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The Design Principle of Blockchain

By Sunshine, Primitive Lane, Metaverse

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Figure: A conversation between Sunshine and Chat GPT-3 on 2022/12/30

Disclaimer: Primitives Lane is a non-profit research group focused on blockchain and other frontier technologies. We are dedicated to solving the most fundamental public issues in frontier fields, helping researchers grow steadily, and creating a friendly and supportive space for builders.

Acknowledgments: TBA

Part I: Blockchain Related SoKs

1.1. Worldcloud

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1.2. Bigram

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1.3. Reference List

1.3.1. Category 1 Security and Privacy

Citation Title URL
Almashaqbeh and Solomon [2022] SoK: privacy-preserving computing in the blockchain era https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9797340
Bonneau et al. [2015] SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7163021
Wang [2021] SoK: Understanding BFT Consensus in the Age of Blockchains https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/911
Eskandari et al. [2020] Sok: Transparent dishonesty: front-running attacks on blockchain https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43725-1_13
Baum et al. [2021] Sok: Mitigation of front-running in decentralized finance https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1628
Raikwar et al. [2019] SoK of used cryptography in blockchain https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8865045
Heimbach and Wattenhofer [2022] SoK: Preventing Transaction Reordering Manipulations in Decentralized Finance https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11520
Zhou et al. [2022] SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Incidents https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.13035
Li et al. [2022] SoK: TEE-assisted Confidential Smart Contract https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.08548
Ankele et al. [2020] SoK: Cyber-Attack Taxonomy of Distributed Ledger-and Legacy Systems-based Financial Infrastructures https://www.joanneum.at/en/digital/publications/details/sok-cyber-attack-taxonomy-of-distributed-ledger-and-legacy-systems-based-financial-infrastructures
Yang et al. [2022] SoK: MEV Countermeasures: Theory and Practice https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.05111
Azouvi and Hicks [2019] Sok: Tools for game theoretic models of security for cryptocurrencies https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08595
Atzei et al. [2017] A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (sok) https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-662-54455-6_8
Judmayer et al. [2021] Sok: Algorithmic incentive manipulation attacks on permissionless pow cryptocurrencies https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-63958-0_38
Di Angelo et al. [2020] SoK: Development of secure smart contracts--lessons from a graduate course https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43725-1_8
Chen et al. [2020] A survey on ethereum systems security: Vulnerabilities, attacks, and defenses https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3391195
Islam et al. [2021] A Review on Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9515276
Li et al. [2020] A survey on the security of blockchain systems https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167739X17318332
Garay and Kiayias [2020] Sok: A consensus taxonomy in the blockchain era https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/754
Tekiner et al. [2021] SoK: cryptojacking malware https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03851
Alsalami and Zhang [2019] SoK: A systematic study of anonymity in cryptocurrencies https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8937681
Deuber et al. [2022] SoK: Assumptions Underlying Cryptocurrency Deanonymizations https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/763
Rinberg and Agarwal [2022] Privacy when Everyone is Watching: An SOK on Anonymity on the Blockchain https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/985
Bonomi et al. [2021] SoK: Achieving State Machine Replication in Blockchains based on Repeated Consensus https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.13732
Ghesmati et al. [2021] SoK: How private is Bitcoin? Classification and Evaluation of Bitcoin Mixing Techniques https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/629
Franzoni and Daza [2022] SoK: Network-Level Attacks on the Bitcoin P2P Network https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3538969.3538971

1.3.2. Category 2 Scalability

Citation Title URL
Wang et al. [2019] SoK: Sharding on Blockchain https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3318041.3355457
Gudgeon et al. [2020] SoK: Layer-Two Blockchain Protocols https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_12
McCorry et al. [2021] Sok: Validating bridges as a scaling solution for blockchains https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_12
Chatzigiannis et al. [2022] Sok: Blockchain light clients https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1007/978-3-031-18283-9_31
Zhou et al. [2020] Solutions to scalability of blockchain: A survey https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8962150

1.3.3. Category 3 Decentralization

Citation Title URL
Zhang et al. [2022] SoK: Blockchain Decentralization https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.04256
Karakostas et al. [2022] SoK: A Stratified Approach to Blockchain Decentralization https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01291
Raikwar and Gligoroski [2022] SoK: Decentralized Randomness Beacon Protocols https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13333

1.3.4. Category 4 Applicability

Citation Title URL
Gudgeon et al. [2020] SoK: Layer-Two Blockchain Protocols https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_12
Bartoletti et al. [2021] SoK: lending pools in decentralized finance https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-63958-0_40
Werner et al. [2021] SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi) https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.08778
Xu et al. [2021] SoK: Decentralized Exchanges (DEX) with Automated Market Maker (AMM) Protocols https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12732
Shi et al. [2021] When Blockchain Meets Auction Models: A Survey, Some Applications, and Challenges https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.12534
Abuidris et al. [2019] A survey of blockchain-based on e-voting systems https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3376044.3376060
Gadekallu et al. [2022] Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.09738
Ali et al. [2019] Blockchain and the future of the internet: A comprehensive review https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00733
Cousaert et al. [2022] Sok: Yield aggregators in defi https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.13891
Yu et al. [2022] SoK: Play-to-Earn Projects https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01000
Dotan et al. [2020] SoK: cryptocurrency networking context, state-of-the-art, challenges https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3407023.3407043
Moin et al. [2020] SoK: A classification framework for stablecoin designs https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_11
Gan et al. [2021] A critical review of blockchain applications to banking and finance: a qualitative thematic analysis approach https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537325.2021.1979509?journalCode=ctas20
Dasaklis et al. [2021] Sok: Blockchain solutions for forensics https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-69460-9_2
Wang [2021] SoK: tokenization on blockchain https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1536
Karantias [2020] Sok: A taxonomy of cryptocurrency wallets https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/868
Clark et al. [2019] SoK: demystifying stablecoins https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3466371
Jourenko et al. [2019] SoK: A taxonomy for layer-2 scalability related protocols for cryptocurrencies https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/352
Lande and Zunino [2018] SoK: unraveling Bitcoin smart contracts https://iris.unica.it/handle/11584/251263
Moin et al. [2020] SoK: A Classification Framework for Stablecoin Designs https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_11

1.3.5. Category 5 Governance and Regulation

Citation Title URL
Kiayias and Lazos [2022] SoK: Blockchain Governance https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.07188
Chatzigiannis et al. [2021] SoK: Auditability and Accountability in Distributed Payment Systems https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-78375-4_13
Kolachala et al. [2021] SoK: Money Laundering in Cryptocurrencies https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3465481.3465774
Casino et al. [2022] SoK: Cross-border Criminal Investigations and Digital Evidence https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12911
Deuber et al. [2022] SoK: Assumptions Underlying Cryptocurrency Deanonymizations--A Taxonomy for Scientific Experts and Legal Practitioners https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/763

1.3.6. Category 6 Blockchain System Design

Citation Title URL
Wang et al. [2020] SoK: Diving into DAG-based blockchain systems https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.06128
Bellaj et al. [2022] SoK: a comprehensive survey on distributed ledger technologies https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03609651/

1.3.7. Category 7 Cross-Chain and Interoperability

Citation Title URL
Zamyatin et al. [2021] Sok: Communication across distributed ledgers https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-64331-0_1
Wang [2021] Sok: Exploring blockchains interoperability https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/537
Eskandari et al. [2021] Sok: Oracles from the ground truth to market manipulation https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3479722.3480994
Lee et al. [2022] SoK: Not Quite Water Under the Bridge: Review of Cross-Chain Bridge Hacks https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.16209
Belchior et al. [2021] A Survey on Blockchain Interoperability: Past, Present, and Future Trends https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3471140
Belchior et al. [2022] Do You Need a Distributed Ledger Technology Interoperability Solution? https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3564532

Part II: White papers for top blockchain projects and/or cross-chain solutions

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-Click Here to See the Interactive Figure

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1.3. Reference List

https://github.com/sunshineluyao/design-principle-blockchain/blob/main/data/whitepaper.csv

The blockchain projects and/or cross-chain solutions ranked by market values retrived from https://coinmarketcap.com/ on 2022/12/27 (dApps are excluded)

Rank name symbol Genesis Type Coinmarketcap whitepaper
1 Bitcoin BTC 2009 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/ https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
2 Ethereum ETH 2015 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/ https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/
3 Binance smart chain BNB 2017 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bnb/ https://github.com/binance-chain/whitepaper/blob/master/WHITEPAPER.md
4 XRP Ledger (Ripple) XRP 2021 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/xrp/ https://ripple.com/files/ripple_consensus_whitepaper.pdf
5 Cardano ADA 2017 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cardano/ https://docs.cardano.org/en/latest/
6 Polkadot DOT 2022 Cross-chain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/polkadot-new/ https://polkadot.network/PolkaDotPaper.pdf
7 TRON TRX 2017 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/tron/ https://tron.network/static/doc/white_paper_v_2_0.pdf
8 Solana SOL 2020 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/solana/ https://solana.com/solana-whitepaper.pdf
9 Avalanche AVAX 2020 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/avalanche/ https://assets.website-files.com/5d80307810123f5ffbb34d6e/6008d7bc56430d6b8792b8d1_Avalanche%20Native%20Token%20Dynamics.pdf
10 Chainlink LINK 2017 Cross-chain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/chainlink/ https://chain.link/whitepaper
11 The Open Network (TON) TON 2018 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/toncoin/ https://tron.network/static/doc/white_paper_v_2_0.pdf
12 Cosmos ATOM 2016 Cross-chain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cosmos/ https://v1.cosmos.network/resources/whitepaper
13 Stellar XLM 2015 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/stellar/ https://www.stellar.org/papers/stellar-consensus-protocol.pdf
14 Cronos Chain CRO 2018 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/cronos/ https://whitepaper.cronos.org/
15 Quant Overledger QNT 2018 Cross-chain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/quant/ https://whitepaper.io/coin/quant
16 Agorand ALGO 2019 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/algorand/ https://www.algorand.com/technology/white-papers
17 NEAR Protocol NEAR 2021 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/near-protocol/ https://near.org/papers/the-official-near-white-paper/
18 Filecoin FIL 2017 Cross-chain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/filecoin/ https://whitepaper.io/coin/filecoin
19 Hedera HBAR 2019 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/hedera/ https://www.hedera.com/papers
20 Internet Computer ICP 2021 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/internet-computer/ https://internetcomputer.org/whitepaper.pdf
21 EOS Network EOS 2018 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/eos/ https://github.com/EOSIO/Documentation/blob/master/TechnicalWhitePaper.md
22 MultiversX (Elrond) EGLD 2020 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/elrond-egld/ https://elrond.com/assets/files/elrond-whitepaper.pdf
23 Flow FLOW 2018 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/flow/ https://www.onflow.org/technical-paper/
24 Theta Network THETA 2019 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/theta-network/ https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/assets.thetatoken.org/Theta-white-paper-latest.pdf
25 Tezos XTZ 2018 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/tezos/ https://tezos.com/whitepaper.pdf
26 Zcash ZEC 2016 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/zcash/ https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/protocol/protocol.pdf
27 Klaytn KLAY 2019 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/klaytn/ https://whitepaper.io/coin/klaytn
28 Dash DASH 2014 Blockchain https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/dash/ https://whitepaper.io/coin/dash

Part III: Blockchain Standards

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3.3. References

3.3.1. Blokchain Standard Development References by Institution

Institution Blockchain Standard Development Reference
The European Commission https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/blockchain-standards
IEEE https://blockchain.ieee.org/standards
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) https://www.w3.org/2016/04/blockchain-workshop/report.html
International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (Iatba) https://inatba.org/standards-committee-working-group-lp/
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8202.pdf
ANSI Accredited Standards Committee X9 https://x9.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Distributed-Ledger-and-Blockchain-Technology-Study-Group-Report-FINAL.pdf
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) https://www.iso.org/committee/6266604.html
The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/enisa-report-on-blockchain-technology-and-security
German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) https://www.bsigroup.com/globalassets/localfiles/en-gb/bsi_blockchain_dlt_web.pdf
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/dlt/Pages/default.aspx
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) https://www.cencenelec.eu/areas-of-work/cenelec-sectors/digital-society-cenelec/emerging-technologies/

3.3.2. Blockchain Standard Papers

Title URL
Comparing Blockchain Standards and Recommendations https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/12/12/222/pdf
Blockchain Standards for Compliance and Trust https://anjum.web.cern.ch/papers/d4sta.pdf
Global Standards Mapping Initiative: An overview of blockchain technical standards https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/global-standards-mapping-initiative-an-overview-of-blockchain-technical-standards
A Web-based Ledger Data Model and Format: A position statement by Digital Bazaar for the W3C Blockchain Workshop https://www.w3.org/2016/04/blockchain-workshop/interest/sporny-longley.html
Linked Data Indexing of Distributed Ledgers http://oro.open.ac.uk/49736/1/p1431.pdf
Developing Open and Interoperable DLT/Blockchain Standards https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/11/08625908/17D45XfSEUx