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TDWG2018

Names for Biodiversity Workshop

https://github.com/tdwg/tnc/tree/master/TDWG2018

Introduction

Recent work on names is fragmented into individual and isolated project efforts. There are now more terms than concepts, more definitions than terms. Many, more-or-less, similar vocabularies, alternative frameworks and non-interoperable, application systems.

This may well be the natural process of evolution but we do need to make time now to discuss synthesis and a more collaborative approach to development of a workable standard for names. Can we work together to fill the gaps, and to resolve the competing requirements of aggregation and science, data and knowledge, product and research, Code-compliance and interoperability.

Purpose

To raise awareness of the importance of names to biodiversity informatics and to re-invigorate a more collaborative phase of standards development with names within the TDWG umbrella.

This workshop will aim for consensus around the idea that we can work together within TDWG to evolve a pragmatic replacement for the existing names standards, and a map to get us there.

Goals

  1. Reconvene the Taxonomic Names and Concepts Interest Group
    • Membership
    • GitHub, tdwg/tnc
    • Standards maintenance.
  2. Agreement on a plan for a replacement of the Taxonomic Concept Transfer Schema (TCS) that:
    • is compliant with the TDWG Standards Documentation Standard and Vocabulary Maintenance Standard.
    • provides for the needs of the various types of users and use cases of Taxonomic Names in the biodiversity informatics space
    • as much as possible synthesises and takes benefit of the work that has been done in the TDWG community so far.

Uses / Stakeholders

  • Simple checklists, aggregators: GBIF, ALA, CoL; agitators: @rdmpage
  • Species Information Systems
  • Floras, Faunas etc.
  • Systems that capture historical (as well as current) name usages: NSL, APNI, AFD
  • Systems that try to capture phylogenetic relationships
  • Entire TDWG community: everybody needs taxa for something

Current standards

Issues

Expectation reversal, but

  • Taxa change
    • AFD = taxonomic (opinion) product, not a Nomenclator, not a taxon store. - @rdmpage: WTAF
    • Taxonomic Names are stable.
    • Inappropriate use of taxon.

No "Names" standard.

  • Darwin Core RDF Guide recommends separate vocabulary.
    • Ad hoc Darwin Core extensions.
    • Inappropriate use of the taxonomic concept

TCS

  • Application Schema rather than Standard
    • Designed to exchange with systems that look like TCS; not general information exchange
    • Interchange of literature based concept definitions
  • Difficult to distill, harder to extend.
    • Syntax (XML) → path to RDF … JSON.
    • Over engineered for normal usage
    • Relationship object
      • Path to RDF, JSON-LD
    • How does tcs:TaxonConcept relate to dwc:Taxon?
    • How does tcs:TaxonConcept relate to NameUsage and nsl:Instance?

Darwin Core

  • Ambiguous wrt names
  • Overloaded definitions
    • Many interpretations.
  • Overloaded usage.
  • Classification terms.
  • Hybrids
  • Ranks.
  • Path to RDF

Many different application profiles

  • Simple vocabulary required.

A Domain Model?

  • Agreement on definitions
  • Code compliance
  • Contract -> Ontology

Open Linked Data ++

  • Identifiers
  • knowledge graph
  • RDF, JSON-LD
  • schema.org

Services

???

Previous Work

  • Bisby
  • APNI
  • Berlin Model
  • IPNI
  • ITIS, CoL
  • Flora of Australia
  • Tropicos
  • LinneanCore (SDD)
  • DwC, ABCD
  • TCS
  • TDWG ontology
  • ALA-NSL (2008)
  • txn:deVriese
  • GBIF Checklist
  • DwC RDF
  • Nomen
  • WFO
  • OpenBiodiv
  • BCO
  • ColPlus
  • TaxRef
  • +++

Strategy / Way Forward?

A new standard or update/replace/extend existing standards?

Restart with ideas in Linnean Core (J.Cooper)

  • A Basic vocabulary for the interchange and use of Taxonomic Names and "names".
  • Darwin Core extensions NFB < TCS.
  • Controlled vocabularies!
  • Recommend classes.
  • Guidelines.

Darwin Core Taxon

  • leave "convenience" terms and internal links.
  • remove external links (id terms) ?
  • Add new terms?
  • Darwin Core RDF Guide

A Domain Model or List?

  • Normative or Guide?
  • API specification for:
    • Name
    • Instance (name occurrence) according
    • Usage ( potential/taxonomic concept)
    • Tree ?
    • Arrangement

What are we looking for in a Name standard/vocabulary?

(Core competencies / Functional Requirements / Use cases)

  • Generic metadata model
    • Vocabularies
  • Full Code support
    • ICN, ICZN, ...
    • Code maintenance
      • Domain owners?
  • Interoperability
    • Every name
    • Every instance (name usage)
    • Every relationship
    • Every point of view
    • Every version
    • Every syntax
    • Every application profile
    • Common interchange format
    • Support for publication
    • Extensible
  • Obey the TDWG laws for standards and vocabularies
  • Independent of serialization
  • Concise vocabulary
  • Linked Data
    • Shared vocabulary
    • Application Profiles
    • Simple enough for …. Anything

Terminology

Some core "concepts" [ToDo: do we need to include "taxon" concept and "taxon"?]

A name is a "name", a designation, a label, a string used as a name or in place of a name: in any context.

A scientific name a name formulated (or attempted to be) according to some rules of nomenclature; uni/bi/tri.nomial_name, author, [year]

A taxonomic name is a name used in a taxonomic context, i.e. with a reference; often a scientific name.

A reference is a citable work: a publication, a resource, ... might be local.usage.

A taxonomic name instance is the occurrence of a name in a reference. A fact. One use of a taxonomic name establishing context: establishment of a name, a concept, a synonym, an assertion, a relationship; tax. nov., comb.nov., … , a misapplication, or assertion; a common name.

A taxonomic name usage is a collection of taxonomic name instances, establishing, annotating or describing a theory of a taxonomic entity - a taxonomic concept or OTU - often linking synonymic inclusions and adding annotations, description…

A taxonomic tree is a hierarchical collection of selected, unique, taxonomic name usages - a taxonomy.

A taxonomic arrangement or named tree is a collection of taxonomic trees. A classification, checklist, Flora or Fauna.

A taxon :

A taxon concept :

Note: In a Names standard ‘scientific name’ is a type of taxonomic name rather than a property of a Taxon.

Examples [todo]

OpenBiodiv-O

Catalogue of Life Plus (CoL+)

TAXREF

NSL

https://github.com/bio-org-au

Bibliographic pattern: Where a name is found and how it is used in that place.

  • Every taxonomic name instance. -Just about names and taxa:
    • Authors, References detail elsewhere - external resources

Model (sketch)

* Name
  * Name Strings
  * Code
  * Type of name (scientific, vernacular, informal, cultivar…)
  * Rank !
  * Status !
  * Authorship
  * Primary reference ( incl. basionym) !
* Reference
  * Type of reference !
  * Part of Reference !
  * dc:title, dc:creator, dc:created:...
  * CitedAs
  * External resource !
* Name Instance
  * Type of instance !
  * Name !
  * Reference !
  * Page citation
  * Citing instance !
  * Cited instance !
* Taxonomic tree
  * Instance !
  * Parent node !
  * Included nodes !
    * node !
      * node !
        * ...
  * Annotations
  * Profile
* Taxonomic arrangement
  * Root node!
    * node !
* Vocabularies
  * Code of Nomenclature
  * Status of a Name
    * Code !
    * Status
  * Type of Name
  * Type of Name Instance (usage/relationship)
  * The Ranks of Names
    * Code !
    * Rank
  * Type of Reference
  * Type of external Resource
  * Type of treenode
  * Type of arrangement

Changes to Darwin Core?

Appropriateness

  • RDF Guide
  • "Convenience terms"

Extension of Darwin Core

  • New/missing terms
  • "Names" guide
  • RDF Guide
  • GBIF Checklist?

Cull Darwin core (TaxonConceptID)