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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 243 in spe:
* This release enables unprivileged programs (i.e. requiring neither
setuid nor file capabilities) to send ICMP Echo (i.e. ping) requests
by turning on the "net.ipv4.ping_group_range" sysctl of the Linux
kernel for the whole UNIX group range, i.e. all processes. This
change should be reasonably safe, as the kernel support for it was
specifically implemented to allow safe access to ICMP Echo for
processes lacking any privileges. If this is not desirable, it can be
disabled again by setting the parameter to "1 0".
* Previously, filters defined with SystemCallFilter= would have the
effect that any calling of an offending system call would terminate
the calling thread. This behaviour never made much sense, since
killing individual threads of unsuspecting processes is likely to
create more problems than it solves. With this release the default
action changed from killing the thread to killing the whole
process. For this to work correctly both a kernel version (>= 4.14)
and a libseccomp version (>= 2.4.0) supporting this new seccomp
action is required. If an older kernel or libseccomp is used the old
behaviour continues to be used. This change does not affect any
services that have no system call filters defined, or that use
SystemCallErrorNumber= (and thus see EPERM or another error instead
of being killed when calling an offending system call). Note that
systemd documentation always claimed that the whole process is
killed. With this change behaviour is thus adjusted to match the
documentation.
* On 64 bit systems, the "kernel.pid_max" sysctl is now bumped to
4194304 by default, i.e. the full 22bit range the kernel allows, up
from the old 16bit range. This should improve security and
robustness, as PID collisions are made less likely (though certainly
still possible). There are rumours this might create compatibility
problems, though at this moment no practical ones are known to
us. Downstream distributions are hence advised to undo this change in
their builds if they are concerned about maximum compatibility, but
for everybody else we recommend leaving the value bumped. Besides
improving security and robustness this should also simplify things as
the maximum number of allowed concurrent tasks was previously bounded
by both "kernel.pid_max" and "kernel.threads-max" and now effectively
only a single knob is left ("kernel.threads-max"). There have been
concerns that usability is affected by this change because larger PID
numbers are harder to type, but we believe the change from 5 digits
to 7 digits doesn't hamper usability.
* MemoryLow= and MemoryMin= gained hierarchy-aware counterparts,
DefaultMemoryLow= and DefaultMemoryMin=, which can be used to
hierarchically set default memory protection values for a particular
subtree of the unit hierarchy.
* Memory protection directives can now take a value of zero, allowing
explicit opting out of a default value propagated by an ancestor.
* A new setting DisableControllers= has been added that may be used to
explicitly disable one or more cgroups controllers for a unit and all
its children.
* systemd now defaults to the "unified" cgroup hierarchy setup during
build-time, i.e. -Ddefault-hierarchy=unified is now the build-time
default. Previously, -Ddefault-hierarchy=hybrid was the default. This
change reflects the fact that cgroupsv2 support has matured
substantially in both systemd and in the kernel, and is clearly the
way forward. Downstream production distributions might want to
continue to use -Ddefault-hierarchy=hybrid (or even =legacy) for
their builds as unfortunately the popular container managers have not
caught up with the kernel API changes.
* Man pages are not built by default anymore (html pages were already
disabled by default), to make development builds quicker. When
building systemd for a full installation with documentation, meson
should be called with -Dman=true and/or -Dhtml=true as appropriate.
The default was changed based on the assumption that quick one-off or
repeated development builds are much more common than full optimized
builds for installation, and people need to pass various other
options to when doing "proper" builds anyway, so the gain from making
development builds quicker is bigger than the one time disruption for
packagers.
Two scripts are created in the *build* directory to generate and
preview man and html pages on demand, e.g.:
build/man/man systemctl
build/man/html systemd.index
* libidn2 is used by default if both libidn2 and libidn are installed.
Please use -Dlibidn=true if libidn is preferred.
* The D-Bus "wire format" of the CPUAffinity= attribute is changed on
big-endian machines. Before, bytes were written and read in native
machine order as exposed by the native libc __cpu_mask interface.
Now, little-endian order is always used (CPUs 0–7 are described by
bits 0–7 in byte 0, CPUs 8–15 are described by byte 1, and so on).
This change fixes D-Bus calls that cross endianness boundary.
The presentation format used for CPUAffinity= by "systemctl show" and
"systemd-analyze dump" is changed to present CPU indices instead of
the raw __cpu_mask bitmask. For example, CPUAffinity=0-1 would be
shown as CPUAffinity=03000000000000000000000000000… (on
little-endian) or CPUAffinity=00000000000000300000000000000… (on
64-bit big-endian), and is now shown as CPUAffinity=0-1, matching the
input format. The maximum integer that will be printed in the new
format is 8191 (four digits), while the old format always used a very
long number (with the length varying by architecture), so they can be
unambiguously distinguished.
* /usr/sbin/halt.local is no longer supported. Implementation in
distributions was inconsistent and it seems this functionality was
very rarely used.
To replace this functionality, users should:
- either define a new unit and make it a dependency of final.target
(systemctl add-wants final.target my-halt-local.service)
- or move the shutdown script to /usr/lib/systemd/system-shutdown/
and ensure that it accepts "halt", "poweroff", "reboot", and
"kexec" as an argument, see the description in systemd-shutdown(8).
* When a [Match] section in .link or .network file is empty (contains
no match patterns), a warning will be emitted. Please add any "match
all" pattern instead, e.g. OriginalName=* or Name=* in case all
interfaces should really be matched.
* A new setting NUMAPolicy= may be used to set process memory
allocation policy. This setting can be specified in
/etc/systemd/system.conf and hence will set the default policy for
PID1. The default policy can be overridden on a per-service
basis. The related setting NUMAMask= is used to specify NUMA node
mask that should be associated with the selected policy.
* PID 1 will now listen to Out-Of-Memory (OOM) events the kernel
generates when processes it manages are reaching their memory limits,
and will place their units in a special state, and optionally kill or
stop the whole unit.
* The service manager will now expose bus properties for the IO
resources used by units. This information is also shown in "systemctl
status" now (for services that have IOAccounting=yes set). Moreover,
the IO accounting data is included in the resource log message
generated whenever a unit stops.
* Units may now configure an explicit time-out to wait for when killed
with SIGABRT, for example when a service watchdog is hit. Previously,
the regular TimeoutStopSec= time-out was applied in this case too —
now a separate time-out may be set using TimeoutAbortSec=.
* Services may now send a special WATCHDOG=trigger message with
sd_notify() to trigger an immediate "watchdog missed" event, and thus
trigger service termination. This is useful both for testing watchdog
handling, but also for defining error paths in services, that shall
be handled the same way as watchdog events.
* There are two new per-unit settings IPIngressFilterPath= and
IPEgressFilterPath= which allow configuration of a BPF program
(usually by specifying a path to a program uploaded to /sys/fs/bpf/)
to apply to the IP packet ingress/egress path of all processes of a
unit. This is useful to allow running systemd services with BPF
programs set up externally.
* systemctl gained a new "clean" verb for removing the state, cache,
runtime or logs directories of a service while it is terminated. The
new verb may also be used to remove the state maintained on disk for
timer units that have Persistent= configured.
* During the last phase of shutdown systemd will now automatically
increase the log level configured in the "kernel.printk" sysctl so
that any relevant loggable events happening during late shutdown are
made visible. Previously, loggable events happening so late during
shutdown were generally lost if the "kernel.printk" sysctl was set to
high thresholds, as regular logging daemons are terminated at that
time and thus nothing is written to disk.
* If processes terminated during the last phase of shutdown do not exit
quickly systemd will now show their names after a short time, to make
debugging easier. After a longer time-out they are forcibly killed,
as before.
* journalctl (and the other tools that display logs) will now highlight
warnings in yellow (previously, both LOG_NOTICE and LOG_WARNING where
shown in bright bold, now only LOG_NOTICE is). Moreover, audit logs
are now shown in blue color, to separate them visually from regular
logs. References to configuration files are now turned into clickable
links on terminals that support that.
* systemd-journald will now stop logging to /var/log/journal during
shutdown when /var/ is on a separate mount, so that it can be
unmounted safely during shutdown.
* systemd-resolved gained support for a new 'strict' DNS-over-TLS mode.
* systemd-resolved "Cache=" configuration option in resolved.conf has
been extended to also accept the 'no-negative' value. Previously,
only a boolean option was allowed (yes/no), having yes as the
default. If this option is set to 'no-negative', negative answers are
not cached while the old cache heuristics are used positive answers.
The default remains unchanged.
* The predictable naming scheme for network devices now supports
generating predictable names for "netdevsim" devices.
Moreover, the "en" prefix was dropped from the ID_NET_NAME_ONBOARD
udev property.
Those two changes form a new net.naming-policy-scheme= entry.
Distributions which want to preserve naming stability may want to set
the -Ddefault-net-naming-scheme= configuration option.
* systemd-networkd now supports MACsec, nlmon, IPVTAP and Xfrm
interfaces natively.
* systemd-networkd's bridge FDB support now allows configuration of a
destination address for each entry (Destination=), as well as the
VXLAN VNI (VNI=), as well as an option to declare what an entry is
associated with (AssociatedWith=).
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 support now understands a new MaxAttempts=
option for configuring the maximum number of DHCP lease requests. It
also learnt a new BlackList= option for blacklisting DHCP servers (a
similar setting has also been added to the IPv6 RA client), as well
as a SendRelease= option for configuring whether to send a DHCP
RELEASE message when terminating.
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 stacks can now be configured
separately in the [DHCPv4] and [DHCPv6] sections.
* systemd-networkd's DHCP support will now optionally create an
implicit host route to the DNS server specified in the DHCP lease, in
addition to the routes listed explicitly in the lease. This should
ensure that in multi-homed systems DNS traffic leaves the systems on
the interface that acquired the DNS server information even if other
routes such as default routes exist. This behaviour may be turned on
with the new RoutesToDNS= option.
* systemd-networkd's VXLAN support gained a new option
GenericProtocolExtension= for enabling VXLAN Generic Protocol
Extension support, as well as IPDoNotFragment= for setting the IP
"Don't fragment" bit on outgoing packets. A similar option has been
added to the GENEVE support.
* In systemd-networkd's [Route] section you may now configure
FastOpenNoCookie= for configuring per-route TCP fast-open support, as
well as TTLPropagate= for configuring Label Switched Path (LSP) TTL
propagation. The Type= setting now supports local, broadcast,
anycast, multicast, any, xresolve routes, too.
* systemd-networkd's [Network] section learnt a new option
DefaultRouteOnDevice= for automatically configuring a default route
onto the network device.
* systemd-networkd's bridging support gained two new options ProxyARP=
and ProxyARPWifi= for configuring proxy ARP behaviour as well as
MulticastRouter= for configuring multicast routing behaviour. A new
option MulticastIGMPVersion= may be used to change bridge's multicast
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version.
* systemd-networkd's FooOverUDP support gained the ability to configure
local and peer IP addresses via Local= and Peer=. A new option
PeerPort= may be used to configure the peer's IP port.
* systemd-networkd's TUN support gained a new setting VnetHeader= for
tweaking Generic Segment Offload support.
* networkctl gained a new "delete" command for removing virtual network
devices, as well as a new "--stats" switch for showing device
statistics.
* networkd.conf gained a new setting SpeedMeter= and
SpeedMeterIntervalSec=, to measure bitrate of network interfaces. The
measured speed may be shown by 'networkctl status'.
* "networkctl status" now displays MTU and queue lengths, and more
detailed information about VXLAN and bridge devices.
* systemd-networkd's .network and .link files gained a new Property=
setting in the [Match] section, to match against devices with
specific udev properties.
* systemd-networkd's tunnel support gained a new option
AssignToLoopback= for selecting whether to use the loopback device
"lo" as underlying device.
* systemd-networkd's MACAddress= setting in the [Neighbor] section has
been renamed to LinkLayerAddress=, and it now allows configuration of
IP addresses, too.
* A new tool systemd-network-generator has been added that may generate
.network, .netdev and .link files from IP configuration specified on
the kernel command line in the format used by Dracut.
* The CriticalConnection= setting in .network files is now deprecated,
and replaced by a new KeepConfiguration= setting which allows more
detailed configuration of the IP configuration to keep in place.
* systemd-analyze gained a few new verbs:
- "systemd-analyze timestamp" parses and converts timestamps. This is
similar to the existing "systemd-analyze calendar" command which
does the same for recurring calendar events.
- "systemd-analyze timespan" parses and converts timespans (i.e.
durations as opposed to points in time).
- "systemd-analyze condition" will parse and test ConditionXYZ=
expressions.
- "systemd-analyze exit-status" will parse and convert exit status
codes to their names and back.
- "systemd-analyze unit-files" will print a list of all unit
file paths and unit aliases.
* SuccessExitStatus=, RestartPreventExitStatus=, and
RestartForceExitStatus= now accept exit status names (e.g. "DATAERR"
is equivalent to "65"). Those exit status name mappings may be
displayed with the sytemd-analyze exit-status verb describe above.
* systemd-logind now exposes a per-session SetBrightness() bus call,
which may be used to securely change the brightness of a kernel
brightness device, if it belongs to the session's seat. By using this
call unprivileged clients can make changes to "backlight" and "leds"
devices securely with strict requirements on session membership.
Desktop environments may use this to generically make brightness
changes to such devices without shipping private SUID binaries or
udev rules for that purpose.
* "udevadm info" gained a --wait-for-initialization switch to wait for
a device to be initialized.
* systemd-hibernate-resume-generator will now look for resumeflags= on
the kernel command line, which is similar to rootflags= and may be
used to configure device timeout for the hibernation device.
* sd-event learnt a new API call sd_event_source_disable_unref() for
disabling and unref'ing an event source in a single function. A
related call sd_event_source_disable_unrefp() has been added for use
with gcc's cleanup extension.
* The sd-id128.h public API gained a new definition
SD_ID128_UUID_FORMAT_STR for formatting a 128bit ID in UUID format
with printf().
* "busctl introspect" gained a new switch --xml-interface for dumping
XML introspection data unmodified.
* PID 1 may now show the unit name instead of the unit description
string in its status output during boot. This may be configured in
the StatusUnitFormat= setting in /etc/systemd/system.conf or the
kernel command line option systemd.status_unit_format=.
* PID 1 now understands a new option KExecWatchdogSec= in
/etc/systemd/system.conf to set a watchdog timeout for kexec reboots.
Previously watchdog functionality was only available for regular
reboots. The new setting defaults to off, because we don't know in
the general case if the watchdog will be reset after kexec (some
drivers do reset it, but not all), and the new userspace might not be
configured to handle the watchdog.
Moreover, the old ShutdownWatchdogSec= setting has been renamed to
RebootWatchdogSec= to more clearly communicate what it is about. The
old name is still accepted for compatibility.
* The systemd.debug_shell kernel command line option now optionally
takes a tty name to spawn the debug shell on, which allows a
different tty to be selected than the built-in default.
* Service units gained a new ExecCondition= setting which will run
before ExecStartPre= and either continue execution of the unit (for
clean exit codes), stop execution without marking the unit failed
(for exit codes 1 through 254), or stop execution and fail the unit
(for exit code 255 or abnormal termination).
* A new service systemd-pstore.service has been added that pulls data
from /sys/fs/pstore/ and saves it to /var/lib/pstore for later
review.
* timedatectl gained new verbs for configuring per-interface NTP
service configuration for systemd-timesyncd.
* "localectl list-locales" won't list non-UTF-8 locales anymore. It's
2019. (You can set non-UTF-8 locales though, if you know their name.)
* If variable assignments in sysctl.d/ files are prefixed with "-" any
failures to apply them are now ignored.
* systemd-random-seed.service now optionally credits entropy when
applying the seed to the system. Set $SYSTEMD_RANDOM_SEED_CREDIT to
true for the service to enable this behaviour, but please consult the
documentation first, since this comes with a couple of caveats.
* systemd-random-seed.service is now a synchronization point for full
initialization of the kernel's entropy pool. Services that require
/dev/urandom to be correctly initialized should be ordered after this
service.
* The systemd-boot boot loader has been updated to optionally maintain
a random seed file in the EFI System Partition (ESP). During the boot
phase, this random seed is read and updated with a new seed
cryptographically derived from it. Another derived seed is passed to
the OS. The latter seed is then credited to the kernel's entropy pool
very early during userspace initialization (from PID 1). This allows
systems to boot up with a fully initialized kernel entropy pool from
earliest boot on, and thus entirely removes all entropy pool
initialization delays from systems using systemd-boot. Special care
is taken to ensure different seeds are derived on system images
replicated to multiple systems. "bootctl status" will show whether
a seed was received from the boot loader.
* bootctl gained two new verbs:
- "bootctl random-seed" will generate the file in ESP and an EFI
variable to allow a random seed to be passed to the OS as described
above.
- "bootctl is-installed" checks whether systemd-boot is currently
installed.
* bootctl will warn if it detects that boot entries are misconfigured
(for example if the kernel image was removed without purging the
bootloader entry).
* A new document has been added describing systemd's use and support
for the kernel's entropy pool subsystem:
https://systemd.io/RANDOM_SEEDS
* When the system is hibernated the swap device to write the
hibernation image to is now automatically picked from all available
swap devices, preferring the swap device with the highest configured
priority over all others, and picking the device with the most free
space if there are multiple devices with the highest priority.
* /etc/crypttab support has learnt a new keyfile-timeout= per-device
option that permits selecting the timout how long to wait for a
device with an encryption key before asking for the password.
Contributions from: Aaron Barany, Adrian Bunk, Alan Jenkins, Andrej
Valek, Anita Zhang, Arian van Putten, Balint Reczey, Bastien Nocera,
Ben Boeckel, Benjamin Robin, camoz, Chen Qi, Chris Chiu, Chris Down,
Christian Kellner, Clinton Roy, Connor Reeder, Daniele Medri, Dan
Streetman, Dave Reisner, Dave Ross, David Art, David Tardon, Debarshi
Ray, Dominick Grift, Donald Buczek, Douglas Christman, Eric DeVolder,
Evgeny Vereshchagin, Feldwor, Felix Riemann, Florian Dollinger, Franck
Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, Franz Pletz, Hans de Goede, Iago López Galeiras,
Insun Pyo, Ivan Shapovalov, Iwan Timmer, Jack, Jakob Unterwurzacher,
Jan Klötzke, Jan Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Jeka Pats, Jérémy Rosen, Jiri
Pirko, Joe Lin, Joerg Behrmann, Joe Richey, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson,
Johannes Schmitz, Jonathan Rouleau, Jorge Niedbalski, Kai Lüke, Karel
Zak, Kashyap Chamarthy, Krayushkin Konstantin, Lennart Poettering,
Lubomir Rintel, Luca Boccassi, Luís Ferreira, Marc-André Lureau, Markus
Felten, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Prokop,
Michael Stapelberg, Michael Zhivich, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletar,
Mike Gilbert, Milan Broz, mpe85, Network Silence, Oliver Harley,
pan93412, Paul Menzel, pEJipE, Peter A. Bigot, Philip Withnall, Piotr
Drąg, Rafael Fontenelle, Roberto Santalla, root, RussianNeuroMancer,
Sebastian Jennen, shinygold, Shreyas Behera, Simon Schricker, Susant
Sahani, Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo, Theo Ouzhinski, Thiebaud
Weksteen, Thomas Haller, Thomas Weißschuh, Tomas Mraz, Topi Miettinen,
ven, Wieland Hoffmann, Xi Ruoyao, Yuri Chornoivan, Yu Watanabe, Zach
Smith, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zhang Xianwei
– Somewhere, SOME-TI-ME
CHANGES WITH 242:
* In .link files, MACAddressPolicy=persistent (the default) is changed
to cover more devices. For devices like bridges, tun, tap, bond, and
similar interfaces that do not have other identifying information,
the interface name is used as the basis for persistent seed for MAC
and IPv4LL addresses. The way that devices that were handled
previously is not changed, and this change is about covering more
devices then previously by the "persistent" policy.
MACAddressPolicy=random may be used to force randomized MACs and
IPv4LL addresses for a device if desired.
Hint: the log output from udev (at debug level) was enhanced to
clarify what policy is followed and which attributes are used.
`SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug udevadm test-builtin net_setup_link /sys/class/net/<name>`
may be used to view this.
Hint: if a bridge interface is created without any slaves, and gains
a slave later, then now the bridge does not inherit slave's MAC.
To inherit slave's MAC, for example, create the following file:
```
# /etc/systemd/network/98-bridge-inherit-mac.link
[Match]
Type=bridge
[Link]
MACAddressPolicy=none
```
* The .device units generated by systemd-fstab-generator and other
generators do not automatically pull in the corresponding .mount unit
as a Wants= dependency. This means that simply plugging in the device
will not cause the mount unit to be started automatically. But please
note that the mount unit may be started for other reasons, in
particular if it is part of local-fs.target, and any unit which
(transitively) depends on local-fs.target is started.
* networkctl list/status/lldp now accept globbing wildcards for network
interface names to match against all existing interfaces.
* The $PIDFILE environment variable is set to point the absolute path
configured with PIDFile= for processes of that service.
* The fallback DNS server list was augmented with Cloudflare public DNS
servers. Use `-Ddns-servers=` to set a different fallback.
* A new special target usb-gadget.target will be started automatically
when a USB Device Controller is detected (which means that the system
is a USB peripheral).
* A new unit setting CPUQuotaPeriodSec= assigns the time period
relatively to which the CPU time quota specified by CPUQuota= is
measured.
* A new unit setting ProtectHostname= may be used to prevent services
from modifying hostname information (even if they otherwise would
have privileges to do so).
* A new unit setting NetworkNamespacePath= may be used to specify a
namespace for service or socket units through a path referring to a
Linux network namespace pseudo-file.
* The PrivateNetwork= setting and JoinsNamespaceOf= dependencies now
have an effect on .socket units: when used the listening socket is
created within the configured network namespace instead of the host
namespace.
* ExecStart= command lines in unit files may now be prefixed with ':'
in which case environment variable substitution is
disabled. (Supported for the other ExecXYZ= settings, too.)
* .timer units gained two new boolean settings OnClockChange= and
OnTimezoneChange= which may be used to also trigger a unit when the
system clock is changed or the local timezone is
modified. systemd-run has been updated to make these options easily
accessible from the command line for transient timers.
* Two new conditions for units have been added: ConditionMemory= may be
used to conditionalize a unit based on installed system
RAM. ConditionCPUs= may be used to conditionalize a unit based on
installed CPU cores.
* The @default system call filter group understood by SystemCallFilter=
has been updated to include the new rseq() system call introduced in
kernel 4.15.
* A new time-set.target has been added that indicates that the system
time has been set from a local source (possibly imprecise). The
existing time-sync.target is stronger and indicates that the time has
been synchronized with a precise external source. Services where
approximate time is sufficient should use the new target.
* "systemctl start" (and related commands) learnt a new
--show-transaction option. If specified brief information about all
jobs queued because of the requested operation is shown.
* systemd-networkd recognizes a new operation state 'enslaved', used
(instead of 'degraded' or 'carrier') for interfaces which form a
bridge, bond, or similar, and an new 'degraded-carrier' operational
state used for the bond or bridge master interface when one of the
enslaved devices is not operational.
* .network files learnt the new IgnoreCarrierLoss= option for leaving
networks configured even if the carrier is lost.
* The RequiredForOnline= setting in .network files may now specify a
minimum operational state required for the interface to be considered
"online" by systemd-networkd-wait-online. Related to this
systemd-networkd-wait-online gained a new option --operational-state=
to configure the same, and its --interface= option was updated to
optionally also take an operational state specific for an interface.
* systemd-networkd-wait-online gained a new setting --any for waiting
for only one of the requested interfaces instead of all of them.
* systemd-networkd now implements L2TP tunnels.
* Two new .network settings UseAutonomousPrefix= and UseOnLinkPrefix=
may be used to cause autonomous and onlink prefixes received in IPv6
Router Advertisements to be ignored.
* New MulticastFlood=, NeighborSuppression=, and Learning= .network
file settings may be used to tweak bridge behaviour.
* The new TripleSampling= option in .network files may be used to
configure CAN triple sampling.
* A new .netdev settings PrivateKeyFile= and PresharedKeyFile= may be
used to point to private or preshared key for a WireGuard interface.
* /etc/crypttab now supports the same-cpu-crypt and
submit-from-crypt-cpus options to tweak encryption work scheduling
details.
* systemd-tmpfiles will now take a BSD file lock before operating on a
contents of directory. This may be used to temporarily exclude
directories from aging by taking the same lock (useful for example
when extracting a tarball into /tmp or /var/tmp as a privileged user,
which might create files with really old timestamps, which
nevertheless should not be deleted). For further details, see:
https://systemd.io/TEMPORARY_DIRECTORIES
* systemd-tmpfiles' h line type gained support for the
FS_PROJINHERIT_FL ('P') file attribute (introduced in kernel 4.5),
controlling project quota inheritance.
* sd-boot and bootctl now implement support for an Extended Boot Loader
(XBOOTLDR) partition, that is intended to be mounted to /boot, in
addition to the ESP partition mounted to /efi or /boot/efi.
Configuration file fragments, kernels, initrds and other EFI images
to boot will be loaded from both the ESP and XBOOTLDR partitions.
The XBOOTLDR partition was previously described by the Boot Loader
Specification, but implementation was missing in sd-boot. Support for
this concept allows using the sd-boot boot loader in more
conservative scenarios where the boot loader itself is placed in the
ESP but the kernels to boot (and their metadata) in a separate
partition.
* A system may now be booted with systemd.volatile=overlay on the
kernel command line, which causes the root file system to be set up
an overlayfs mount combining the root-only root directory with a
writable tmpfs. In this setup, the underlying root device is not
modified, and any changes are lost at reboot.
* Similar, systemd-nspawn can now boot containers with a volatile
overlayfs root with the new --volatile=overlay switch.
* systemd-nspawn can now consume OCI runtime bundles using a new
--oci-bundle= option. This implementation is fully usable, with most
features in the specification implemented, but since this a lot of
new code and functionality, this feature should most likely not
be used in production yet.
* systemd-nspawn now supports various options described by the OCI
runtime specification on the command-line and in .nspawn files:
--inaccessible=/Inaccessible= may be used to mask parts of the file
system tree, --console=/--pipe may be used to configure how standard
input, output, and error are set up.
* busctl learned the `emit` verb to generate D-Bus signals.
* systemd-analyze cat-config may be used to gather and display
configuration spread over multiple files, for example system and user
presets, tmpfiles.d, sysusers.d, udev rules, etc.
* systemd-analyze calendar now takes an optional new parameter
--iterations= which may be used to show a maximum number of iterations
the specified expression will elapse next.
* The sd-bus C API gained support for naming method parameters in the
introspection data.
* systemd-logind gained D-Bus APIs to specify the "reboot parameter"
the reboot() system call expects.
* journalctl learnt a new --cursor-file= option that points to a file
from which a cursor should be loaded in the beginning and to which
the updated cursor should be stored at the end.
* ACRN hypervisor and Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) are now
detected by systemd-detect-virt (and may also be used in
ConditionVirtualization=).
* The behaviour of systemd-logind may now be modified with environment
variables $SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_FIRMWARE_SETUP,
$SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_BOOT_LOADER_MENU, and
$SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_BOOT_LOADER_ENTRY. They cause logind to either
skip the relevant operation completely (when set to false), or to
create a flag file in /run/systemd (when set to true), instead of
actually commencing the real operation when requested. The presence
of /run/systemd/reboot-to-firmware-setup,
/run/systemd/reboot-to-boot-loader-menu, and
/run/systemd/reboot-to-boot-loader-entry, may be used by alternative
boot loader implementations to replace some steps logind performs
during reboot with their own operations.
* systemctl can be used to request a reboot into the boot loader menu
or a specific boot loader entry with the new --boot-load-menu= and
--boot-loader-entry= options to a reboot command. (This requires a
boot loader that supports this, for example sd-boot.)
* kernel-install will no longer unconditionally create the output
directory (e.g. /efi/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>) for boot loader
snippets, but will do only if the machine-specific parent directory
(i.e. /efi/<machine-id>/) already exists. bootctl has been modified
to create this parent directory during sd-boot installation.
This makes it easier to use kernel-install with plugins which support
a different layout of the bootloader partitions (for example grub2).
* During package installation (with `ninja install`), we would create
symlinks for getty@tty1.service, systemd-networkd.service,
systemd-networkd.socket, systemd-resolved.service,
remote-cryptsetup.target, remote-fs.target,
systemd-networkd-wait-online.service, and systemd-timesyncd.service
in /etc, as if `systemctl enable` was called for those units, to make
the system usable immediately after installation. Now this is not
done anymore, and instead calling `systemctl preset-all` is
recommended after the first installation of systemd.
* A new boolean sandboxing option RestrictSUIDSGID= has been added that
is built on seccomp. When turned on creation of SUID/SGID files is
prohibited.
* The NoNewPrivileges= and the new RestrictSUIDSGID= options are now
implied if DynamicUser= is turned on for a service. This hardens
these services, so that they neither can benefit from nor create
SUID/SGID executables. This is a minor compatibility breakage, given
that when DynamicUser= was first introduced SUID/SGID behaviour was
unaffected. However, the security benefit of these two options is
substantial, and the setting is still relatively new, hence we opted
to make it mandatory for services with dynamic users.
Contributions from: Adam Jackson, Alexander Tsoy, Andrey Yashkin,
Andrzej Pietrasiewicz, Anita Zhang, Balint Reczey, Beniamino Galvani,
Ben Iofel, Benjamin Berg, Benjamin Dahlhoff, Chris, Chris Morin,
Christopher Wong, Claudius Ellsel, Clemens Gruber, dana, Daniel Black,
Davide Cavalca, David Michael, David Rheinsberg, emersion, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal,
Giacinto Cifelli, Hans de Goede, Hugo Kindel, Ignat Korchagin, Insun
Pyo, Jan Engelhardt, Jonas Dorel, Jonathan Lebon, Jonathon Kowalski,
Jörg Sommer, Jörg Thalheim, Jussi Pakkanen, Kai-Heng Feng, Lennart
Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Luís Ferreira, Martin Pitt, Matthias
Klumpp, Michael Biebl, Michael Niewöhner, Michael Olbrich, Michal
Sekletar, Mike Lothian, Paul Menzel, Piotr Drąg, Riccardo Schirone,
Robin Elvedi, Roman Kulikov, Ronald Tschalär, Ross Burton, Ryan
Gonzalez, Sebastian Krzyszkowiak, Stephane Chazelas, StKob, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Szabolcs Fruhwald, Taro Yamada, Theo
Ouzhinski, Thomas Haller, Tobias Jungel, Tom Yan, Tony Asleson, Topi
Miettinen, unixsysadmin, Van Laser, Vesa Jääskeläinen, Yu, Li-Yu,
Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Warsaw, 2019-04-11
CHANGES WITH 241:
* The default locale can now be configured at compile time. Otherwise,
a suitable default will be selected automatically (one of C.UTF-8,
en_US.UTF-8, and C).
* The version string shown by systemd and other tools now includes the
git commit hash when built from git. An override may be specified
during compilation, which is intended to be used by distributions to
include the package release information.
* systemd-cat can now filter standard input and standard error streams
for different syslog priorities using the new --stderr-priority=
option.
* systemd-journald and systemd-journal-remote reject entries which
contain too many fields (CVE-2018-16865) and set limits on the
process' command line length (CVE-2018-16864).
* $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable is set by pam_systemd
again.
* A new network device NamePolicy "keep" is implemented for link files,
and used by default in 99-default.link (the fallback configuration
provided by systemd). With this policy, if the network device name
was already set by userspace, the device will not be renamed again.
This matches the naming scheme that was implemented before
systemd-240. If naming-scheme < 240 is specified, the "keep" policy
is also enabled by default, even if not specified. Effectively, this
means that if naming-scheme >= 240 is specified, network devices will
be renamed according to the configuration, even if they have been
renamed already, if "keep" is not specified as the naming policy in
the .link file. The 99-default.link file provided by systemd includes
"keep" for backwards compatibility, but it is recommended for user
installed .link files to *not* include it.
The "kernel" policy, which keeps kernel names declared to be
"persistent", now works again as documented.
* kernel-install script now optionally takes the paths to one or more
initrd files, and passes them to all plugins.
* The mincore() system call has been dropped from the @system-service
system call filter group, as it is pretty exotic and may potentially
used for side-channel attacks.
* -fPIE is dropped from compiler and linker options. Please specify
-Db_pie=true option to meson to build position-independent
executables. Note that the meson option is supported since meson-0.49.
* The fs.protected_regular and fs.protected_fifos sysctls, which were
added in Linux 4.19 to make some data spoofing attacks harder, are
now enabled by default. While this will hopefully improve the
security of most installations, it is technically a backwards
incompatible change; to disable these sysctls again, place the
following lines in /etc/sysctl.d/60-protected.conf or a similar file:
fs.protected_regular = 0
fs.protected_fifos = 0
Note that the similar hardlink and symlink protection has been
enabled since v199, and may be disabled likewise.
* The files read from the EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now
parse backslashes inside quotes literally, matching the behaviour of
POSIX shells.
* udevadm trigger, udevadm control, udevadm settle and udevadm monitor
now automatically become NOPs when run in a chroot() environment.
* The tmpfiles.d/ "C" line type will now copy directory trees not only
when the destination is so far missing, but also if it already exists
as a directory and is empty. This is useful to cater for systems
where directory trees are put together from multiple separate mount
points but otherwise empty.
* A new function sd_bus_close_unref() (and the associated
sd_bus_close_unrefp()) has been added to libsystemd, that combines
sd_bus_close() and sd_bus_unref() in one.
* udevadm control learnt a new option for --ping for testing whether a
systemd-udevd instance is running and reacting.
* udevadm trigger learnt a new option for --wait-daemon for waiting
systemd-udevd daemon to be initialized.
Contributions from: Aaron Plattner, Alberts Muktupāvels, Alex Mayer,
Ayman Bagabas, Beniamino Galvani, Burt P, Chris Down, Chris Lamb, Chris
Morin, Christian Hesse, Claudius Ellsel, dana, Daniel Axtens, Daniele
Medri, Dave Reisner, David Santamaría Rogado, Diego Canuhe, Dimitri
John Ledkov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabrice Fontaine, Filipe
Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, govwin, Hans de Goede,
James Hilliard, Jan Engelhardt, Jani Uusitalo, Jan Janssen, Jan
Synacek, Jonathan McDowell, Jonathan Roemer, Jonathon Kowalski, Joost
Heitbrink, Jörg Thalheim, Lance, Lennart Poettering, Louis Taylor,
Lucas Werkmeister, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou,
marvelousblack, Michael Biebl, Michael Sloan, Michal Sekletar, Mike
Auty, Mike Gilbert, Mikhail Kasimov, Neil Brown, Niklas Hambüchen,
Patrick Williams, Paul Seyfert, Peter Hutterer, Philip Withnall, Roger
James, Ronnie P. Thomas, Ryan Gonzalez, Sam Morris, Stephan Edel,
Stephan Gerhold, Susant Sahani, Taro Yamada, Thomas Haller, Topi
Miettinen, YiFei Zhu, YmrDtnJu, YunQiang Su, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, zsergeant77, Дамјан Георгиевски
— Berlin, 2019-02-14
CHANGES WITH 240:
* NoNewPrivileges=yes has been set for all long-running services
implemented by systemd. Previously, this was problematic due to
SELinux (as this would also prohibit the transition from PID1's label
to the service's label). This restriction has since been lifted, but
an SELinux policy update is required.
(See e.g. https://github.com/fedora-selinux/selinux-policy/pull/234.)
* DynamicUser=yes is dropped from systemd-networkd.service,
systemd-resolved.service and systemd-timesyncd.service, which was
enabled in v239 for systemd-networkd.service and systemd-resolved.service,
and since v236 for systemd-timesyncd.service. The users and groups
systemd-network, systemd-resolve and systemd-timesync are created
by systemd-sysusers again. Distributors or system administrators
may need to create these users and groups if they not exist (or need
to re-enable DynamicUser= for those units) while upgrading systemd.
Also, the clock file for systemd-timesyncd may need to move from
/var/lib/private/systemd/timesync/clock to /var/lib/systemd/timesync/clock.
* When unit files are loaded from disk, previously systemd would
sometimes (depending on the unit loading order) load units from the
target path of symlinks in .wants/ or .requires/ directories of other
units. This meant that unit could be loaded from different paths
depending on whether the unit was requested explicitly or as a
dependency of another unit, not honouring the priority of directories
in search path. It also meant that it was possible to successfully
load and start units which are not found in the unit search path, as
long as they were requested as a dependency and linked to from
.wants/ or .requires/. The target paths of those symlinks are not
used for loading units anymore and the unit file must be found in
the search path.
* A new service type has been added: Type=exec. It's very similar to
Type=simple but ensures the service manager will wait for both fork()
and execve() of the main service binary to complete before proceeding
with follow-up units. This is primarily useful so that the manager
propagates any errors in the preparation phase of service execution
back to the job that requested the unit to be started. For example,
consider a service that has ExecStart= set to a file system binary
that doesn't exist. With Type=simple starting the unit would be
considered instantly successful, as only fork() has to complete
successfully and the manager does not wait for execve(), and hence
its failure is seen "too late". With the new Type=exec service type
starting the unit will fail, as the manager will wait for the
execve() and notice its failure, which is then propagated back to the
start job.
NOTE: with the next release 241 of systemd we intend to change the
systemd-run tool to default to Type=exec for transient services
started by it. This should be mostly safe, but in specific corner
cases might result in problems, as the systemd-run tool will then
block on NSS calls (such as user name look-ups due to User=) done
between the fork() and execve(), which under specific circumstances
might cause problems. It is recommended to specify "-p Type=simple"
explicitly in the few cases where this applies. For regular,
non-transient services (i.e. those defined with unit files on disk)
we will continue to default to Type=simple.
* The Linux kernel's current default RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit for
userspace processes is set to 1024 (soft) and 4096
(hard). Previously, systemd passed this on unmodified to all
processes it forked off. With this systemd release the hard limit
systemd passes on is increased to 512K, overriding the kernel's
defaults and substantially increasing the number of simultaneous file
descriptors unprivileged userspace processes can allocate. Note that
the soft limit remains at 1024 for compatibility reasons: the
traditional UNIX select() call cannot deal with file descriptors >=
1024 and increasing the soft limit globally might thus result in
programs unexpectedly allocating a high file descriptor and thus
failing abnormally when attempting to use it with select() (of
course, programs shouldn't use select() anymore, and prefer
poll()/epoll, but the call unfortunately remains undeservedly popular
at this time). This change reflects the fact that file descriptor
handling in the Linux kernel has been optimized in more recent
kernels and allocating large numbers of them should be much cheaper
both in memory and in performance than it used to be. Programs that
want to take benefit of the increased limit have to "opt-in" into
high file descriptors explicitly by raising their soft limit. Of
course, when they do that they must acknowledge that they cannot use
select() anymore (and neither can any shared library they use — or
any shared library used by any shared library they use and so on).
Which default hard limit is most appropriate is of course hard to
decide. However, given reports that ~300K file descriptors are used
in real-life applications we believe 512K is sufficiently high as new
default for now. Note that there are also reports that using very
high hard limits (e.g. 1G) is problematic: some software allocates
large arrays with one element for each potential file descriptor
(Java, …) — a high hard limit thus triggers excessively large memory
allocations in these applications. Hopefully, the new default of 512K
is a good middle ground: higher than what real-life applications
currently need, and low enough for avoid triggering excessively large
allocations in problematic software. (And yes, somebody should fix
Java.)
* The fs.nr_open and fs.file-max sysctls are now automatically bumped
to the highest possible values, as separate accounting of file
descriptors is no longer necessary, as memcg tracks them correctly as
part of the memory accounting anyway. Thus, from the four limits on
file descriptors currently enforced (fs.file-max, fs.nr_open,
RLIMIT_NOFILE hard, RLIMIT_NOFILE soft) we turn off the first two,
and keep only the latter two. A set of build-time options
(-Dbump-proc-sys-fs-file-max=false and -Dbump-proc-sys-fs-nr-open=false)
has been added to revert this change in behaviour, which might be
an option for systems that turn off memcg in the kernel.
* When no /etc/locale.conf file exists (and hence no locale settings
are in place), systemd will now use the "C.UTF-8" locale by default,
and set LANG= to it. This locale is supported by various
distributions including Fedora, with clear indications that upstream
glibc is going to make it available too. This locale enables UTF-8
mode by default, which appears appropriate for 2018.
* The "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" sysctl will now be set to 2 by
default. This effectively switches the RFC3704 Reverse Path filtering
from Strict mode to Loose mode. This is more appropriate for hosts
that have multiple links with routes to the same networks (e.g.
a client with a Wi-Fi and Ethernet both connected to the internet).
Consult the kernel documentation for details on this sysctl:
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
* CPUAccounting=yes no longer enables the CPU controller when using
kernel 4.15+ and the unified cgroup hierarchy, as required accounting
statistics are now provided independently from the CPU controller.
* Support for disabling a particular cgroup controller within a sub-tree
has been added through the DisableControllers= directive.
* cgroup_no_v1=all on the kernel command line now also implies
using the unified cgroup hierarchy, unless one explicitly passes
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0 on the kernel command line.
* The new "MemoryMin=" unit file property may now be used to set the
memory usage protection limit of processes invoked by the unit. This
controls the cgroup v2 memory.min attribute. Similarly, the new
"IODeviceLatencyTargetSec=" property has been added, wrapping the new
cgroup v2 io.latency cgroup property for configuring per-service I/O
latency.
* systemd now supports the cgroup v2 devices BPF logic, as counterpart
to the cgroup v1 "devices" cgroup controller.
* systemd-escape now is able to combine --unescape with --template. It
also learnt a new option --instance for extracting and unescaping the
instance part of a unit name.
* sd-bus now provides the sd_bus_message_readv() which is similar to
sd_bus_message_read() but takes a va_list object. The pair
sd_bus_set_method_call_timeout() and sd_bus_get_method_call_timeout()
has been added for configuring the default method call timeout to
use. sd_bus_error_move() may be used to efficiently move the contents
from one sd_bus_error structure to another, invalidating the
source. sd_bus_set_close_on_exit() and sd_bus_get_close_on_exit() may
be used to control whether a bus connection object is automatically
flushed when an sd-event loop is exited.