Auto merge of #109808 - jyn514:debuginfo-options, r=michaelwoerister

Extend -Cdebuginfo with new options and named aliases

This is a rebase of rust-lang/rust#83947, along with my best guess at what the new options mean. I tried to follow the LLVM source code to get a better idea but ran into quite a lot of trouble (https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/187780-t-compiler.2Fwg-llvm/topic/go-to-definition.20in.20src.2Fllvm-project.3F). The description for the original PR follows below.

Note that the changes in this PR have already been through FCP: rust-lang/rust#83947 (comment)

Closes rust-lang/rust#109311. Helps with rust-lang/rust#104968.
r? `@michaelwoerister` cc `@cuviper`

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The -Cdebuginfo=1 option was never line tables only and can't be due to backwards compatibility issues. This was clarified and an option for emitting line tables only was added. Additionally an option for emitting line info directives only was added, which is needed for some targets, i.e. nvptx. The debug info options should now behave similarly to clang's debug info options.

Fix rust-lang/rust#60020
Fix rust-lang/rust#64405