should probably be fixed upstream to
                // accept a new env var or otherwise work with custom ccache
                // vars.
                match &ccache[..] {
                    "ccache" | "sccache" => format!("{} {}", ccache, s.display()),
                    _ => s.display().to_string(),
                }
            };
            let triple_underscored = target.triple.replace('-', "_");
            let cc = ccacheify(&builder.cc(target));
            self.command.env(format!("CC_{triple_underscored}"), &cc);

            let cflags = builder.cflags(target, GitRepo::Rustc, CLang::C).join(" ");
            self.command.env(format!("CFLAGS_{triple_underscored}"), &cflags);

            if let Some(ar) = builder.ar(target) {
                let ranlib = format!("{} s", ar.display());
                self.command
                    .env(format!("AR_{triple_underscored}"), ar)
                    .env(format!("RANLIB_{triple_underscored}"), ranlib);
            }

            if let Ok(cxx) = builder.cxx(target) {
                let cxx = ccacheify(&cxx);
                let cxxflags = builder.cflags(target, GitRepo::Rustc, CLang::Cxx).join(" ");
                self.command
                    .env(format!("CXX_{triple_underscored}"), &cxx)
                    .env(format!("CXXFLAGS_{triple_underscored}"), cxxflags);
            }
        }

        self
    }
}

impl From<Cargo> for Command {
    fn from(mut cargo: Cargo) -> Command {
        let rustflags = &cargo.rustflags.0;
        if !rustflags.is_empty() {
            cargo.command.env("RUSTFLAGS", rustflags);
        }

        let rustdocflags = &cargo.rustdocflags.0;
        if !rustdocflags.is_empty() {
            cargo.command.env("RUSTDOCFLAGS", rustdocflags);
        }

        let encoded_hostflags = cargo.hostflags.encode();
        if !encoded_hostflags.is_empty() {
            cargo.command.env("RUSTC_HOST_FLAGS", encoded_hostflags);
        }

        if !cargo.allow_features.is_empty() {
            cargo.command.env("RUSTC_ALLOW_FEATURES", cargo.allow_features);
        }

        cargo.command
    }
}