CedPane: Chinese-English Dictionary Public-domain Additions for Names Etc

From http://ssb22.user.srcf.net/cedpane/

(mirrored at http://ssb22.gitlab.io/cedpane/ just in case)

People learning Chinese as a foreign language sometimes use software to help them read a text. But when Western names are written using Chinese characters, the result is not always something an average dictionary can help with—the software might give you an inappropriate “analysis” like 沃(wò)=irrigate 兹(zī)=this/now 沃(wò)=irrigate 思(sī)=thought instead of 沃兹沃思(Wòzīwòsī)=Wordsworth. So I found it useful to compile a list of names (focusing on, but not limited to, Western names) and some other potentially-useful phrases not always found in learners’ software, with examples of how these have been written in Chinese, which we can add to our software to help with our reading.

我们学汉语的西方人有时使用电脑软件加拼音和下定义，不过那软件里的词典经常缺乏专名。比如，《沃兹沃思》是个著名诗人的贵姓，英语Wordsworth，但有些学汉语软件看《沃兹沃思》就说： “沃”等于“灌溉”，“兹”等于“这个”，“沃”等于“灌溉”，“思”等于“思想”。电脑不知道“沃兹沃思”是个名字而不需这样分割。所以，我编写一个汉英词典《专名等副刊》让我们的软件看出哪里有英文名的译音和类似不必分割的词语。

While the primary purpose of this list is to help software recognise a name when it sees one, it’s understandable that some people will also want to use it to ‘look up’ how a specific name “should” be translated. However:

1. There is sometimes more than one way that a particular non-Chinese name has been written in Chinese.

   • Sometimes it “doesn’t really matter”—you can pick any of the existing translations, or even invent a new one (within reason), and nobody will mind.

   • But occasionally it does matter—the translation you choose might imply you are of a certain age, persuasion or background (which you might or might not want to identify with), and in extreme cases you could offend someone and suffer the consequences. So I have to disclaim all legal liability for your use of my data!

2. Sometimes several different Western names can be written the same way in Chinese, and are therefore indistinguishable in back-translations.

So please don’t take my list as an “authority”, and definitely don’t use it to criticise other translations (it’s not exhaustive). The lexicography here is descriptive (what I have seen done), not necessarily prescriptive (saying what “should” be done).

I’ve been wanting to put as much as possible into the public domain, so that commercial software like Wenlin, Pleco, Hanping and ChinaScribe as well as community projects like CC-CEDICT and online services can all help learners to read by incorporating these words by default instead of an “after-market” addition. But I was held back by possible ‘intellectual property’ considerations: if I (as a learner) saw a word in a text, and wanted my software to recognise it next time, I’d add it to my personal dictionary (with extra notes on where and when I saw it, and maybe other thoughts too), but that by itself doesn’t mean I can share it: how do I know my source doesn’t have some kind of “trademark rights” to their particular way of writing it?

I now understand that most countries’ copyright laws do include a provision for third-party indexing, so you can say “I saw this word on page 234 of that book” and not be held liable for copyright infringement of favourite books that feature too often in your list: at worst, your list is an index of your books, which is (in countries that have those provisions) allowed. But you still run the risk of accidentally defaming a book by writing wrong notes—there are “free speech” laws protecting reviews (up to a point), but I quite like the books I read and didn’t want to cast them in a bad light by publishing all my misunderstandings.

So I tried querying a large Chinese Internet search engine for each of my words, to get some measure of which words were common enough to warrant disregarding my reading notes and just saying "here's a translation that's 'out there' and worth recognising". I had to be careful to ensure the search results really showed the word in common use (not just illegal copies of the source I read), and I also had to beware of having documented a rare different use-case of an otherwise common word.

After subsetting and editing my database, I can now present 80% of the ‘specialist’ words I collected between 2009 and 2024 as confirmed “public domain” words you can do what you want with (i.e. please do add them to products to help learners—and email me if you’d like me to mention here that you’ve added it to your product). The other 20% (and my reading notes) have not been added to CedPane, but I hope it’s already useful.

This Git repository contains a tab-delimited text file with the following columns:

1. Word as it might be written in an English text (in the case of a non-English name this is usually a transcription), or a brief definition

2. Simple-form (“Simplified”) Chinese

3. Full-form (“Traditional”) Chinese

4. Mandarin pronunciation in Hanyu Pinyin

5. Cantonese pronunciation in Yale: provisional as my Cantonese is much worse than my Mandarin, so I haven’t been able to proof-read this column to the same standard

6. English pronunciation in IPA; for words where I wanted to correct my English speech synthesizer; other pronunciations may be equally correct

Of course it goes without saying that, despite my best efforts, mistakes are possible anywhere (as is true of every dictionary) and I’m happy to receive corrections.

I also have a separate collection of Chinese words that are in typical dictionaries, with short English definitions that have either been confirmed by multiple independent sources to the extent that it is reasonable to believe they are public domain, or that I’ve written myself. This separate collection is not likely to help with software that already has a good normal dictionary, but it might be useful for developers to prototype interlinear annotators etc. It is in the repository as PD-English-Definitions.txt but has not been included in the main CedPane file.

Meanwhile, the file word-overrides.txt lists words that are often over-matched which you might be better off deactivating from dictionaries.

Legal

CedPane is public-domain but this Readme file is © Silas S. Brown and may be reproduced as-is. Accenture is a trademark of Accenture Global Services Ltd. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. AirBnB is a trademark of AirBnB Inc. Android is a trademark of Google LLC. Apache is a registered trademark of The Apache Software Foundation. Apple is a trademark of Apple Inc. Aquabeads is a trademark of EPOCH Company Ltd. AstraZeneca is a trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies. Auchan is a trademark of Groupe Auchan. Bactroban is a registered trademark of the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies. Baidu is a trademark of Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Baofeng is a trademark of Fujian Nan'an Baofeng Electronics Company Ltd. Bentley is a trademark of Bentley Motors Limited of Crewe. Bilibili is a trademark of Shanghai Hode Information Technology Co., Ltd. Bing is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp. 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