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NEWS
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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 240:
* NoNewPrivileges=yes has been set for all long-running services
implemented by systemd. Previously, this was problematic due to
SELinux (as this would also prohibit the transition from PID1's label
to the service's label). This restriction has since been lifted, but
an SELinux policy update is required.
(See e.g. https://github.com/fedora-selinux/selinux-policy/pull/234.)
* DynamicUser=yes is dropped from systemd-networkd.service,
systemd-resolved.service and systemd-timesyncd.service, which was
enabled in v239 for systemd-networkd.service and systemd-resolved.service,
and since v236 for systemd-timesyncd.service. The users and groups
systemd-network, systemd-resolve and systemd-timesync are created
by systemd-sysusers again. Distributors or system administrators
may need to create these users and groups if they not exist (or need
to re-enable DynamicUser= for those units) while upgrading systemd.
* When unit files are loaded from disk, previously systemd would
sometimes (depending on the unit loading order) load units from the
target path of symlinks in .wants/ or .requires/ directories of other
units. This meant that unit could be loaded from different paths
depending on whether the unit was requested explicitly or as a
dependency of another unit, not honouring the priority of directories
in search path. It also meant that it was possible to successfully
load and start units which are not found in the unit search path, as
long as they were requested as a dependency and linked to from
.wants/ or .requires/. The target paths of those symlinks are not
used for loading units anymore and the unit file must be found in
the search path.
* A new service type has been added: Type=exec. It's very similar to
Type=simple but ensures the service manager will wait for both fork()
and execve() of the main service binary to complete before proceeding
with follow-up units. This is primarily useful so that the manager
propagates any errors in the preparation phase of service execution
back to the job that requested the unit to be started. For example,
consider a service that has ExecStart= set to a file system binary
that doesn't exist. With Type=simple starting the unit would be
considered instantly successful, as only fork() has to complete
successfully and the manager does not wait for execve(), and hence
its failure is seen "too late". With the new Type=exec service type
starting the unit will fail, as the manager will wait for the
execve() and notice its failure, which is then propagated back to the
start job.
NOTE: with the next release 241 of systemd we intend to change the
systemd-run tool to default to Type=exec for transient services
started by it. This should be mostly safe, but in specific corner
cases might result in problems, as the systemd-run tool will then
block on NSS calls (such as user name look-ups due to User=) done
between the fork() and execve(), which under specific circumstances
might cause problems. It is recommended to specify "-p Type=simple"
explicitly in the few cases where this applies. For regular,
non-transient services (i.e. those defined with unit files on disk)
we will continue to default to Type=simple.
* The Linux kernel's current default RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit for
userspace processes is set to 1024 (soft) and 4096
(hard). Previously, systemd passed this on unmodified to all
processes it forked off. With this systemd release the hard limit
systemd passes on is increased to 512K, overriding the kernel's
defaults and substantially increasing the number of simultaneous file
descriptors unprivileged userspace processes can allocate. Note that
the soft limit remains at 1024 for compatibility reasons: the
traditional UNIX select() call cannot deal with file descriptors >=
1024 and increasing the soft limit globally might thus result in
programs unexpectedly allocating a high file descriptor and thus
failing abnormally when attempting to use it with select() (of
course, programs shouldn't use select() anymore, and prefer
poll()/epoll, but the call unfortunately remains undeservedly popular
at this time). This change reflects the fact that file descriptor
handling in the Linux kernel has been optimized in more recent
kernels and allocating large numbers of them should be much cheaper
both in memory and in performance than it used to be. Programs that
want to take benefit of the increased limit have to "opt-in" into
high file descriptors explicitly by raising their soft limit. Of
course, when they do that they must acknowledge that they cannot use
select() anymore (and neither can any shared library they use — or
any shared library used by any shared library they use and so on).
Which default hard limit is most appropriate is of course hard to
decide. However, given reports that ~300K file descriptors are used
in real-life applications we believe 512K is sufficiently high as new
default for now. Note that there are also reports that using very
high hard limits (e.g. 1G) is problematic: some software allocates
large arrays with one element for each potential file descriptor
(Java, …) — a high hard limit thus triggers excessively large memory
allocations in these applications. Hopefully, the new default of 512K
is a good middle ground: higher than what real-life applications
currently need, and low enough for avoid triggering excessively large
allocations in problematic software. (And yes, somebody should fix
Java.)
* The fs.nr_open and fs.file-max sysctls are now automatically bumped
to the highest possible values, as separate accounting of file
descriptors is no longer necessary, as memcg tracks them correctly as
part of the memory accounting anyway. Thus, from the four limits on
file descriptors currently enforced (fs.file-max, fs.nr_open,
RLIMIT_NOFILE hard, RLIMIT_NOFILE soft) we turn off the first two,
and keep only the latter two. A set of build-time options
(-Dbump-proc-sys-fs-file-max=no and -Dbump-proc-sys-fs-nr-open=no)
has been added to revert this change in behaviour, which might be
an option for systems that turn off memcg in the kernel.
* When no /etc/locale.conf file exists (and hence no locale settings
are in place), systemd will now use the "C.UTF-8" locale by default,
and set LANG= to it. This locale is supported by various
distributions including Fedora, with clear indications that upstream
glibc is going to make it available too. This locale enables UTF-8
mode by default, which appears appropriate for 2018.
* The "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" sysctl will now be set to 2 by
default. This effectively switches the RFC3704 Reverse Path filtering
from Strict mode to Loose mode. This is more appropriate for hosts
that have multiple links with routes to the same networks (e.g.
a client with a Wi-Fi and Ethernet both connected to the internet).
Consult the kernel documentation for details on this sysctl:
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
* CPUAccounting=yes no longer enables the CPU controller when using
kernel 4.15+ and the unified cgroup hierarchy, as required accounting
statistics are now provided independently from the CPU controller.
* Support for disabling a particular cgroup controller within a sub-tree
has been added through the DisableControllers= directive.
* cgroup_no_v1=all on the kernel command line now also implies
using the unified cgroup hierarchy, unless one explicitly passes
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0 on the kernel command line.
* The new "MemoryMin=" unit file property may now be used to set the
memory usage protection limit of processes invoked by the unit. This
controls the cgroupsv2 memory.min attribute. Similarly, the new
"IODeviceLatencyTargetSec=" property has been added, wrapping the new
cgroupsv2 io.latency cgroup property for configuring per-service I/O
latency.
* systemd now supports the cgroupsv2 devices BPF logic, as counterpart
to the cgroupsv1 "devices" cgroup controller.
* systemd-escape now is able to combine --unescape with --template. It
also learnt a new option --instance for extracting and unescaping the
instance part of a unit name.
* sd-bus now provides the sd_bus_message_readv() which is similar to
sd_bus_message_read() but takes a va_list object. The pair
sd_bus_set_method_call_timeout() and sd_bus_get_method_call_timeout()
has been added for configuring the default method call timeout to
use. sd_bus_error_move() may be used to efficiently move the contents
from one sd_bus_error structure to another, invalidating the
source. sd_bus_set_close_on_exit() and sd_bus_get_close_on_exit() may
be used to control whether a bus connection object is automatically
flushed when an sd-event loop is exited.
* When processing classic BSD syslog log messages, journald will now
save the original time-stamp string supplied in the new
SYSLOG_TIMESTAMP= journal field. This permits consumers to
reconstruct the original BSD syslog message more correctly.
* StandardOutput=/StandardError= in service files gained support for
new "append:…" parameters, for connecting STDOUT/STDERR of a service
to a file, and appending to it.
* The signal to use as last step of killing of unit processes is now
configurable. Previously it was hard-coded to SIGKILL, which may now
be overridden with the new KillSignal= setting. Note that this is the
signal used when regular termination (i.e. SIGTERM) does not suffice.
Similarly, the signal used when aborting a program in case of a
watchdog timeout may now be configured too (WatchdogSignal=).
* The XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP environment variable may now be configured in
the pam_systemd argument line, using the new desktop= switch. This is
useful to initialize it properly from a display manager without
having to touch C code.
* Most configuration options that previously accepted percentage values
now also accept permille values with the '‰' suffix (instead of '%').
* systemd-resolved may now optionally use OpenSSL instead of GnuTLS for
DNS-over-TLS.
* systemd-resolved's configuration file resolved.conf gained a new
option ReadEtcHosts= which may be used to turn off processing and
honoring /etc/hosts entries.
* The "--wait" switch may now be passed to "systemctl
is-system-running", in which case the tool will synchronously wait
until the system finished start-up.
* hostnamed gained a new bus call to determine the DMI product UUID.
* On x86-64 systemd will now prefer using the RDRAND processor
instruction over /dev/urandom whenever it requires randomness that
neither has to be crypto-grade nor should be reproducible. This
should substantially reduce the amount of entropy systemd requests
from the kernel during initialization on such systems, though not
reduce it to zero. (Why not zero? systemd still needs to allocate
UUIDs and such uniquely, which require high-quality randomness.)
* networkd gained support for Foo-Over-UDP, ERSPAN and ISATAP
tunnels. It also gained a new option ForceDHCPv6PDOtherInformation=
for forcing the "Other Information" bit in IPv6 RA messages. The
bonding logic gained four new options AdActorSystemPriority=,
AdUserPortKey=, AdActorSystem= for configuring various 802.3ad
aspects, and DynamicTransmitLoadBalancing= for enabling dynamic
shuffling of flows. The tunnel logic gained a new
IPv6RapidDeploymentPrefix= option for configuring IPv6 Rapid
Deployment. The policy rule logic gained four new options IPProtocol=,
SourcePort= and DestinationPort=, InvertRule=. The bridge logic gained
support for the MulticastToUnicast= option. networkd also gained
support for configuring static IPv4 ARP or IPv6 neighbor entries.
* .preset files (as read by 'systemctl preset') may now be used to
instantiate services.
* /etc/crypttab now understands the sector-size= option to configure
the sector size for an encrypted partition.
* Key material for encrypted disks may now be placed on a formatted
medium, and referenced from /etc/crypttab by the UUID of the file
system, followed by "=" suffixed by the path to the key file.
* The "collect" udev component has been removed without replacement, as
it is neither used nor maintained.
* When the RuntimeDirectory=, StateDirectory=, CacheDirectory=,
LogsDirectory=, ConfigurationDirectory= settings are used in a
service the executed processes will now receive a set of environment
variables containing the full paths of these directories.
Specifically, RUNTIME_DIRECTORY=, STATE_DIRECTORY, CACHE_DIRECTORY,
LOGS_DIRECTORY, CONFIGURATION_DIRECTORY are now set if these options
are used. Note that these options may be used multiple times per
service in which case the resulting paths will be concatenated and
separated by colons.
* Predictable interface naming has been extended to cover InfiniBand
NICs. They will be exposed with an "ib" prefix.
* tmpfiles.d/ line types may now be suffixed with a '-' character, in
which case the respective line failing is ignored.
* .link files may now be used to configure the equivalent to the
"ethtool advertise" commands.
* The sd-device.h and sd-hwdb.h APIs are now exported, as an
alternative to libudev.h. Previously, the latter was just an internal
wrapper around the former, but now these two APIs are exposed
directly.
* sd-id128.h gained a new function sd_id128_get_boot_app_specific()
which calculates an app-specific boot ID similar to how
sd_id128_get_machine_app_specific() generates an app-specific machine
ID.
* A new tool systemd-id128 has been added that can be used to determine
and generate various 128bit IDs.
* /etc/os-release gained two new standardized fields DOCUMENTATION_URL=
and LOGO=.
* systemd-hibernate-resume-generator will now honor the "noresume"
kernel command line option, in which case it will bypass resuming
from any hibernated image.
* The systemd-sleep.conf configuration file gained new options
AllowSuspend=, AllowHibernation=, AllowSuspendThenHibernate=,
AllowHybridSleep= for prohibiting specific sleep modes even if the
kernel exports them.
* portablectl is now officially supported and has thus moved to
/usr/bin/.
* bootctl learnt the two new commands "set-default" and "set-oneshot"
for setting the default boot loader item to boot to (either
persistently or only for the next boot). This is currently only
compatible with sd-boot, but may be implemented on other boot loaders
too, that follow the boot loader interface. The updated interface is
now documented here:
https://systemd.io/BOOT_LOADER_INTERFACE
* A new kernel command line option systemd.early_core_pattern= is now
understood which may be used to influence the core_pattern PID 1
installs during early boot.
* busctl learnt two new options -j and --json= for outputting method
call replies, properties and monitoring output in JSON.
* journalctl's JSON output now supports simple ANSI coloring as well as
a new "json-seq" mode for generating RFC7464 output.
* Unit files now support the %g/%G specifiers that resolve to the UNIX
group/GID of the service manager runs as, similar to the existing
%u/%U specifiers that resolve to the UNIX user/UID.
* systemd-logind learnt a new global configuration option
UserStopDelaySec= that may be set in logind.conf. It specifies how
long the systemd --user instance shall remain started after a user
logs out. This is useful to speed up repetitive re-connections of the
same user, as it means the user's service manager doesn't have to be
stopped/restarted on each iteration, but can be reused between
subsequent options. This setting defaults to 10s. systemd-logind also
exports two new properties on its Manager D-Bus objects indicating
whether the system's lid is currently closed, and whether the system
is on AC power.
* systemd gained support for a generic boot counting logic, which
generically permits automatic reverting to older boot loader entries
if newer updated ones don't work. The boot loader side is implemented
in sd-boot, but is kept open for other boot loaders too. For details
see:
https://systemd.io/AUTOMATIC_BOOT_ASSESSMENT
* The SuccessAction=/FailureAction= unit file settings now learnt two
new parameters: "exit" and "exit-force", which result in immediate
exiting of the service manager, and are only useful in systemd --user
and container environments.
* Unit files gained support for a pair of options
FailureActionExitStatus=/SuccessActionExitStatus= for configuring the
exit status to use as service manager exit status when
SuccessAction=/FailureAction= is set to exit or exit-force.
* A pair of LogRateLimitIntervalSec=/LogRateLimitBurst= per-service
options may now be used to configure the log rate limiting applied by
journald per-service.
* systemd-analyze gained a new verb "timespan" for parsing and
normalizing time span values (i.e. strings like "5min 7s 8us").
* systemd-analyze also gained a new verb "security" for analyzing the
security and sand-boxing settings of services in order to determine an
"exposure level" for them, indicating whether a service would benefit
from more sand-boxing options turned on for them.
* "systemd-analyze syscall-filter" will now also show system calls
supported by the local kernel but not included in any of the defined
groups.
* .nspawn files now understand the Ephemeral= setting, matching the
--ephemeral command line switch.
* sd-event gained the new APIs sd_event_source_get_floating() and
sd_event_source_set_floating() for controlling whether a specific
event source is "floating", i.e. destroyed along with the even loop
object itself.
* Unit objects on D-Bus gained a new "Refs" property that lists all
clients that currently have a reference on the unit (to ensure it is
not unloaded).
* The JoinControllers= option in system.conf is no longer supported, as
it didn't work correctly, is hard to support properly, is legacy (as
the concept only exists on cgroupsv1) and apparently wasn't used.
* Journal messages that are generated whenever a unit enters the failed
state are now tagged with a unique MESSAGE_ID. Similarly, messages
generated whenever a service process exits are now made recognizable,
too. A taged message is also emitted whenever a unit enters the
"dead" state on success.
* systemd-run gained a new switch --working-directory= for configuring
the working directory of the service to start. A shortcut -d is
equivalent, setting the working directory of the service to the
current working directory of the invoking program. The new --shell
(or just -S) option has been added for invoking the $SHELL of the
caller as a service, and implies --pty --same-dir --wait --collect
--service-type=exec. Or in other words, "systemd-run -S" is now the
quickest way to quickly get an interactive in a fully clean and
well-defined system service context.
* machinectl gained a new verb "import-fs" for importing an OS tree
from a directory. Moreover, when a directory or tarball is imported
and single top-level directory found with the OS itself below the OS
tree is automatically mangled and moved one level up.
* systemd-importd will no longer set up an implicit btrfs loop-back
file system on /var/lib/machines. If one is already set up, it will
continue to be used.
* A new generator "systemd-run-generator" has been added. It will
synthesize a unit from one or more program command lines included in
the kernel command line. This is very useful in container managers
for example:
# systemd-nspawn -i someimage.raw -b systemd.run='"some command line"'
This will run "systemd-nspawn" on an image, invoke the specified
command line and immediately shut down the container again, returning
the command line's exit code.
* The block device locking logic is now documented:
https://systemd.io/BLOCK_DEVICE_LOCKING
* loginctl and machinectl now optionally output the various tables in
JSON using the --output= switch. It is our intention to add similar
support to systemctl and all other commands.
* udevadm's query and trigger verb now optionally take a .device unit
name as argument.
* systemd-udevd's network naming logic now understands a new
net.naming-scheme= kernel command line switch, which may be used to
pick a specific version of the naming scheme. This helps stabilizing
interface names even as systemd/udev are updated and the naming logic
is improved.
* sd-id128.h learnt two new auxiliary helpers: sd_id128_is_allf() and
SD_ID128_ALLF to test if a 128bit ID is set to all 0xFF bytes, and to
initialize one to all 0xFF.
* After loading the SELinux policy systemd will now recursively relabel
all files and directories listed in
/run/systemd/relabel-extra.d/*.relabel (which should be simple
newline separated lists of paths) in addition to the ones it already
implicitly relabels in /run, /dev and /sys. After the relabelling is
completed the *.relabel files (and /run/systemd/relabel-extra.d/) are
removed. This is useful to permit initrds (i.e. code running before
the SELinux policy is in effect) to generate files in the host
filesystem safely and ensure that the correct label is applied during
the transition to the host OS.
* KERNEL API BREAKAGE: Linux kernel 4.18 changed behaviour regarding
mknod() handling in user namespaces. Previously mknod() would always
fail with EPERM in user namespaces. Since 4.18 mknod() will succeed
but device nodes generated that way cannot be opened, and attempts to
open them result in EPERM. This breaks the "graceful fallback" logic
in systemd's PrivateDevices= sand-boxing option. This option is
implemented defensively, so that when systemd detects it runs in a
restricted environment (such as a user namespace, or an environment
where mknod() is blocked through seccomp or absence of CAP_SYS_MKNOD)
where device nodes cannot be created the effect of PrivateDevices= is
bypassed (following the logic that 2nd-level sand-boxing is not
essential if the system systemd runs in is itself already sand-boxed
as a whole). This logic breaks with 4.18 in container managers where
user namespacing is used: suddenly PrivateDevices= succeeds setting
up a private /dev/ file system containing devices nodes — but when
these are opened they don't work.
At this point is is recommended that container managers utilizing
user namespaces that intend to run systemd in the payload explicitly
block mknod() with seccomp or similar, so that the graceful fallback
logic works again.
We are very sorry for the breakage and the requirement to change
container configurations for newer kernels. It's purely caused by an
incompatible kernel change. The relevant kernel developers have been
notified about this userspace breakage quickly, but they chose to
ignore it.
* PermissionsStartOnly= setting is deprecated (but is still supported
for backwards compatibility). The same functionality is provided by
the more flexible "+", "!", and "!!" prefixes to ExecStart= and other
commands.
* $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable is not set by
pam_systemd anymore.
Contributions from: afg, Alan Jenkins, Aleksei Timofeyev, Alexander
Filippov, Alexander Kurtz, Alexey Bogdanenko, Andreas Henriksson,
Andrew Jorgensen, Anita Zhang, apnix-uk, Arkan49, Arseny Maslennikov,
asavah, Asbjørn Apeland, aszlig, Bastien Nocera, Ben Boeckel, Benedikt
Morbach, Benjamin Berg, Bruce Zhang, Carlo Caione, Cedric Viou, Chen
Qi, Chris Chiu, Chris Down, Chris Morin, Christian Rebischke, Claudius
Ellsel, Colin Guthrie, dana, Daniel, Daniele Medri, Daniel Kahn
Gillmor, Daniel Rusek, Daniel van Vugt, Dariusz Gadomski, Dave Reisner,
David Anderson, Davide Cavalca, David Leeds, David Malcolm, David
Strauss, David Tardon, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dmitry Torokhov, dj-kaktus,
Dongsu Park, Elias Probst, Emil Soleyman, Erik Kooistra, Ervin Peters,
Evgeni Golov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabrice Fontaine, Faheel Ahmad,
Faizal Luthfi, Felix Yan, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frank
Schaefer, Frantisek Sumsal, Gautier Husson, Gianluca Boiano, Giuseppe
Scrivano, glitsj16, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Harry Mallon, Harshit
Jain, Helmut Grohne, Henry Tung, Hui Yiqun, imayoda, Insun Pyo, Iwan
Timmer, Jan Janssen, Jan Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Jason A. Donenfeld,
javitoom, Jérémy Nouhaud, Jeremy Su, Jiuyang Liu, João Paulo Rechi
Vita, Joe Hershberger, Joe Rayhawk, Joerg Behrmann, Joerg Steffens,
Jonas Dorel, Jon Ringle, Josh Soref, Julian Andres Klode, Jun Bo Bi,
Jürg Billeter, Keith Busch, Khem Raj, Kirill Marinushkin, Larry
Bernstone, Lennart Poettering, Lion Yang, Li Song, Lorenz
Hübschle-Schneider, Lubomir Rintel, Lucas Werkmeister, Ludwin Janvier,
Lukáš Nykrýn, Luke Shumaker, mal, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcin
Skarbek, Marco Trevisan (Treviño), Marian Cepok, Mario Hros, Marko
Myllynen, Markus Grimm, Martin Pitt, Martin Sobotka, Martin Wilck,
Mathieu Trudel-Lapierre, Matthew Leeds, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich,
Michael 'pbone' Pobega, Michael Scherer, Michal Koutný, Michal
Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Mike Gilbert, Mike Palmer, Muhammet Kara, Neal
Gompa, Neil Brown, Network Silence, Niklas Tibbling, Nikolas Nyby,
Nogisaka Sadata, Oliver Smith, Patrik Flykt, Pavel Hrdina, Paweł
Szewczyk, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, Ray Strode, Reinhold Mueller,
Renaud Métrich, Roman Gushchin, Ronny Chevalier, Rubén Suárez Alvarez,
Ruixin Bao, RussianNeuroMancer, Ryutaroh Matsumoto, Saleem Rashid, Sam
Morris, Samuel Morris, Sandy Carter, scootergrisen, Sébastien Bacher,
Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Shengyao Xue, Shih-Yuan Lee
(FourDollars), Silvio Knizek, Sjoerd Simons, Stasiek Michalski, Stephen
Gallagher, Steven Allen, Steve Ramage, Susant Sahani, Sven Joachim,
Sylvain Plantefève, Tanu Kaskinen, Tejun Heo, Thiago Macieira, Thomas
Blume, Thomas Haller, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tim Ruffing, TJ, Tobias
Jungel, Todd Walton, Tommi Rantala, Tomsod M, Tony Novak, Tore
Anderson, Trevonn, Victor Laskurain, Victor Tapia, Violet Halo, Vojtech
Trefny, welaq, William A. Kennington III, William Douglas, Wyatt Ward,
Xiang Fan, Xi Ruoyao, Xuanwo, Yann E. Morin, YmrDtnJu, Yu Watanabe,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zhang Xianwei, Zsolt Dollenstein
— Warsaw, 2018-12-21
CHANGES WITH 239:
* NETWORK INTERFACE DEVICE NAMING CHANGES: systemd-udevd's "net_id"
builtin will name network interfaces differently than in previous
versions for virtual network interfaces created with SR-IOV and NPAR
and for devices where the PCI network controller device does not have
a slot number associated.
SR-IOV virtual devices are now named based on the name of the parent
interface, with a suffix of "v<N>", where <N> is the virtual device
number. Previously those virtual devices were named as if completely
independent.
The ninth and later NPAR virtual devices will be named following the
scheme used for the first eight NPAR partitions. Previously those
devices were not renamed and the kernel default (eth<n>) was used.
"net_id" will also generate names for PCI devices where the PCI
network controller device does not have an associated slot number
itself, but one of its parents does. Previously those devices were
not renamed and the kernel default (eth<n>) was used.
* AF_INET and AF_INET6 are dropped from RestrictAddressFamilies= in
systemd-logind.service. Since v235, IPAddressDeny=any has been set to
the unit. So, it is expected that the default behavior of
systemd-logind is not changed. However, if distribution packagers or
administrators disabled or modified IPAddressDeny= setting by a
drop-in config file, then it may be necessary to update the file to
re-enable AF_INET and AF_INET6 to support network user name services,
e.g. NIS.
* When the RestrictNamespaces= unit property is specified multiple
times, then the specified types are merged now. Previously, only the
last assignment was used. So, if distribution packagers or
administrators modified the setting by a drop-in config file, then it
may be necessary to update the file.
* When OnFailure= is used in combination with Restart= on a service
unit, then the specified units will no longer be triggered on
failures that result in restarting. Previously, the specified units
would be activated each time the unit failed, even when the unit was
going to be restarted automatically. This behaviour contradicted the
documentation. With this release the code is adjusted to match the
documentation.
* systemd-tmpfiles will now print a notice whenever it encounters
tmpfiles.d/ lines referencing the /var/run/ directory. It will
recommend reworking them to use the /run/ directory instead (for
which /var/run/ is simply a symlinked compatibility alias). This way
systemd-tmpfiles can properly detect line conflicts and merge lines
referencing the same file by two paths, without having to access
them.
* systemctl disable/unmask/preset/preset-all cannot be used with
--runtime. Previously this was allowed, but resulted in unintuitive
behaviour that wasn't useful. systemctl disable/unmask will now undo
both runtime and persistent enablement/masking, i.e. it will remove
any relevant symlinks both in /run and /etc.
* Note that all long-running system services shipped with systemd will
now default to a system call whitelist (rather than a blacklist, as
before). In particular, systemd-udevd will now enforce one too. For
most cases this should be safe, however downstream distributions
which disabled sandboxing of systemd-udevd (specifically the
MountFlags= setting), might want to disable this security feature
too, as the default whitelisting will prohibit all mount, swap,
reboot and clock changing operations from udev rules.
* sd-boot acquired new loader configuration settings to optionally turn
off Windows and MacOS boot partition discovery as well as
reboot-into-firmware menu items. It is also able to pick a better
screen resolution for HiDPI systems, and now provides loader
configuration settings to change the resolution explicitly.
* systemd-resolved now supports DNS-over-TLS. It's still
turned off by default, use DNSOverTLS=opportunistic to turn it on in
resolved.conf. We intend to make this the default as soon as couple
of additional techniques for optimizing the initial latency caused by
establishing a TLS/TCP connection are implemented.
* systemd-resolved.service and systemd-networkd.service now set
DynamicUser=yes. The users systemd-resolve and systemd-network are
not created by systemd-sysusers anymore.
NOTE: This has a chance of breaking nss-ldap and similar NSS modules
that embedd a network facing module into any process using getpwuid()
or related call: the dynamic allocation of the user ID for
systemd-resolved.service means the service manager has to check NSS
if the user name is already taken when forking off the service. Since
the user in the common case won't be defined in /etc/passwd the
lookup is likely to trigger nss-ldap which in turn might use NSS to
ask systemd-resolved for hostname lookups. This will hence result in
a deadlock: a user name lookup in order to start
systemd-resolved.service will result in a host name lookup for which
systemd-resolved.service needs to be started already. There are
multiple ways to work around this problem: pre-allocate the
"systemd-resolve" user on such systems, so that nss-ldap won't be
triggered; or use a different NSS package that doesn't do networking
in-process but provides a local asynchronous name cache; or configure
the NSS package to avoid lookups for UIDs in the range `pkg-config
systemd --variable=dynamicuidmin` … `pkg-config systemd
--variable=dynamicuidmax`, so that it does not consider itself
authoritative for the same UID range systemd allocates dynamic users
from.
* The systemd-resolve tool has been renamed to resolvectl (it also
remains available under the old name, for compatibility), and its
interface is now verb-based, similar in style to the other <xyz>ctl
tools, such as systemctl or loginctl.
* The resolvectl/systemd-resolve tool also provides 'resolvconf'
compatibility. It may be symlinked under the 'resolvconf' name, in
which case it will take arguments and input compatible with the
Debian and FreeBSD resolvconf tool.
* Support for suspend-then-hibernate has been added, i.e. a sleep mode
where the system initially suspends, and after a timeout resumes and
hibernates again.
* networkd's ClientIdentifier= now accepts a new option "duid-only". If
set the client will only send a DUID as client identifier.
* The nss-systemd glibc NSS module will now enumerate dynamic users and
groups in effect. Previously, it could resolve UIDs/GIDs to user
names/groups and vice versa, but did not support enumeration.
* journald's Compress= configuration setting now optionally accepts a
byte threshold value. All journal objects larger than this threshold
will be compressed, smaller ones will not. Previously this threshold
was not configurable and set to 512.
* A new system.conf setting NoNewPrivileges= is now available which may
be used to turn off acquisition of new privileges system-wide
(i.e. set Linux' PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS for PID 1 itself, and thus also
for all its children). Note that turning this option on means setuid
binaries and file system capabilities lose their special powers.
While turning on this option is a big step towards a more secure
system, doing so is likely to break numerous pre-existing UNIX tools,
in particular su and sudo.
* A new service systemd-time-sync-wait.service has been added. If
enabled it will delay the time-sync.target unit at boot until time
synchronization has been received from the network. This
functionality is useful on systems lacking a local RTC or where it is
acceptable that the boot process shall be delayed by external network
services.
* When hibernating, systemd will now inform the kernel of the image
write offset, on kernels new enough to support this. This means swap
files should work for hibernation now.
* When loading unit files, systemd will now look for drop-in unit files
extensions in additional places. Previously, for a unit file name
"foo-bar-baz.service" it would look for dropin files in
"foo-bar-baz.service.d/*.conf". Now, it will also look in
"foo-bar-.service.d/*.conf" and "foo-.service.d/", i.e. at the
service name truncated after all inner dashes. This scheme allows
writing drop-ins easily that apply to a whole set of unit files at
once. It's particularly useful for mount and slice units (as their
naming is prefix based), but is also useful for service and other
units, for packages that install multiple unit files at once,
following a strict naming regime of beginning the unit file name with
the package's name. Two new specifiers are now supported in unit
files to match this: %j and %J are replaced by the part of the unit
name following the last dash.
* Unit files and other configuration files that support specifier
expansion now understand another three new specifiers: %T and %V will
resolve to /tmp and /var/tmp respectively, or whatever temporary
directory has been set for the calling user. %E will expand to either
/etc (for system units) or $XDG_CONFIG_HOME (for user units).
* The ExecStart= lines of unit files are no longer required to
reference absolute paths. If non-absolute paths are specified the
specified binary name is searched within the service manager's
built-in $PATH, which may be queried with 'systemd-path
search-binaries-default'. It's generally recommended to continue to
use absolute paths for all binaries specified in unit files.
* Units gained a new load state "bad-setting", which is used when a
unit file was loaded, but contained fatal errors which prevent it
from being started (for example, a service unit has been defined
lacking both ExecStart= and ExecStop= lines).
* coredumpctl's "gdb" verb has been renamed to "debug", in order to
support alternative debuggers, for example lldb. The old name
continues to be available however, for compatibility reasons. Use the
new --debugger= switch or the $SYSTEMD_DEBUGGER environment variable
to pick an alternative debugger instead of the default gdb.
* systemctl and the other tools will now output escape sequences that
generate proper clickable hyperlinks in various terminal emulators
where useful (for example, in the "systemctl status" output you can
now click on the unit file name to quickly open it in the
editor/viewer of your choice). Note that not all terminal emulators
support this functionality yet, but many do. Unfortunately, the
"less" pager doesn't support this yet, hence this functionality is
currently automatically turned off when a pager is started (which
happens quite often due to auto-paging). We hope to remove this
limitation as soon as "less" learns these escape sequences. This new
behaviour may also be turned off explicitly with the $SYSTEMD_URLIFY
environment variable. For details on these escape sequences see:
https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
* networkd's .network files now support a new IPv6MTUBytes= option for
setting the MTU used by IPv6 explicitly as well as a new MTUBytes=
option in the [Route] section to configure the MTU to use for
specific routes. It also gained support for configuration of the DHCP
"UserClass" option through the new UserClass= setting. It gained
three new options in the new [CAN] section for configuring CAN
networks. The MULTICAST and ALLMULTI interface flags may now be
controlled explicitly with the new Multicast= and AllMulticast=
settings.
* networkd will now automatically make use of the kernel's route
expiration feature, if it is available.
* udevd's .link files now support setting the number of receive and
transmit channels, using the RxChannels=, TxChannels=,
OtherChannels=, CombinedChannels= settings.
* Support for UDPSegmentationOffload= has been removed, given its
limited support in hardware, and waning software support.
* networkd's .netdev files now support creating "netdevsim" interfaces.
* PID 1 learnt a new bus call GetUnitByControlGroup() which may be used
to query the unit belonging to a specific kernel control group.
* systemd-analyze gained a new verb "cat-config", which may be used to
dump the contents of any configuration file, with all its matching
drop-in files added in, and honouring the usual search and masking
logic applied to systemd configuration files. For example use
"systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/system.conf" to get the complete
system configuration file of systemd how it would be loaded by PID 1
itself. Similar to this, various tools such as systemd-tmpfiles or
systemd-sysusers, gained a new option "--cat-config", which does the
corresponding operation for their own configuration settings. For
example, "systemd-tmpfiles --cat-config" will now output the full
list of tmpfiles.d/ lines in place.
* timedatectl gained three new verbs: "show" shows bus properties of
systemd-timedated, "timesync-status" shows the current NTP
synchronization state of systemd-timesyncd, and "show-timesync"
shows bus properties of systemd-timesyncd.
* systemd-timesyncd gained a bus interface on which it exposes details
about its state.
* A new environment variable $SYSTEMD_TIMEDATED_NTP_SERVICES is now
understood by systemd-timedated. It takes a colon-separated list of
unit names of NTP client services. The list is used by
"timedatectl set-ntp".
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --rlimit= switch for setting initial
resource limits for the container payload. There's a new switch
--hostname= to explicitly override the container's hostname. A new
--no-new-privileges= switch may be used to control the
PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS flag for the container payload. A new
--oom-score-adjust= switch controls the OOM scoring adjustment value
for the payload. The new --cpu-affinity= switch controls the CPU
affinity of the container payload. The new --resolv-conf= switch
allows more detailed control of /etc/resolv.conf handling of the
container. Similarly, the new --timezone= switch allows more detailed
control of /etc/localtime handling of the container.
* systemd-detect-virt gained a new --list switch, which will print a
list of all currently known VM and container environments.
* Support for "Portable Services" has been added, see
doc/PORTABLE_SERVICES.md for details. Currently, the support is still
experimental, but this is expected to change soon. Reflecting this
experimental state, the "portablectl" binary is not installed into
/usr/bin yet. The binary has to be called with the full path
/usr/lib/systemd/portablectl instead.
* journalctl's and systemctl's -o switch now knows a new log output
mode "with-unit". The output it generates is very similar to the
regular "short" mode, but displays the unit name instead of the
syslog tag for each log line. Also, the date is shown with timezone
information. This mode is probably more useful than the classic
"short" output mode for most purposes, except where pixel-perfect
compatibility with classic /var/log/messages formatting is required.
* A new --dump-bus-properties switch has been added to the systemd
binary, which may be used to dump all supported D-Bus properties.
(Options which are still supported, but are deprecated, are *not*
shown.)
* sd-bus gained a set of new calls:
sd_bus_slot_set_floating()/sd_bus_slot_get_floating() may be used to
enable/disable the "floating" state of a bus slot object,
i.e. whether the slot object pins the bus it is allocated for into
memory or if the bus slot object gets disconnected when the bus goes
away. sd_bus_open_with_description(),
sd_bus_open_user_with_description(),
sd_bus_open_system_with_description() may be used to allocate bus
objects and set their description string already during allocation.
* sd-event gained support for watching inotify events from the event
loop, in an efficient way, sharing inotify handles between multiple
users. For this a new function sd_event_add_inotify() has been added.
* sd-event and sd-bus gained support for calling special user-supplied
destructor functions for userdata pointers associated with
sd_event_source, sd_bus_slot, and sd_bus_track objects. For this new
functions sd_bus_slot_set_destroy_callback,
sd_bus_slot_get_destroy_callback, sd_bus_track_set_destroy_callback,
sd_bus_track_get_destroy_callback,
sd_event_source_set_destroy_callback,
sd_event_source_get_destroy_callback have been added.
* The "net.ipv4.tcp_ecn" sysctl will now be turned on by default.
* PID 1 will now automatically reschedule .timer units whenever the
local timezone changes. (They previously got rescheduled
automatically when the system clock changed.)
* New documentation has been added to document cgroups delegation,
portable services and the various code quality tools we have set up:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/CGROUP_DELEGATION.md
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/PORTABLE_SERVICES.md
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/CODE_QUALITY.md
* The Boot Loader Specification has been added to the source tree.
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION.md
While moving it into our source tree we have updated it and further
changes are now accepted through the usual github PR workflow.
* pam_systemd will now look for PAM userdata fields systemd.memory_max,
systemd.tasks_max, systemd.cpu_weight, systemd.io_weight set by
earlier PAM modules. The data in these fields is used to initialize
the session scope's resource properties. Thus external PAM modules
may now configure per-session limits, for example sourced from
external user databases.
* socket units with Accept=yes will now maintain a "refused" counter in
addition to the existing "accepted" counter, counting connections
refused due to the enforced limits.
* The "systemd-path search-binaries-default" command may now be use to
query the default, built-in $PATH PID 1 will pass to the services it
manages.
* A new unit file setting PrivateMounts= has been added. It's a boolean
option. If enabled the unit's processes are invoked in their own file
system namespace. Note that this behaviour is also implied if any
other file system namespacing options (such as PrivateTmp=,
PrivateDevices=, ProtectSystem=, …) are used. This option is hence
primarily useful for services that do not use any of the other file
system namespacing options. One such service is systemd-udevd.service
wher this is now used by default.
* ConditionSecurity= gained a new value "uefi-secureboot" that is true
when the system is booted in UEFI "secure mode".
* A new unit "system-update-pre.target" is added, which defines an
optional synchronization point for offline system updates, as
implemented by the pre-existing "system-update.target" unit. It
allows ordering services before the service that executes the actual
update process in a generic way.
* Systemd now emits warnings whenever .include syntax is used.
Contributions from: Adam Duskett, Alan Jenkins, Alessandro Casale,
Alexander Kurtz, Alex Gartrell, Anssi Hannula, Arnaud Rebillout, Brian
J. Murrell, Bruno Vernay, Chris Lamb, Chris Lesiak, Christian Brauner,
Christian Hesse, Christian Rebischke, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Dao, Daniel
Lin, Danylo Korostil, Davide Cavalca, David Tardon, Dimitri John
Ledkov, Dmitriy Geels, Douglas Christman, Elia Geretto, emelenas, Emil
Velikov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Felipe Sateler, Feng Sun, Filipe
Brandenburger, Franck Bui, futpib, Giuseppe Scrivano, Guillem Jover,
guixxx, Hannes Reinecke, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Henrique Dante de
Almeida, Hiram van Paassen, Ian Miell, Igor Gnatenko, Ivan Shapovalov,
Iwan Timmer, James Cowgill, Jan Janssen, Jan Synacek, Jared Kazimir,
Jérémy Rosen, João Paulo Rechi Vita, Joost Heitbrink, Jui-Chi Ricky
Liang, Jürg Billeter, Kai-Heng Feng, Karol Augustin, Kay Sievers,
Krzysztof Nowicki, Lauri Tirkkonen, Lennart Poettering, Leonard König,
Long Li, Luca Boccassi, Lucas Werkmeister, Marcel Hoppe, Marc
Kleine-Budde, Mario Limonciello, Martin Jansa, Martin Wilck, Mathieu
Malaterre, Matteo F. Vescovi, Matthew McGinn, Matthias-Christian Ott,
Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Prokop, Michal Koutný, Michal
Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Mikhail Kasimov, Milan Broz, Milan Pässler,
Mladen Pejaković, Muhammet Kara, Nicolas Boichat, Omer Katz, Paride
Legovini, Paul Menzel, Paul Milliken, Pavel Hrdina, Peter A. Bigot,
Peter D'Hoye, Peter Hutterer, Peter Jones, Philip Sequeira, Philip
Withnall, Piotr Drąg, Radostin Stoyanov, Ricardo Salveti de Araujo,
Ronny Chevalier, Rosen Penev, Rubén Suárez Alvarez, Ryan Gonzalez,
Salvo Tomaselli, Sebastian Reichel, Sergey Ptashnick, Sergio Lindo
Mansilla, Stefan Schweter, Stephen Hemminger, Stuart Hayes, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Jungel,
Tomasz Torcz, Vito Caputo, Will Dietz, Will Thompson, Wim van Mourik,
Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2018-06-22
CHANGES WITH 238:
* The MemoryAccounting= unit property now defaults to on. After
discussions with the upstream control group maintainers we learnt
that the negative impact of cgroup memory accounting on current
kernels is finally relatively minimal, so that it should be safe to
enable this by default without affecting system performance. Besides
memory accounting only task accounting is turned on by default, all
other forms of resource accounting (CPU, IO, IP) remain off for now,
because it's not clear yet that their impact is small enough to move
from opt-in to opt-out. We recommend downstreams to leave memory
accounting on by default if kernel 4.14 or higher is primarily
used. On very resource constrained systems or when support for old
kernels is a necessity, -Dmemory-accounting-default=false can be used
to revert this change.
* rpm scriptlets to update the udev hwdb and rules (%udev_hwdb_update,
%udev_rules_update) and the journal catalog (%journal_catalog_update)
from the upgrade scriptlets of individual packages now do nothing.
Transfiletriggers have been added which will perform those updates
once at the end of the transaction.
Similar transfiletriggers have been added to execute any sysctl.d
and binfmt.d rules. Thus, it should be unnecessary to provide any
scriptlets to execute this configuration from package installation
scripts.
* systemd-sysusers gained a mode where the configuration to execute is
specified on the command line, but this configuration is not executed
directly, but instead it is merged with the configuration on disk,
and the result is executed. This is useful for package installation
scripts which want to create the user before installing any files on
disk (in case some of those files are owned by that user), while
still allowing local admin overrides.
This functionality is exposed to rpm scriptlets through a new
%sysusers_create_package macro. Old %sysusers_create and
%sysusers_create_inline macros are deprecated.
A transfiletrigger for sysusers.d configuration is now installed,
which means that it should be unnecessary to call systemd-sysusers from
package installation scripts, unless the package installs any files
owned by those newly-created users, in which case
%sysusers_create_package should be used.
* Analogous change has been done for systemd-tmpfiles: it gained a mode
where the command-line configuration is merged with the configuration
on disk. This is exposed as the new %tmpfiles_create_package macro,
and %tmpfiles_create is deprecated. A transfiletrigger is installed
for tmpfiles.d, hence it should be unnecessary to call systemd-tmpfiles
from package installation scripts.
* sysusers.d configuration for a user may now also specify the group
number, in addition to the user number ("u username 123:456"), or
without the user number ("u username -:456").
* Configution items for systemd-sysusers can now be specified as
positional arguments when the new --inline switch is used.
* The login shell of users created through sysusers.d may now be
specified (previously, it was always /bin/sh for root and
/sbin/nologin for other users).
* systemd-analyze gained a new --global switch to look at global user
configuration. It also gained a unit-paths verb to list the unit load
paths that are compiled into systemd (which can be used with
--systemd, --user, or --global).
* udevadm trigger gained a new --settle/-w option to wait for any
triggered events to finish (but just those, and not any other events
which are triggered meanwhile).
* The action that systemd-logind takes when the lid is closed and the
machine is connected to external power can now be configured using
HandleLidSwitchExternalPower= in logind.conf. Previously, this action
was determined by HandleLidSwitch=, and, for backwards compatibility,
is still is, if HandleLidSwitchExternalPower= is not explicitly set.
* journalctl will periodically call sd_journal_process() to make it
resilient against inotify queue overruns when journal files are
rotated very quickly.
* Two new functions in libsystemd — sd_bus_get_n_queued_read and
sd_bus_get_n_queued_write — may be used to check the number of
pending bus messages.
* systemd gained a new
org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager.AttachProcessesToUnit dbus call
which can be used to migrate foreign processes to scope and service
units. The primary user for this new API is systemd itself: the