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INSTALL
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INSTALL
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=head1 NAME
Install - Build and Installation guide for perl5.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
First, make sure you are installing an up-to-date version of Perl. If
you didn't get your Perl source from CPAN, check the latest version at
<URL:http://www.cpan.org/src/>.
The basic steps to build and install perl5 on a Unix system are:
rm -f config.sh Policy.sh
sh Configure
make
make test
make install
# You may also wish to add these:
(cd /usr/include && h2ph *.h sys/*.h)
(installhtml --help)
(cd pod && make tex && <process the latex files>)
Each of these is explained in further detail below.
For information on non-Unix systems, see the section on
L<"Porting information"> below.
For information on what's new in this release, see the
pod/perldelta.pod file. For more detailed information about specific
changes, see the Changes file.
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This document is written in pod format as an easy way to indicate its
structure. The pod format is described in pod/perlpod.pod, but you can
read it as is with any pager or editor. Headings and items are marked
by lines beginning with '='. The other mark-up used is
B<text> embolden text, used for switches, programs or commands
C<code> literal code
L<name> A link (cross reference) to name
You should probably at least skim through this entire document before
proceeding.
If you're building Perl on a non-Unix system, you should also read
the README file specific to your operating system, since this may
provide additional or different instructions for building Perl.
If there is a hint file for your system (in the hints/ directory) you
should also read that hint file for specific information for your
system. (Unixware users should use the svr4.sh hint file.)
=head1 WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
Starting with Perl 5.004_50 there were many deep and far-reaching changes
to the language internals. If you have dynamically loaded extensions
that you built under perl 5.003 or 5.004, you can continue to use them
with 5.004, but you will need to rebuild and reinstall those extensions
to use them 5.005. See the discussions below on
L<"Coexistence with earlier versions of perl5"> and
L<"Upgrading from 5.004 to 5.005"> for more details.
The standard extensions supplied with Perl will be handled automatically.
In a related issue, old extensions may possibly be affected by the
changes in the Perl language in the current release. Please see
pod/perldelta.pod for a description of what's changed.
=head1 WARNING: This version requires a compiler that supports ANSI C.
If you find that your C compiler is not ANSI-capable, try obtaining
GCC, available from GNU mirrors worldwide (e.g. ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu).
Another alternative may be to use a tool like C<ansi2knr> to convert the
sources back to K&R style, but there is no guarantee this route will get
you anywhere, since the prototypes are not the only ANSI features used
in the Perl sources. C<ansi2knr> is usually found as part of the freely
available C<Ghostscript> distribution. Another similar tool is
C<unprotoize>, distributed with GCC. Since C<unprotoize> requires GCC to
run, you may have to run it on a platform where GCC is available, and move
the sources back to the platform without GCC.
If you succeed in automatically converting the sources to a K&R compatible
form, be sure to email perlbug@perl.org to let us know the steps you
followed. This will enable us to officially support this option.
=head1 Space Requirements
The complete perl5 source tree takes up about 10 MB of disk space. The
complete tree after completing make takes roughly 20 MB, though the
actual total is likely to be quite system-dependent. The installation
directories need something on the order of 10 MB, though again that
value is system-dependent.
=head1 Start with a Fresh Distribution
If you have built perl before, you should clean out the build directory
with the command
make distclean
or
make realclean
The only difference between the two is that make distclean also removes
your old config.sh and Policy.sh files.
The results of a Configure run are stored in the config.sh and Policy.sh
files. If you are upgrading from a previous version of perl, or if you
change systems or compilers or make other significant changes, or if
you are experiencing difficulties building perl, you should probably
not re-use your old config.sh. Simply remove it or rename it, e.g.
mv config.sh config.sh.old
If you wish to use your old config.sh, be especially attentive to the
version and architecture-specific questions and answers. For example,
the default directory for architecture-dependent library modules
includes the version name. By default, Configure will reuse your old
name (e.g. /opt/perl/lib/i86pc-solaris/5.003) even if you're running
Configure for a different version, e.g. 5.004. Yes, Configure should
probably check and correct for this, but it doesn't, presently.
Similarly, if you used a shared libperl.so (see below) with version
numbers, you will probably want to adjust them as well.
Also, be careful to check your architecture name. Some Linux systems
(such as Debian) use i386, while others may use i486, i586, or i686.
If you pick up a precompiled binary, it might not use the same name.
In short, if you wish to use your old config.sh, I recommend running
Configure interactively rather than blindly accepting the defaults.
If your reason to reuse your old config.sh is to save your
particular installation choices, then you can probably achieve the
same effect by using the new Policy.sh file. See the section on
L<"Site-wide Policy settings"> below.
=head1 Run Configure
Configure will figure out various things about your system. Some
things Configure will figure out for itself, other things it will ask
you about. To accept the default, just press RETURN. The default
is almost always okay. At any Configure prompt, you can type &-d
and Configure will use the defaults from then on.
After it runs, Configure will perform variable substitution on all the
*.SH files and offer to run make depend.
Configure supports a number of useful options. Run B<Configure -h> to
get a listing. See the Porting/Glossary file for a complete list of
Configure variables you can set and their definitions.
To compile with gcc, for example, you should run
sh Configure -Dcc=gcc
This is the preferred way to specify gcc (or another alternative
compiler) so that the hints files can set appropriate defaults.
If you want to use your old config.sh but override some of the items
with command line options, you need to use B<Configure -O>.
By default, for most systems, perl will be installed in
/usr/local/{bin, lib, man}. You can specify a different 'prefix' for
the default installation directory, when Configure prompts you or by
using the Configure command line option -Dprefix='/some/directory',
e.g.
sh Configure -Dprefix=/opt/perl
If your prefix contains the string "perl", then the directories
are simplified. For example, if you use prefix=/opt/perl,
then Configure will suggest /opt/perl/lib instead of
/opt/perl/lib/perl5/.
NOTE: You must not specify an installation directory that is below
your perl source directory. If you do, installperl will attempt
infinite recursion.
It may seem obvious to say, but Perl is useful only when users can
easily find it. It's often a good idea to have both /usr/bin/perl and
/usr/local/bin/perl be symlinks to the actual binary. Be especially
careful, however, of overwriting a version of perl supplied by your
vendor. In any case, system administrators are strongly encouraged to
put (symlinks to) perl and its accompanying utilities, such as perldoc,
into a directory typically found along a user's PATH, or in another
obvious and convenient place.
You can use "Configure -Uinstallusrbinperl" which causes installperl
to skip installing perl also as /usr/bin/perl.
By default, Configure will compile perl to use dynamic loading if
your system supports it. If you want to force perl to be compiled
statically, you can either choose this when Configure prompts you or
you can use the Configure command line option -Uusedl.
If you are willing to accept all the defaults, and you want terse
output, you can run
sh Configure -des
For my Solaris system, I usually use
sh Configure -Dprefix=/opt/perl -Doptimize='-xpentium -xO4' -des
=head2 GNU-style configure
If you prefer the GNU-style configure command line interface, you can
use the supplied configure.gnu command, e.g.
CC=gcc ./configure.gnu
The configure.gnu script emulates a few of the more common configure
options. Try
./configure.gnu --help
for a listing.
Cross compiling is not supported.
(The file is called configure.gnu to avoid problems on systems
that would not distinguish the files "Configure" and "configure".)
=head2 Extensions
By default, Configure will offer to build every extension which appears
to be supported. For example, Configure will offer to build GDBM_File
only if it is able to find the gdbm library. (See examples below.)
B, DynaLoader, Fcntl, IO, and attrs are always built by default.
Configure does not contain code to test for POSIX compliance, so POSIX
is always built by default as well. If you wish to skip POSIX, you can
set the Configure variable useposix=false either in a hint file or from
the Configure command line. Similarly, the Opcode extension is always
built by default, but you can skip it by setting the Configure variable
useopcode=false either in a hint file for from the command line.
You can learn more about each of these extensions by consulting the
documentation in the individual .pm modules, located under the
ext/ subdirectory.
Even if you do not have dynamic loading, you must still build the
DynaLoader extension; you should just build the stub dl_none.xs
version. (Configure will suggest this as the default.)
In summary, here are the Configure command-line variables you can set
to turn off each extension:
B (Always included by default)
DB_File i_db
DynaLoader (Must always be included as a static extension)
Fcntl (Always included by default)
GDBM_File i_gdbm
IO (Always included by default)
NDBM_File i_ndbm
ODBM_File i_dbm
POSIX useposix
SDBM_File (Always included by default)
Opcode useopcode
Socket d_socket
Threads usethreads
attrs (Always included by default)
Thus to skip the NDBM_File extension, you can use
sh Configure -Ui_ndbm
Again, this is taken care of automatically if you don't have the ndbm
library.
Of course, you may always run Configure interactively and select only
the extensions you want.
Note: The DB_File module will only work with version 1.x of Berkeley
DB or newer releases of version 2. Configure will automatically detect
this for you and refuse to try to build DB_File with version 2.
If you re-use your old config.sh but change your system (e.g. by
adding libgdbm) Configure will still offer your old choices of extensions
for the default answer, but it will also point out the discrepancy to
you.
Finally, if you have dynamic loading (most modern Unix systems do)
remember that these extensions do not increase the size of your perl
executable, nor do they impact start-up time, so you probably might as
well build all the ones that will work on your system.
=head2 Including locally-installed libraries
Perl5 comes with interfaces to number of database extensions, including
dbm, ndbm, gdbm, and Berkeley db. For each extension, if
Configure can find the appropriate header files and libraries, it will
automatically include that extension. The gdbm and db libraries
are not included with perl. See the library documentation for
how to obtain the libraries.
Note: If your database header (.h) files are not in a
directory normally searched by your C compiler, then you will need to
include the appropriate -I/your/directory option when prompted by
Configure. If your database library (.a) files are not in a directory
normally searched by your C compiler and linker, then you will need to
include the appropriate -L/your/directory option when prompted by
Configure. See the examples below.
=head2 Examples
=over 4
=item gdbm in /usr/local
Suppose you have gdbm and want Configure to find it and build the
GDBM_File extension. This examples assumes you have gdbm.h
installed in /usr/local/include/gdbm.h and libgdbm.a installed in
/usr/local/lib/libgdbm.a. Configure should figure all the
necessary steps out automatically.
Specifically, when Configure prompts you for flags for
your C compiler, you should include -I/usr/local/include.
When Configure prompts you for linker flags, you should include
-L/usr/local/lib.
If you are using dynamic loading, then when Configure prompts you for
linker flags for dynamic loading, you should again include
-L/usr/local/lib.
Again, this should all happen automatically. If you want to accept the
defaults for all the questions and have Configure print out only terse
messages, then you can just run
sh Configure -des
and Configure should include the GDBM_File extension automatically.
This should actually work if you have gdbm installed in any of
(/usr/local, /opt/local, /usr/gnu, /opt/gnu, /usr/GNU, or /opt/GNU).
=item gdbm in /usr/you
Suppose you have gdbm installed in some place other than /usr/local/,
but you still want Configure to find it. To be specific, assume you
have /usr/you/include/gdbm.h and /usr/you/lib/libgdbm.a. You
still have to add -I/usr/you/include to cc flags, but you have to take
an extra step to help Configure find libgdbm.a. Specifically, when
Configure prompts you for library directories, you have to add
/usr/you/lib to the list.
It is possible to specify this from the command line too (all on one
line):
sh Configure -des \
-Dlocincpth="/usr/you/include" \
-Dloclibpth="/usr/you/lib"
locincpth is a space-separated list of include directories to search.
Configure will automatically add the appropriate -I directives.
loclibpth is a space-separated list of library directories to search.
Configure will automatically add the appropriate -L directives. If
you have some libraries under /usr/local/ and others under
/usr/you, then you have to include both, namely
sh Configure -des \
-Dlocincpth="/usr/you/include /usr/local/include" \
-Dloclibpth="/usr/you/lib /usr/local/lib"
=back
=head2 Installation Directories
The installation directories can all be changed by answering the
appropriate questions in Configure. For convenience, all the
installation questions are near the beginning of Configure.
I highly recommend running Configure interactively to be sure it puts
everything where you want it. At any point during the Configure
process, you can answer a question with &-d and Configure
will use the defaults from then on.
By default, Configure will use the following directories for library files
for 5.005 (archname is a string like sun4-sunos, determined by Configure).
Configure variable Default value
$archlib /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.005/archname
$privlib /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.005
$sitearch /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.005/archname
$sitelib /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.005
Some users prefer to append a "/share" to $privlib and $sitelib
to emphasize that those directories can be shared among different
architectures.
By default, Configure will use the following directories for manual pages:
Configure variable Default value
$man1dir /usr/local/man/man1
$man3dir /usr/local/lib/perl5/man/man3
(Actually, Configure recognizes the SVR3-style
/usr/local/man/l_man/man1 directories, if present, and uses those
instead.)
The module man pages are stuck in that strange spot so that
they don't collide with other man pages stored in /usr/local/man/man3,
and so that Perl's man pages don't hide system man pages. On some
systems, B<man less> would end up calling up Perl's less.pm module man
page, rather than the less program. (This default location will likely
change to /usr/local/man/man3 in a future release of perl.)
Note: Many users prefer to store the module man pages in
/usr/local/man/man3. You can do this from the command line with
sh Configure -Dman3dir=/usr/local/man/man3
Some users also prefer to use a .3pm suffix. You can do that with
sh Configure -Dman3ext=3pm
If you specify a prefix that contains the string "perl", then the
directory structure is simplified. For example, if you Configure with
-Dprefix=/opt/perl, then the defaults for 5.005 are
Configure variable Default value
$archlib /opt/perl/lib/5.005/archname
$privlib /opt/perl/lib/5.005
$sitearch /opt/perl/lib/site_perl/5.005/archname
$sitelib /opt/perl/lib/site_perl/5.005
$man1dir /opt/perl/man/man1
$man3dir /opt/perl/man/man3
The perl executable will search the libraries in the order given
above.
The directories under site_perl are empty, but are intended to be used
for installing local or site-wide extensions. Perl will automatically
look in these directories.
In order to support using things like #!/usr/local/bin/perl5.005 after
a later version is released, architecture-dependent libraries are
stored in a version-specific directory, such as
/usr/local/lib/perl5/archname/5.005/.
Further details about the installation directories, maintenance and
development subversions, and about supporting multiple versions are
discussed in L<"Coexistence with earlier versions of perl5"> below.
Again, these are just the defaults, and can be changed as you run
Configure.
=head2 Changing the installation directory
Configure distinguishes between the directory in which perl (and its
associated files) should be installed and the directory in which it
will eventually reside. For most sites, these two are the same; for
sites that use AFS, this distinction is handled automatically.
However, sites that use software such as depot to manage software
packages may also wish to install perl into a different directory and
use that management software to move perl to its final destination.
This section describes how to do this. Someday, Configure may support
an option -Dinstallprefix=/foo to simplify this.
Suppose you want to install perl under the /tmp/perl5 directory. You
can edit config.sh and change all the install* variables to point to
/tmp/perl5 instead of /usr/local/wherever. Or, you can automate this
process by placing the following lines in a file config.over before you
run Configure (replace /tmp/perl5 by a directory of your choice):
installprefix=/tmp/perl5
test -d $installprefix || mkdir $installprefix
test -d $installprefix/bin || mkdir $installprefix/bin
installarchlib=`echo $installarchlib | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
installbin=`echo $installbin | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
installman1dir=`echo $installman1dir | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
installman3dir=`echo $installman3dir | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
installprivlib=`echo $installprivlib | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
installscript=`echo $installscript | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
installsitelib=`echo $installsitelib | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
installsitearch=`echo $installsitearch | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
Then, you can Configure and install in the usual way:
sh Configure -des
make
make test
make install
Beware, though, that if you go to try to install new add-on
extensions, they too will get installed in under '/tmp/perl5' if you
follow this example. The next section shows one way of dealing with
that problem.
=head2 Creating an installable tar archive
If you need to install perl on many identical systems, it is
convenient to compile it once and create an archive that can be
installed on multiple systems. Suppose, for example, that you want to
create an archive that can be installed in /opt/perl.
Here's one way to do that:
# Set up config.over to install perl into a different directory,
# e.g. /tmp/perl5 (see previous part).
sh Configure -Dprefix=/opt/perl -des
make
make test
make install # This will install everything into /tmp/perl5.
cd /tmp/perl5
# Edit $archlib/Config.pm and $archlib/.packlist to change all the
# install* variables back to reflect where everything will
# really be installed. (That is, change /tmp/perl5 to /opt/perl
# everywhere in those files.)
# Check the scripts in $scriptdir to make sure they have the correct
# #!/wherever/perl line.
tar cvf ../perl5-archive.tar .
# Then, on each machine where you want to install perl,
cd /opt/perl # Or wherever you specified as $prefix
tar xvf perl5-archive.tar
=head2 Site-wide Policy settings
After Configure runs, it stores a number of common site-wide "policy"
answers (such as installation directories and the local perl contact
person) in the Policy.sh file. If you want to build perl on another
system using the same policy defaults, simply copy the Policy.sh file
to the new system and Configure will use it along with the appropriate
hint file for your system.
Alternatively, if you wish to change some or all of those policy
answers, you should
rm -f Policy.sh
to ensure that Configure doesn't re-use them.
Further information is in the Policy_sh.SH file itself.
=head2 Configure-time Options
There are several different ways to Configure and build perl for your
system. For most users, the defaults are sensible and will work.
Some users, however, may wish to further customize perl. Here are
some of the main things you can change.
=head2 Threads
On some platforms, perl5.005 can be compiled with experimental support
for threads. To enable this, read the file README.threads, and then
try:
sh Configure -Dusethreads
Currently, you need to specify -Dusethreads on the Configure command
line so that the hint files can make appropriate adjustments.
The default is to compile without thread support.
=head2 Selecting File IO mechanisms
Previous versions of perl used the standard IO mechanisms as defined in
stdio.h. Versions 5.003_02 and later of perl allow alternate IO
mechanisms via a "PerlIO" abstraction, but the stdio mechanism is still
the default and is the only supported mechanism.
This PerlIO abstraction can be enabled either on the Configure command
line with
sh Configure -Duseperlio
or interactively at the appropriate Configure prompt.
If you choose to use the PerlIO abstraction layer, there are two
(experimental) possibilities for the underlying IO calls. These have been
tested to some extent on some platforms, but are not guaranteed to work
everywhere.
=over 4
=item 1.
AT&T's "sfio". This has superior performance to stdio.h in many
cases, and is extensible by the use of "discipline" modules. Sfio
currently only builds on a subset of the UNIX platforms perl supports.
Because the data structures are completely different from stdio, perl
extension modules or external libraries may not work. This
configuration exists to allow these issues to be worked on.
This option requires the 'sfio' package to have been built and installed.
A (fairly old) version of sfio is in CPAN.
You select this option by
sh Configure -Duseperlio -Dusesfio
If you have already selected -Duseperlio, and if Configure detects
that you have sfio, then sfio will be the default suggested by
Configure.
Note: On some systems, sfio's iffe configuration script fails
to detect that you have an atexit function (or equivalent).
Apparently, this is a problem at least for some versions of Linux
and SunOS 4.
You can test if you have this problem by trying the following shell
script. (You may have to add some extra cflags and libraries. A
portable version of this may eventually make its way into Configure.)
#!/bin/sh
cat > try.c <<'EOCP'
#include <stdio.h>
main() { printf("42\n"); }
EOCP
cc -o try try.c -lsfio
val=`./try`
if test X$val = X42; then
echo "Your sfio looks ok"
else
echo "Your sfio has the exit problem."
fi
If you have this problem, the fix is to go back to your sfio sources
and correct iffe's guess about atexit.
There also might be a more recent release of Sfio that fixes your
problem.
=item 2.
Normal stdio IO, but with all IO going through calls to the PerlIO
abstraction layer. This configuration can be used to check that perl and
extension modules have been correctly converted to use the PerlIO
abstraction.
This configuration should work on all platforms (but might not).
You select this option via:
sh Configure -Duseperlio -Uusesfio
If you have already selected -Duseperlio, and if Configure does not
detect sfio, then this will be the default suggested by Configure.
=back
=head2 Building a shared libperl.so Perl library
Currently, for most systems, the main perl executable is built by
linking the "perl library" libperl.a with perlmain.o, your static
extensions (usually just DynaLoader.a) and various extra libraries,
such as -lm.
On some systems that support dynamic loading, it may be possible to
replace libperl.a with a shared libperl.so. If you anticipate building
several different perl binaries (e.g. by embedding libperl into
different programs, or by using the optional compiler extension), then
you might wish to build a shared libperl.so so that all your binaries
can share the same library.
The disadvantages are that there may be a significant performance
penalty associated with the shared libperl.so, and that the overall
mechanism is still rather fragile with respect to different versions
and upgrades.
In terms of performance, on my test system (Solaris 2.5_x86) the perl
test suite took roughly 15% longer to run with the shared libperl.so.
Your system and typical applications may well give quite different
results.
The default name for the shared library is typically something like
libperl.so.3.2 (for Perl 5.003_02) or libperl.so.302 or simply
libperl.so. Configure tries to guess a sensible naming convention
based on your C library name. Since the library gets installed in a
version-specific architecture-dependent directory, the exact name
isn't very important anyway, as long as your linker is happy.
For some systems (mostly SVR4), building a shared libperl is required
for dynamic loading to work, and hence is already the default.
You can elect to build a shared libperl by
sh Configure -Duseshrplib
To build a shared libperl, the environment variable controlling shared
library search (LD_LIBRARY_PATH in most systems, DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH for
NeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP, LIBRARY_PATH for BeOS) must be set up to include
the Perl build directory because that's where the shared libperl will
be created. Configure arranges Makefile to have the correct shared
library search settings.
However, there are some special cases where manually setting the
shared library path might be required. For example, if you want to run
something like the following with the newly-built but not-yet-installed
./perl:
cd t; ./perl misc/failing_test.t
or
./perl -Ilib ~/my_mission_critical_test
then you need to set up the shared library path explicitly.
You can do this with
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=`pwd`:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH; export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
for Bourne-style shells, or
setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH `pwd`
for Csh-style shells. (This procedure may also be needed if for some
unexpected reason Configure fails to set up Makefile correctly.)
You can often recognize failures to build/use a shared libperl from error
messages complaining about a missing libperl.so (or libperl.sl in HP-UX),
for example:
18126:./miniperl: /sbin/loader: Fatal Error: cannot map libperl.so
There is also an potential problem with the shared perl library if you
want to have more than one "flavor" of the same version of perl (e.g.
with and without -DDEBUGGING). For example, suppose you build and
install a standard Perl 5.004 with a shared library. Then, suppose you
try to build Perl 5.004 with -DDEBUGGING enabled, but everything else
the same, including all the installation directories. How can you
ensure that your newly built perl will link with your newly built
libperl.so.4 rather with the installed libperl.so.4? The answer is
that you might not be able to. The installation directory is encoded
in the perl binary with the LD_RUN_PATH environment variable (or
equivalent ld command-line option). On Solaris, you can override that
with LD_LIBRARY_PATH; on Linux you can't. On Digital Unix, you can
override LD_LIBRARY_PATH by setting the _RLD_ROOT environment variable
to point to the perl build directory.
The only reliable answer is that you should specify a different
directory for the architecture-dependent library for your -DDEBUGGING
version of perl. You can do this by changing all the *archlib*
variables in config.sh, namely archlib, archlib_exp, and
installarchlib, to point to your new architecture-dependent library.
=head2 Malloc Issues
Perl relies heavily on malloc(3) to grow data structures as needed, so
perl's performance can be noticeably affected by the performance of
the malloc function on your system.
The perl source is shipped with a version of malloc that is very fast but
somewhat wasteful of space. On the other hand, your system's malloc
function may be a bit slower but also a bit more frugal. However,
as of 5.004_68, perl's malloc has been optimized for the typical
requests from perl, so there's a chance that it may be both faster and
use less memory.
For many uses, speed is probably the most important consideration, so
the default behavior (for most systems) is to use the malloc supplied
with perl. However, if you will be running very large applications
(e.g. Tk or PDL) or if your system already has an excellent malloc, or
if you are experiencing difficulties with extensions that use
third-party libraries that call malloc, then you might wish to use
your system's malloc. (Or, you might wish to explore the malloc flags
discussed below.)
To build without perl's malloc, you can use the Configure command
sh Configure -Uusemymalloc
or you can answer 'n' at the appropriate interactive Configure prompt.
=head2 Malloc Performance Flags
If you are using Perl's malloc, you may add one or more of the following
items to your ccflags config.sh variable to change its behavior. You can
find out more about these and other flags by reading the commentary near
the top of the malloc.c source. The defaults should be fine for
nearly everyone.
=over 4
=item -DNO_FANCY_MALLOC
Undefined by default. Defining it returns malloc to the version used
in Perl 5.004.
=item -DPLAIN_MALLOC
Undefined by default. Defining it in addition to NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns
malloc to the version used in Perl version 5.000.
=back
=head2 Building a debugging perl
You can run perl scripts under the perl debugger at any time with
B<perl -d your_script>. If, however, you want to debug perl itself,
you probably want to do
sh Configure -Doptimize='-g'
This will do two independent things: First, it will force compilation
to use cc -g so that you can use your system's debugger on the
executable. (Note: Your system may actually require something like
cc -g2. Check your man pages for cc(1) and also any hint file for your
system.) Second, it will add -DDEBUGGING to your ccflags variable in
config.sh so that you can use B<perl -D> to access perl's internal
state. (Note: Configure will only add -DDEBUGGING by
default if you are not reusing your old config.sh. If you want to
reuse your old config.sh, then you can just edit it and change the
optimize and ccflags variables by hand and then propagate your changes
as shown in L<"Propagating your changes to config.sh"> below.)
You can actually specify -g and -DDEBUGGING independently, but usually
it's convenient to have both.
If you are using a shared libperl, see the warnings about multiple
versions of perl under L<Building a shared libperl.so Perl library>.
=head2 Other Compiler Flags
For most users, all of the Configure defaults are fine. However,
you can change a number of factors in the way perl is built
by adding appropriate -D directives to your ccflags variable in
config.sh.
You should also run Configure interactively to verify that a hint file
doesn't inadvertently override your ccflags setting. (Hints files
shouldn't do that, but some might.)
=head2 What if it doesn't work?
=over 4
=item Running Configure Interactively
If Configure runs into trouble, remember that you can always run
Configure interactively so that you can check (and correct) its
guesses.
All the installation questions have been moved to the top, so you don't
have to wait for them. Once you've handled them (and your C compiler and
flags) you can type &-d at the next Configure prompt and Configure
will use the defaults from then on.
If you find yourself trying obscure command line incantations and
config.over tricks, I recommend you run Configure interactively
instead. You'll probably save yourself time in the long run.
=item Hint files
The perl distribution includes a number of system-specific hints files
in the hints/ directory. If one of them matches your system, Configure
will offer to use that hint file.
Several of the hint files contain additional important information.
If you have any problems, it is a good idea to read the relevant hint file
for further information. See hints/solaris_2.sh for an extensive example.
More information about writing good hints is in the hints/README.hints
file.
=item *** WHOA THERE!!! ***
Occasionally, Configure makes a wrong guess. For example, on SunOS
4.1.3, Configure incorrectly concludes that tzname[] is in the
standard C library. The hint file is set up to correct for this. You
will see a message:
*** WHOA THERE!!! ***
The recommended value for $d_tzname on this machine was "undef"!
Keep the recommended value? [y]
You should always keep the recommended value unless, after reading the
relevant section of the hint file, you are sure you want to try
overriding it.
If you are re-using an old config.sh, the word "previous" will be
used instead of "recommended". Again, you will almost always want
to keep the previous value, unless you have changed something on your
system.
For example, suppose you have added libgdbm.a to your system
and you decide to reconfigure perl to use GDBM_File. When you run
Configure again, you will need to add -lgdbm to the list of libraries.
Now, Configure will find your gdbm include file and library and will
issue a message:
*** WHOA THERE!!! ***
The previous value for $i_gdbm on this machine was "undef"!
Keep the previous value? [y]
In this case, you do not want to keep the previous value, so you
should answer 'n'. (You'll also have to manually add GDBM_File to
the list of dynamic extensions to build.)
=item Changing Compilers
If you change compilers or make other significant changes, you should
probably not re-use your old config.sh. Simply remove it or
rename it, e.g. mv config.sh config.sh.old. Then rerun Configure
with the options you want to use.
This is a common source of problems. If you change from cc to
gcc, you should almost always remove your old config.sh.
=item Propagating your changes to config.sh
If you make any changes to config.sh, you should propagate
them to all the .SH files by running
sh Configure -S
You will then have to rebuild by running
make depend
make
=item config.over
You can also supply a shell script config.over to over-ride Configure's
guesses. It will get loaded up at the very end, just before config.sh
is created. You have to be careful with this, however, as Configure
does no checking that your changes make sense. See the section on
L<"Changing the installation directory"> for an example.
=item config.h
Many of the system dependencies are contained in config.h.
Configure builds config.h by running the config_h.SH script.
The values for the variables are taken from config.sh.
If there are any problems, you can edit config.h directly. Beware,
though, that the next time you run Configure, your changes will be
lost.
=item cflags
If you have any additional changes to make to the C compiler command
line, they can be made in cflags.SH. For instance, to turn off the
optimizer on toke.c, find the line in the switch structure for
toke.c and put the command optimize='-g' before the ;; . You
can also edit cflags directly, but beware that your changes will be
lost the next time you run Configure.
To explore various ways of changing ccflags from within a hint file,
see the file hints/README.hints.
To change the C flags for all the files, edit config.sh and change either
$ccflags or $optimize, and then re-run
sh Configure -S
make depend
=item No sh
If you don't have sh, you'll have to copy the sample file Porting/config_H
to config.h and edit the config.h to reflect your system's peculiarities.
You'll probably also have to extensively modify the extension building
mechanism.
=item Environment variable clashes
Configure uses a CONFIG variable that is reported to cause trouble on
ReliantUnix 5.44. If your system sets this variable, you can try
unsetting it before you run Configure. Configure should eventually
be fixed to avoid polluting the namespace of the environment.
=item Digital UNIX/Tru64 UNIX and BIN_SH
In Digital UNIX/Tru64 UNIX Configure might abort with
Build a threading Perl? [n]
Configure[2437]: Syntax error at line 1 : `config.sh' is not expected.
This indicates that Configure is being run with a broken Korn shell
(even though you think you are using a Bourne shell by using
"sh Configure" or "./Configure"). The Korn shell bug has been reported
to Compaq as of February 1999 but in the meanwhile, the reason ksh is
being used is that you have the environment variable BIN_SH set to
'xpg4'. This causes /bin/sh to delegate its duties to /bin/posix/sh
(a ksh). Unset the environment variable and rerun Configure.
=item HP-UX 11, pthreads, and libgdbm
If you are running Configure with -Dusethreads in HP-UX 11, be warned
that POSIX threads and libgdbm (the GNU dbm library) compiled before
HP-UX 11 do not mix. This will cause a basic test run by Configure to
fail
Pthread internal error: message: __libc_reinit() failed, file: ../pthreads/pthread.c, line: 1096
Return Pointer is 0xc082bf33
sh: 5345 Quit(coredump)
and Configure will give up. The cure is to recompile and install
libgdbm under HP-UX 11.
=item Porting information
Specific information for the OS/2, Plan9, VMS and Win32 ports is in the
corresponding README files and subdirectories. Additional information,
including a glossary of all those config.sh variables, is in the Porting
subdirectory.
Ports for other systems may also be available. You should check out
http://www.cpan.org/ports for current information on ports to
various other operating systems.